The Tatar language belongs to the Turkic group and is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan. At the same time, tourists should be warned that they will not need the Tatar language on a trip to Kazan, since 99.9 percent of the residents of the capital of Tatarstan speak Russian.
Of course, there are grandmothers from the village who know only the Tatar language, but the likelihood of communicating with such a person in Kazan is extremely small. If you in some amazing way still met such a resident of Kazan, then you just need to say "Min Tatarcha balmim", which means "I do not speak Tatar." Therefore, this article is provided for general development and so that you are not surprised by the inscriptions on the shop windows.
It is also worth noting that in Kazan, everyone speaks Russian with almost no accent. However, among the Tatars, there is still one peculiarity in the style of speech - the end of the sentence is said more quickly, as it were, which sounds pretty funny. Another feature is the mixing of the Russian and Tatar languages in the sentence - the beginning of the sentence can easily be in Tatar, the end - in Russian. Such a distortion of speech causes justified indignation both among Russians: “you already speak yours or ours,” as well as Tatars, who are fighting for their national identity.
Also, there are not many words in the Tatar language due to objective reasons, for example, technical terms - computer or telephone, as well as words that were not used before, for example, sea. Despite this, there are schools in Kazan where they even manage to teach physics and chemistry in the Tatar language.
Separately, it should be said that many families are fighting for their national identity in a variety of ways - for example, they try to marry only Tatars or speak with children under 6 only in Tatar. Their desire, of course, can be understood, but how this will affect a person in the future in our globalized world is easy to guess.
The Tatar language uses the Cyrillic alphabet with the addition of six letters Әә and Өө, Үү and Җҗ, Ңң and Һһ.
So, here are a few words in Tatar:
- Isenmesez - hello
- saubuligiz - goodbye
- rehim ittegez - welcome
- eye - yes
- yuk - no
- rem - one
- ike - two
- ash - three
- durt - four
- bish - five
- alty - six
- zhide - seven
- sigaz - eight
- tugyz - nine
- un - ten
- uram - street (used in street signs)
- dungyz - pig (used as a curse word)
- hezer - now (pronounced dismissively and means that something like "yeah, of course I just ran to do it")
- ikmek - bread
- sөt (letter o with a dash in the middle) - milk
- balyk - fish
- it - meat
- Idel - Volga
- dos is a friend
- duslar - friends (the prefix lar is used to create the plural)
- kaderle - dear
- kaderle duslar - dear friends (frequent use at festive events)
- ulym - sonny (frequent circulation at the bazaar and similar places)
- kyzym - daughter (frequent use at the bazaar and similar places)
- zur - big
- kyzyl - red
- Zur Kyzyl Uram - Bolshaya Krasnaya street
- batyr is a good fellow
- shaitan - damn
- arba - cart
- shaitan-arba - a dismissive name for minibuses
- kilale menda - come here
The Tatar language is the second most common and the number of speakers in Russia. In addition to Tatarstan, it is actively used in Bashkortostan and Mordovia, Mari El and Chuvashia, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, in the Komi Republic and other Russian regions, as well as in Central Asia and Azerbaijan.
, Bashkortostan and in some areas of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kurgan, Tomsk, regions and Perm region of Russia in certain regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
The number of speakers in Russia is about 4.28 million people, as of 2010 (5.1 million according to the 1989 census). The Tatar language is also widespread among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvash and Mari, as well as some other peoples of Russia.
| Possession of Tatar different peoples (peoples with a population of more than 500 thousand), 2002 |
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Tatar language in Tatarstan
The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" from the year). In Tatarstan and in the places where Tatars live, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with Tatar as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with Tatar as the educational language.
In addition to the traditional use of the Tatar language as a subject of study and educational means at the philological faculties of Kazan State University, pedagogical institutes and pedagogical colleges, the Tatar language as a language of instruction is currently used at the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Journalism of Kazan University, at the Kazan Conservatory and the Kazan State Institute of Art and culture.
Educational, fiction, journalistic and scientific literature is published in the Tatar language, hundreds of newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television broadcasts are conducted, theaters operate. The centers for the scientific study of the Tatar language are the Faculty of Tatar Philology and History of Kazan State University, the Department of Tatar Philology of the Faculty of Philology of the Bashkir State University, the Faculty of Tatar Philology of the Tatar State Humanitarian Pedagogical University and the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan.
A significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects was made by such scientists as G. Kh. Alparov, G. Kh. Akhatov, V. A. Bogoroditsky, J. Validi, G. Ibragimov, L. Z. Zalyai, M. A. Fazlullin and others.
Dialects
The vernacular Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:
History
The modern Tatar language in its formation has undergone many changes, formed from the Bulgar, Kypchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages.
The Tatar language was formed together with the native people of this language in the Volga and Ural regions in close communication with other, both related and unrelated languages. Experienced a certain influence of the Finno-Ugric (Old Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages. So, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (change in the vowel scale, etc. - "interruption of vowels"), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Türkic languages among themselves, and on the other, oppose them to other Türkic languages, are the result of their complex relationship with the Finno-Ugric languages.
The earliest surviving literary monument - the poem "Kyssa-i Yosyf" - was written in the 13th century. (The author of the poem Kul Gali died during the Mongol conquest of the Volga Bulgaria in). The language of the poem combines elements of the Bulgaro-Kypchak and Oghuz languages. In the era of the Golden Horde, the language of its subjects becomes Volga Turks- a language close to the Ottoman and Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary languages. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar language was formed, which is characterized by big number borrowings from Arabic and Persian. Like other literary languages of the pre-national period, the Old Tatar literary language remained incomprehensible to the masses and was used only by the literate part of society. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the active penetration of Russianisms into the Tatar language began, and then Western terms. From the late XIX - early XX centuries. the Tatar intelligentsia began to actively use the Ottoman socio-political vocabulary.
From the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of the middle (Kazan) dialect, the formation of the modern Tatar national language begins, which ended at the beginning of the 20th century. In the reform of the Tatar language, two stages can be distinguished - the second half of the 19th - early 20th century (before) and -1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri (1825-1902). After the revolution of 1905-1907. the situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a convergence of the literary language with the vernacular. In 1912, Fakhrel-Islam Ageev founded the children's magazine "Ak-yul", which laid the foundation for children's fiction in the Tatar language. In the 1920s. language construction begins: a terminological apparatus is developed, first based on the actual Tatar and Arab-Persian vocabulary, and from the 1930s on Russian and international using Cyrillic graphics. When switching to Cyrillic graphics, they relied on Western phonetics (Mishar), therefore, the throat sounds of the middle dialect / ʁ / and / q / were ignored, instead of Щщ in the spelling of words, Чч was used.
The modern literary Tatar language in phonetics and vocabulary is close to the middle dialect, and in morphological structure - to the Western dialect.
Writing
Linguistic characteristics
Phonetics and Phonology
The pronunciation norm of the modern literary language is assigned to the dialect of the Kazan Tatars.
Distinctive features literary Tatar language in phonetics:
- the presence of 10 vowel phonemes, one of which has a diphthongoid character;
- the presence of vowels of incomplete education;
- the presence of labialized [a °] (characteristic, as a rule, when [a] is the first in a word: alma- [ºalmá] - apple: second but non-labialized (unbroken);
- vowels about, ө , e in the first syllable instead of common Turkic at, ү , and, vowels at, ү , and instead of common Turkic about, ө , e(this is also characteristic of the Bashkir language);
- lack of labiodental phoneme in;
- non-affrictive character h and җ .
Vowels
In the modern Tatar language, there are 9 vowels for recording 13 vowel phonemes, of which 9 (10) are originally Tatar:
| Climb | Row | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| front | middle | rear | |||
| unlip. | ogub. | unlip. | ogub. | ||
| tall | and/ i / | ү / y / | s (/ɨ/ ) | th /ɯɪ/ | at/ u / |
| middle | uh, e /ĕ/
(/ e ~ ɛ /) |
ө /ø̆/ | s /ɤ̆/ | about /ŏ/
(/ o /) |
|
| low | ә /æ/ | but(/ a /) | but /ɑ/ | but [ɒ] | |
The upper and lower vowels are relatively long, the middle vowels are relatively short (except for Russian vowels, see below).
Consonants
There are 28 consonant phonemes in Tatar:
| Labial | Labiodental | Labio-velar | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Posterior lingual | Postvelar | Pharyngeal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explosive | n / p / | b / b / | t / t / | d / d / | k / k / | r / ɡ / | k, kb / q / | b, e, b / ʔ / | |||||||||||
| Nasal | m / m / | n / n / | ң /ŋ, ɴ*/ | ||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | f / f / | in / v / | s / s / | s / z / | w / ʃ / h / tɕ ~ ɕ / |
w / ʒ / җ / dʑ ~ ʑ / |
x / χ / | r, rb / ʁ ~ ɢ / | һ / h / | ||||||||||
| Trembling | p / r / | ||||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | in, y / w / | d / j / () | |||||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l / l / | ||||||||||||||||||
There are also sounds from Russian: in/ v /, f, in/ f /, u /ɕː~ʃː/ , h/ t͡ɕ /, c/ t͡s / which are used in loan words. Sounds h/ h /, b, uh, b /ʔ/, f/ f / are present in a significant number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian.
Each consonant has a palatalized and non-palatalized phonetic variant (except җ ) .
r reads as a voiced occlusive back-lingual / g /, for example: әgәr“If” - / æ "gær /, and in syllables with back vowels as a Türkic voiced uvular fricative / ʁ /, for example: gasyr"Century" - / ʁɒ "sɤr /.
Front vowel letter to reads as a voiceless occlusive posterior lingual / k /, for example: kөz"Autumn" - / køz /, and in syllables with back vowels as a Türkic voiceless uvular stop / q /, for example: kyzyl"Red" - / q (ɤ) "zɤl /.
In borrowings from Arabic and Persian / ʁ / and / q / can be combined with the fore-lingual / æ / and / ø /, orthographically ha, ka, th, to or rb, to: homer/ ʁøˈmer / "life", sgat/ sæˈʁæt / "hour", mәcal/ mæˈqæl / "proverb", dikkat/ diqˈqæt / "attention", shigariyat/ ʃiʁriˈjæt / "poetry". To designate the front-lingual orthographically the back-lingual vowel, a mute is used soft sign after the subsequent consonant.
There is a progressive assimilation of consonants according to:
- voicedness and deafness: tash + Dan - tashtan"Off the stone"; tal + Yes - talda"On the willow".
- by nasal tone: tun + lar - tunnar"fur coats"; tun + Dan - tunnan"From a fur coat."
Regressive assimilation of consonants by:
- deafness: kүz + sez- [kүsses] (orph. kүzsez) "Eyeless"; toz + syz- [tossos] (orph. tozsyz) "Unsalted".
- uvularity: boryn + gee- [boroңғo] (orph. boryngs) "Ancient"; salyn + ky- [salyңқy] (orph. salinky) "Saggy".
- back-tongue: kiren + ke- [kiyereңke] (orph. kirenke) "Tense".
- lip involvement: un + ber- [umber] (orph. unber) "eleven"; un + bish- [umbish] (orph. unbish) "fifteen".
In modern spelling, assimilation is partially reflected.
Voiced consonants at the end of words are stunned, except for [z].
Morphology
In morphology, analytical temporal forms are widely represented, as well as combinations of the main verb with auxiliary ones, expressing the nature of the course of the action, its intensity, degree of completeness, etc. The past and future tenses of the verb are divided into known and possible(definitive or implied), for example: bardyk - we definitely walked, barganbyz - we may have walked; barachakbyz - we will definitely go, baryrbyz - we might go... In syntax, the design of nominal predicates by predicate affixes is extremely rare, synthetic subordinate clauses are diverse. The vocabulary is full of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings.
Noun
| Cases | Questions and Answers | Case affixes |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | by whom? (who?), no, nәrsә? (what?) | - |
| Accusative | whomene? (whom?), nor (not), nәrsә (not)? (what?) | -we / -not, -n |
| Possessive | whome? (from whom?), nәrsә (not), nor (not)? (at what?) | -y / -notң |
| Local-temporal | whome? (in (on) whom?), nәrsәdә? (in (on) what?), kayda? (where?), kaychan? (when?) | -da / -dә, -ta / -tә, -nda / -ndә |
| Original | kemnәn? (from whom?), nәrsādān? (from what?), nidān? (why?), kaidan? (where from?) | -dan / -dәn, -tan / -tәn, -nan / -nәn, -nnan / -nnәn |
| Directional | who? (to whom?), nәrsәgә? (what for?), nigә? (why?), kaya? (where to?) | -ga / -rә, -ka / -kә, -a / -ә, -na / -nә |
Anthroponymics
see also
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Notes (edit)
Literature
- Abdullina R.S. Spelling and orthoepy of the modern Tatar language = Hәzerge Tatars telene orthography һәm orthoepiyase. - Kazan: Magarif, 2009 .-- 239 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-7761-1820-3.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology = Tatar dialectology (textbook for students of higher educational institutions). - Kazan,. - 215 p. - 3000 copies.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Lexicon of the Tatar language. - Kazan,. - 93 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-298-00577-2.
- Akhunzyanov G. Kh. Russian-Tatar dictionary... - Kazan, 1991.
- Dialectological dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1993.
- Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language // Languages of the world: Türkic languages. - M .: Institute of Linguistics RAS, 1996. - S. 357-372. - (Languages of Eurasia). - ISBN 5-655-01214-6.
- A. orthographic dictionary Tatar language. - Kazan, 1983-84.
- Russian-Tatar Dictionary / Ed. F.A.Ganieva. - M., 1991.
- Safiullina F.S., Zakiev M.Z. Modern Tatar literary language. - Kazan, 1994.
- Tatar grammar. In 3 volumes - Kazan, 1993.
- Tatar-Russian dictionary / Comp. KS Abdrazakov et al .. - M., 1966.
- / Ed. Sabirova R. A.
- Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions / E.R. Tenishev (ed.). - M., 2002.
- Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language / G. Kh. Akhatov (author-compiler). - Kazan,. - 177 p. - 3000 copies.
- Kharisova Ch.M. Tatar language: reference book. - Kazan: Magarif, 2009 .-- 200 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-7761-2060-2.
- Yakupova G.K. Bibliography on Tatar linguistics (1778-1980). - Kazan, 1988.
Links
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An excerpt characterizing the Tatar language
“No, you know, I don’t believe it, that we were in animals,” Natasha said in the same whisper, although the music ended, “and I know for certain that we were angels somewhere and here we were, and from this we remember everything ...- May I join you? - said Dimmler who quietly approached and sat down next to them.
- If we were angels, why did we get lower? - said Nikolay. - No, it can't be!
“Not lower, who told you that lower?… Why do I know what I was before,” Natasha objected with conviction. - After all, the soul is immortal ... therefore, if I live forever, this is how I lived before, lived for an eternity.
“Yes, but it's hard for us to imagine eternity,” said Dimmler, who approached the young people with a mild contemptuous smile, but now spoke as quietly and seriously as they did.
- Why is it difficult to imagine eternity? - said Natasha. - Today it will be, tomorrow it will be, it will always be, and it was yesterday and it was the third day ...
- Natasha! now it's your turn. Sing me something, - the countess's voice was heard. - That you sat down like conspirators.
- Mum! I don’t want to, ”Natasha said, but at the same time she got up.
All of them, even the middle-aged Dimmler, did not want to interrupt the conversation and leave the corner of the sofa, but Natasha got up and Nikolai sat down at the clavichord. As always, standing in the middle of the hall and choosing the most advantageous place for resonance, Natasha began to sing her mother's favorite piece.
She said that she did not want to sing, but she had not sung for a long time before, and for a long time after, as she sang that evening. Count Ilya Andreich from the office where he talked with Mitinka, heard her singing, and like a student in a hurry to go to play, finishing the lesson, he got confused in words, giving orders to the manager and finally fell silent, and Mitinka, also listening, silently with a smile, stood in front of graph. Nikolai did not take his eyes off his sister, and took his breath with her. Sonia, listening, thought about what a huge difference there was between her and her friend and how impossible it was for her to be in any way as charming as her cousin. The old countess sat with a happily sad smile and tears in her eyes, occasionally shaking her head. She thought about Natasha, and about her youth, and about how something unnatural and terrible is in this upcoming marriage of Natasha with Prince Andrey.
Dimmler sat down next to the Countess and closed his eyes, listening.
“No, Countess,” he said at last, “this is a European talent, she has nothing to learn, this softness, tenderness, strength ...
- Ah! how afraid I am for her, how afraid I am, ”said the Countess, not remembering who she was talking to. Her maternal instinct told her that something was too much in Natasha, and that she would not be happy about it. Natasha had not yet finished singing when an enthusiastic fourteen-year-old Petya ran into the room with the news that the mummers had arrived.
Natasha suddenly stopped.
- Fool! - She shouted at her brother, ran to the chair, fell on him and sobbed so that for a long time then she could not stop.
“Nothing, mamma, really nothing, so: Petya frightened me,” she said, trying to smile, but her tears kept flowing and sobs squeezed her throat.
Dressed courtyards, bears, Turks, innkeepers, ladies, terrible and ridiculous, bringing with them coldness and merriment, at first shyly huddled in the hall; then, hiding one behind the other, they were forced out into the hall; and at first shyly, and then more and more merrily and more amicably songs, dances, choral and Christmas-time games began. The Countess, recognizing the faces and laughing at the dressed up, went into the living room. Count Ilya Andreich was sitting in the hall with a beaming smile, approving of the players. The youth disappeared somewhere.
Half an hour later, in the hall between the other mummers, an old lady in tansas appeared - it was Nikolai. Petya was a Turkish woman. Payas - it was Dimmler, the hussar - Natasha and the Circassian - Sonya, with a painted cork mustache and eyebrows.
After condescending surprise, unrecognition and praise from those who were not dressed up, the young people found that the costumes were so good that they had to be shown to someone else.
Nikolai, who wanted to drive everyone along an excellent road in his troika, suggested, taking with him ten dressed-up men from the courtyard, to go to his uncle.
- No, why are you upsetting him, the old man! - said the countess, - and he has nowhere to turn. Already go, so to the Melyukovs.
Melyukova was a widow with children of various ages, also with governesses and governors, who lived four miles from the Rostovs.
- Here, ma chere, cleverly, - the old count, stirring up, picked up. - Let's dress up now and go with you. I'll stir up Pasheta.
But the countess did not agree to let the count go: his leg ached all these days. They decided that Ilya Andreevich was not allowed to go, and that if Louise Ivanovna (m me Schoss) went, then the young ladies could go to Melukova's. Sonya, always timid and shy, most urgently began to beg Louise Ivanovna not to refuse them.
Sonya's outfit was the best. Her mustache and eyebrows went extraordinarily towards her. Everyone told her that she was very good, and she was in a lively energetic mood unusual for her. Some inner voice told her that now or never her fate would be decided, and in her man's dress she seemed a completely different person. Louise Ivanovna agreed, and half an hour later four troikas with bells and bells, squealing and whistling undercuts through the frosty snow, drove up to the porch.
Natasha was the first to give the tone of Christmas fun, and this fun, reflecting from one to another, intensified more and more and came to the highest degree at the time when everyone went out into the cold, and talking, calling, laughing and shouting, sat down in the sleigh.
Two troikas were accelerating, the third was the troika of the old count with the Oryol trotter at the root; Nicholas' fourth own with his short, black, shaggy root. Nicholas, in his old lady's attire, on which he put on a hussar, belted cloak, stood in the middle of his sleigh, picking up the reins.
It was so bright that he saw the plaques gleaming in the monthly light and the eyes of the horses, looking fearfully at the riders rustling under the dark canopy of the entrance.
Natasha, Sonya, m me Schoss and two girls sat in Nikolay's sleigh. In the sleigh of the old count sat Dimmler with his wife and Petya; the rest were filled with dressed-up courtyards.
- Let's go ahead, Zakhar! - Nikolay shouted to the coachman of his father, in order to have a chance to overtake him on the road.
The three of the old count, in which Dimmler and other mummers sat, screeching with runners, as if freezing to the snow, and rattling with a thick bell, moved forward. The guards huddled on the shafts and got stuck, turning hard and shiny snow like sugar.
Nikolai set off after the first three; the others rustled and screamed from behind. At first we rode at a small trot along a narrow road. As we drove past the garden, the shadows from the bare trees often lay across the road and hid the bright light of the moon, but as soon as we drove beyond the fence, a diamond-shining, with a bluish gleam, a snowy plain, all bathed in monthly radiance and motionless, opened on all sides. Once, once, he pushed a bump in the front sleigh; the next sleigh pushed in the same way, and the next, and, boldly breaking the chained silence, one after another the sleigh began to stretch out.
- Trail of a hare, many tracks! - Natasha's voice sounded in the frosty, constrained air.
- Apparently, Nicolas! - said the voice of Sonya. - Nikolay looked back at Sonya and bent down to take a closer look at her face. Something completely new, sweet, face, with black eyebrows and mustache, in the moonlight, near and far, peeked out of the sables.
“That was Sonya before,” thought Nikolai. He looked at her closer and smiled.
- What are you, Nicolas?
“Nothing,” he said, and turned back to the horses.
Having driven out onto the torny, high road, oiled by runners and all cut by the traces of thorns visible in the light of the month, the horses began to pull the reins of their own accord and add speed. The left attachment, bending her head, twitched its strings in leaps and bounds. Root swayed, waving his ears, as if asking: "Should I start or is it too early?" - Ahead, already far apart and ringing a receding thick bell, Zakhar's black troika was clearly visible on the white snow. Shouts and laughter and the voices of the dressed up were heard from his sleigh.
- Well, you, dear ones, - Nikolay shouted, tugging on the reins on one side and withdrawing his hand with the whip. And only by the wind that seemed to intensify in a head-on, and by the twitching of the fasteners, which were tightening and adding all the speed, it was noticeable how quickly the troika flew. Nikolai looked back. With a shout and squeal, waving whips and forcing the indigenous people to gallop, other troikas kept up. Root staunchly swayed under the arc, not thinking to knock down and promising to add more and more when necessary.
Nikolai caught up with the top three. They drove down from some mountain, drove onto a wide-traveled road through a meadow near the river.
"Where are we going?" thought Nikolay. - “There should be a slanting meadow. But no, this is something new that I have never seen. This is not a slanting meadow or Demkina Mountain, but God knows what it is! This is something new and magical. Well, whatever it is! " And he, shouting to the horses, began to go around the first three.
Zakhar restrained the horses and wrapped his face, which was already frosty to the eyebrows.
Nikolai let his horses go; Zakhar, stretching out his arms forward, kissed and let his own people go.
- Well, hold on, sir, - he said. - Threes flew even faster nearby, and the legs of the galloping horses quickly changed. Nikolay began to pick up ahead. Zakhar, without changing the position of outstretched arms, raised one hand with the reins.
“You're lying, sir,” he shouted to Nikolai. Nikolay put all the horses into a gallop and overtook Zakhar. The horses fell asleep with fine, dry snow on the faces of the riders, next to them there were frequent busting and fast-moving legs confused, and the shadows of the overtaken troika. The whistle of runners in the snow and women's screams were heard from different directions.
Stopping the horses again, Nikolai looked around him. All around was the same magical plain soaked through with moonlight with stars scattered over it.
“Zakhar shouts that I should take to the left; why go to the left? thought Nikolai. Are we going to the Melyukovs, is this Melyukovka? We God knows where we are going, and God knows what is happening to us - and it is very strange and good what is happening to us. " He looked back at the sleigh.
“Look, he has both mustache and eyelashes, everything is white,” said one of the strange, pretty and strangers sitting there with thin mustaches and eyebrows.
“This one, it seems, was Natasha, Nikolay thought, and this one is m me Schoss; or maybe not, and this is a Circassian with a mustache, I don’t know who, but I love her. ”
- Aren't you cold? - he asked. They didn't answer and laughed. Dimmler was shouting something from the back sled, probably funny, but you couldn't hear what he was shouting.
- Yes, yes, - the voices answered laughing.
- However, here is some kind of magical forest with iridescent black shadows and sparkles of diamonds and with some kind of enfilade of marble steps, and some kind of silver roofs of magical buildings, and the piercing squeal of some kind of animals. “And if it really is Melyukovka, then it is even stranger that we went, God knows where, and arrived at Melukovka,” Nikolai thought.
Indeed, it was Melukovka, and girls and footmen ran into the entrance with candles and joyful faces.
- Who it? - asked from the entrance.
- Counts dressed up, I see the horses, - answered the voices.
Pelageya Danilovna Melukova, a broad, energetic woman, with glasses and a swing-open hood, was sitting in the living room, surrounded by her daughters, whom she tried not to let get bored. They quietly poured wax and looked at the shadows of the emerging figures, when footsteps and voices of visitors rustled in the hall.
Hussars, ladies, witches, payas, bears, clearing their throats and wiping their frosty faces in the hallway, entered the hall, where they hurriedly lit candles. The clown - Dimmler with the lady - Nikolai opened the dance. Surrounded by screaming children, the mummers, covering their faces and changing voices, bowed to the hostess and were placed around the room.
- Oh, you can't find out! And Natasha! Look at who she looks like! Really, it reminds someone. Eduard then Karlych is so good! I didn't know. Yes, how she dances! Oh, priests, and some kind of Circassian; right, as it goes for Sonyushka. Who is this? Well, they comforted me! Take the tables, Nikita, Vanya. And we sat so quietly!
- Ha ha ha! ... Hussar then, hussar that! Like a boy, and legs! ... I can't see ... - voices were heard.
Natasha, the favorite of the young Melyukovs, disappeared with them into the back rooms, where a plug and various robes and men's dresses were demanded, which, through the open door, received bare girls' hands from the footman. Ten minutes later, all the youth of the Melukov family joined the mummers.
Pelageya Danilovna, having ordered the cleaning of the place for guests and treats for gentlemen and courtyards, without taking off her glasses, with a restrained smile, walked among the mummers, looking closely into their faces and not recognizing anyone. She did not recognize not only the Rostovs and Dimmler, but also could not recognize either her daughters or those husband's robes and uniforms that were on them.
- Whose is this? - she said, turning to her governess and looking into the face of her daughter, who represented the Kazan Tatar. - It seems that someone is from the Rostovs. Well, you, mister hussar, in which regiment do you serve? She asked Natasha. “Give the Turk, give the Turk some marshmallows,” she said to the barman who was carrying it. “This is not prohibited by their law.
Sometimes, looking at the strange, but funny steps that the dancers made, who decided once and for all that they were dressed up, that no one would recognize them, and therefore were not embarrassed, Pelageya Danilovna covered herself with a handkerchief, and her whole fat body was shaking from irrepressible kind, old woman laughter ... - Sashinet is mine, Sashinet is! She said.
After Russian dances and round dances, Pelageya Danilovna united all the servants and gentlemen together, in one big circle; they brought a ring, a string and a ruble, and the general games were arranged.
An hour later, all the suits were crumpled and upset. Cork mustache and eyebrows were smeared over sweaty, flushed, and cheerful faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the mummers, admired how well the costumes were made, how they went especially to the young ladies, and thanked everyone for making her so amused. The guests were invited to dine in the living room, and in the hall they ordered the courtyard's treats.
- No, guessing in the bathhouse, that's scary! - the old girl who lived with the Melyukovs said at supper.
- From what? - asked the eldest daughter of the Melyukovs.
- Don't go, you need courage ...
“I'll go,” said Sonya.
- Tell us how it was with the young lady? - said the second Melukova.
- Yes, just like that, one young lady went, - said the old girl, - she took a rooster, two instruments - she sat down properly. She sat there, only hears, suddenly she is going ... a sleigh drove up with bells, bells; hears, goes. She enters completely in the form of a human, as an officer is, came and sat down with her at the device.
- BUT! Ah! ... - Natasha shouted, rolling her eyes in horror.
- Why, he says so?
- Yes, as a man, everything is as it should be, and began, and began to persuade, and she would have to keep him talking until the cocks; and she grew stiff; - just grew stiff and covered herself with her hands. He picked her up. It's good that the girls came running here ...
- Well, why scare them! - said Pelageya Danilovna.
- Mother, you yourself wondered ... - said the daughter.
- And how is it in the barn guessing? - asked Sonya.
- Yes, if only now, they will go to the barn, and listen. What you will hear: hammering, knocking - bad, and pouring bread - this is good; otherwise it happens ...
- Mom, tell us what happened in the barn?
Pelageya Danilovna smiled.
- Yes, I already forgot ... - she said. “You’re not coming, are you?”
- No, I'll go; Pepageya Danilovna, let me go, I'll go, ”said Sonya.
- Well, if you're not afraid.
- Louise Ivanovna, can I? - asked Sonya.
Whether they played with a ring, a string or a ruble, whether they talked, as now, Nikolai did not leave Sonya and looked at her with completely new eyes. It seemed to him that today only for the first time, thanks to these cork mustache, he completely recognized her. Sonya really was cheerful, lively and good that evening, such as Nikolai had never seen her before.
"So this is what she is, but I'm a fool!" he thought, looking at her sparkling eyes and a happy, enthusiastic, dimpled smile from under her mustache, which he had not seen before.
“I'm not afraid of anything,” said Sonya. - Can I now? - She got up. Sonya was told where the barn was, how to stand and listen in silence, and they gave her a fur coat. She threw it over her head and looked at Nikolai.
"What a lovely girl this is!" he thought. "And what have I been thinking up to now!"
Sonya went out into the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hurriedly went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
It was the same motionless cold outside, the same month, only it was even brighter. The light was so strong and there were so many stars in the snow that I did not want to look at the sky, and the real stars were invisible. The sky was black and boring, the earth was fun.
"I am a fool, a fool! What have you been waiting for so far? " thought Nikolai, and, running to the porch, he walked around the corner of the house along the path that led to the back porch. He knew that Sonya would go here. In the middle of the road there were stacked fathoms of firewood, there was snow on them, a shadow was falling from them; through them and from their side, intertwining, the shadows of old bare lindens fell on the snow and the path. The path led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof covered with snow, as if hewn from some precious stone shone in the monthly light. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything was completely quiet. The chest, it seemed, did not breathe air, but some kind of eternally youthful strength and joy.
From the girl's porch, feet knocked on the steps, there was a loud sound on the last one, on which snow was applied, and the voice of the old girl said:
- Straight, straight, along the path, young lady. Just don't look back.
- I'm not afraid, - Sonya's voice answered, and along the path, towards Nikolai, Sonya's legs squealed, whistled in thin shoes.
Sonya walked wrapped in a fur coat. She was already two steps away when she saw him; she saw him, too, not the way she knew and which she had always been a little afraid of. He was in a woman's dress with matted hair and a smile that was happy and new for Sonya. Sonya quickly ran up to him.
“Quite different, and still the same,” thought Nikolai, looking at her face, all lit by the moonlight. He put his hands under the fur coat that covered her head, hugged her, pressed her to him and kissed her lips, over which there was a mustache and which smelled of burnt cork. Sonya kissed him in the very middle of her lips and, straightening her small hands, took him by the cheeks on both sides.
“Sonya!… Nicolas!…” They just said. They ran to the barn and each came back from their own porch.
When everyone drove back from Pelageya Danilovna, Natasha, who always saw and noticed everything, arranged the accommodation so that Louisa Ivanovna and she sat in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and the girls.
Nicholas, no longer overtaking, rode smoothly on his way back, and all the while peering into Sonya in this strange moonlight, in this all-changing light, from under his eyebrows and mustache his old and present Sonya, with whom he had never decided part. He peered, and when he recognized the same and the other and recalled, hearing this smell of cork mixed with the feeling of a kiss, he breathed deeply into the frosty air and, looking at the leaving earth and the brilliant sky, he felt himself again in a magical kingdom.
- Sonya, are you okay? He asked occasionally.
- Yes, - Sonya answered. - And you?
In the middle of the road Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, for a moment ran up to Natasha's sled and stood on the bend.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I've made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? - asked Natasha, all of a sudden beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with that mustache and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I was really angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did wrong to her. This is such a heart, Nicolas. I'm so glad! I can be nasty, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, - Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering at her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. BUT?
“Yes,” she replied, “you did a great job.
"If I had seen her before as she is now," thought Nikolai, "I would have long ago asked what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine."
- So you're glad and I did well?
- Oh, so good! I recently had a fight with my mother about it. Mom said she was catching you. How can you say this? I almost scolded my mother. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is one good thing in her.
- So good? - said Nikolay, once again looking out for the expression on his sister's face to find out if it was true, and, skipping his boots, he jumped off the bend and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with mustache and shining eyes, looking out from under the sable hood, was sitting there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.
Arriving home and telling their mother about how they spent time with the Melyukovs, the young ladies went to their place. Having undressed, but not erasing their cork mustache, they sat for a long time, talking about their happiness. They talked about how they would be married, how their husbands would be friendly and how happy they would be.
On Natasha's table there were mirrors prepared by Dunyasha since the evening. - Only when will all this be? I am afraid that never ... That would be too good! - said Natasha getting up and going to the mirrors.
“Sit down, Natasha, maybe you’ll see him,” said Sonya. Natasha lit candles and sat down. “I see someone with a mustache,” said Natasha, who had seen her face.
“Don't laugh, young lady,” said Dunyasha.
Natasha, with the help of Sonya and the maid, found a position for the mirror; her face assumed a serious expression, and she fell silent. For a long time she sat, looking at the row of outgoing candles in the mirrors, assuming (considering the stories she had heard) that she would see the coffin, that she would see him, Prince Andrew, in this last, merging, vague square. But no matter how ready she was to take the slightest stain for the image of a person or a coffin, she did not see anything. She blinked frequently and moved away from the mirror.
- Why do others see, but I do not see anything? - she said. - Well, sit down, Sonya; today you absolutely must, ”she said. - Only for me ... I'm so scared today!
Sonya sat down at the mirror, arranged a position, and began to look.
“They will certainly see Sofya Alexandrovna,” said Dunyasha in a whisper; - and you are all laughing.
Sonya heard these words, and heard Natasha say in a whisper:
- And I know what she will see; she saw last year.
For three minutes everyone was silent. "Certainly!" whispered Natasha and did not finish ... Suddenly Sonya pushed aside the mirror she was holding and covered her eyes with her hand.
- Ah, Natasha! - she said.
- Did you see? Have you seen? What did you see? - Natasha screamed, supporting the mirror.
Sonya did not see anything, she just wanted to blink her eyes and get up when she heard Natasha's voice, who said "certainly" ... She did not want to deceive either Dunyasha or Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how and as a result of which a cry escaped from her when she closed her eyes with her hand.
- Did you see him? Natasha asked, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait… I… saw him, ”Sonya involuntarily said, not yet knowing who Natasha meant by his word: him - Nikolai or him - Andrey.
“But why shouldn't I say what I saw? After all, others see! And who can convict me of what I saw or did not see? " flashed through Sonya's head.
“Yes, I saw him,” she said.
- How? How is it? Is it standing or lying?
- No, I saw ... That was nothing, suddenly I see that he is lying.
- Is Andrey lying? He is sick? - Natasha asked with frightened fixed eyes looking at her friend.
- No, on the contrary, - on the contrary, a cheerful face, and he turned to me, - and the minute she spoke, it seemed to her herself that she saw what she was saying.
- Well, then, Sonya? ...
- Here I did not consider that something blue and red ...
- Sonya! when will he return? When I see him! My God, how I am afraid for him and for myself, and for everything I am afraid ... - Natasha spoke, and without answering a word to Sonya's consolations, she went to bed and for a long time after they had extinguished the candle, with open eyes, lay motionless on bed and looked at the frosty moonlight through the frozen windows.
Soon after Christmastide, Nikolai announced to his mother his love for Sonya and his firm decision to marry her. The Countess, who had noticed for a long time what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai, and was expecting this explanation, silently listened to his words and told her son that he could marry whoever he wanted; but that neither she nor his father would give him the blessing for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that his mother was unhappy with him, that despite all her love for him, she would not yield to him. She, coldly and not looking at her son, sent for her husband; and when he arrived, the countess wanted to tell him briefly and coldly in the presence of Nicholas what was the matter, but could not resist: she wept with tears of annoyance and left the room. The old count began to hesitantly advise Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nikolai replied that he could not change his word, and the father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech and went to the countess. In all the clashes with his son, the count did not leave the consciousness of his guilt in front of him for the upsetting of affairs, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing a dowry Sonya. if things were not upset, it was impossible for Nikolai to wish for a better wife than Sonya; and that he is the only one guilty of upsetting affairs with his Mitenka and with his irresistible habits.
The Tatar language belongs to the family of Turkic languages, its close relatives are Bashkir, Kazakh, Nogai, Karachai, Kumyk, Karakalpak, Uzbek, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Kyrgyz, Tuvan, Khakass, Chuvash, Yakut and other Turkic languages.
The Tatar language is spoken by about 7 million people, of whom 1 million 765 thousand live in Tatarstan, the rest - in 80 regions of the former Soviet Union and abroad - in Finland, Turkey, Germany, America, China, Japan, Australia, etc.
The writing of the Tatars has a long history: the starting point is the monuments of runic writing (like many Turkic peoples). Tatar scientists (A. Mukhammadiev, N. Fattah) convincingly proved that the Turkic peoples had a written language even before new era... Then, from the beginning of the 10th century, along with Islam in the Volga Bulgaria, the Arabic alphabet was adopted: in the late 1920s, this alphabet was changed to Latin (the so-called "Yanalif" - a new alphabet), whose life was short. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War Tatars switched to Cyrillic, with the addition of 6 letters for some specific sounds of the Tatar language. However, the disadvantages of the Cyrillic alphabet did not satisfy many. For a long time, the public discussed the problems of a possible transition to the Latin alphabet, specific projects were proposed and they were actively discussed in the press and in government and scientific circles.
In the late 90s, the majority of the public agreed to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with a Latin alphabet. Since 2001, schools will start teaching the Tatar language in the Latin alphabet from the first grade. The change of three alphabets in a short period of time tore the people away from their written culture for many years. Attempts are now being made to rectify the situation: circles have been created to teach Arabic graphics, appropriate courses have been introduced in universities, manuals are published, and television broadcasts have been organized. But to build is not to break, it's a long business ...
The Tatar language, according to UNESCO, is in fourth place in the world for its harmony, formalization and consistency. In this sense, it can be used as a computer language. Knowledge of Tatar makes it possible to communicate with all representatives of the Turkic peoples. The Tatar language ranks fourteenth in the world.
Gabdulla Tukay - the founder of the literary Tatar language
A huge artistic, philosophical, historical, journalistic, educational, epistolary, scientific worldview heritage left by Kul Gali, Mukhammedyar, Kh.Feizkhanov, Sh.Mardjani, G. Tukai, F. Amirkhan and many other poets and writers has been accumulated in the Old Tatar and modern Tatar languages. , scientists, thinkers, educators.
The problems of teaching the Tatar language became especially acute in Russia in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: the colonial policy of the tsarist autocracy, the Christianization of the region required qualified performers. And therefore, especially in the nineteenth century, hundreds of self-instruction manuals, phrasebooks of the Tatar language, grammars, manuals, dictionaries, books for reading, anthologies were published, many of which were compiled by missionaries, teachers of theological schools, academies. Together with others, drawn up by Russian scientists from higher educational institutions, as well as Tatar scientists and educators, they deserve the most close attention and study.
Representatives of many nationalities live in our republic. State languages according to the Constitution
The Republic of Tatarstan is two languages - Tatar and Russian.
distribution of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the world
Features of the Tatar language
Let's start learning from the Tatar alphabet. It is based on Russian graphics and consists of 39 letters:
Aa Zz Pp Hh
əə Ii Rr Shsh
Bb Yy Ss Shch
Вв Кк Тт бъ
Yg LL Uy Yy
Dd mm ҮҮ bb
Her Nn Ff Uh
Yoyo ң Xx Yuyu
Lj Oo ҺҺ Yaya
General information about the Tatar language.JPG)
The Tatar language (Tat.Tatar tele, Tatarcha, tatar tele, tatarça) is the national language of the Tatars. The state language of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the second most widespread and the number of speakers of the national language in Russian Federation!
Belongs to the Volga-Kypchak subgroup of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages (Altai language family).
Distributed in Tatarstan, in the center and north-west of Bashkortostan and in some areas of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov , Tomsk regions, Perm region of Russia, as well as in certain regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.
The number of speakers in Russia is about 4.28 million people as of 2010 (5.1 million according to the 1989 census). The Tatar language is also common among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvash and Mari, as well as some other peoples of Russia.
Kypchak languages —
one of the largest groups of Turkic languages in terms of the number of languages (11 languages), dating back to the single Kypchak language. Other names: northwestern, tau-group, etc. Includes the following subgroups:
Kypchak-Bulgar (North-Kypchak, Ural-Volga, Bulgar-Kypchak, Volga-Kypchak) - Tatar and Bashkir languages (as well as the Siberian-Tatar language);
The Volga-Kypchak community is not recognized by all scientists, there is an alternative point of view, according to which, the Tatar language is Polovtsian-Kypchak, and the Bashkir Nogai-Kypchak language (this is the point of view formulated in the book "Comparative historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions" edited by E.R. Tenisheva).
Turkic languages —
a family of related languages of the Altai macrofamily, widespread in Asia and Eastern Europe. The area of distribution of the Turkic languages stretches from the Lena River basin in Siberia to the southwest to the east coast Mediterranean Sea... The total number of speakers is more than 167.4 million people.
The opposition of the Bulgar and the Turkic group proper is generally recognized - their division took place at the turn of the century. e., probably in the II century. n. e.
ancient description of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the world.jpg)
Altai language family -
a possible language family, which, according to its supporters, includes the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu and Japanese-Ryukyu language branches, as well as the Korean language-isolate. These languages are spoken on the territory northeast Asia, Central Asia, Anatolia and Eastern Europe (Turks, Kalmyks). The group is named after the Altai Mountains, a mountain range in central Asia.
These language families have many of the same characteristics. The question is where they come from. One camp, the "Altaists", sees similarities as a result common origin from the Pra-Altai language, which was spoken several thousand years ago. Another camp, "anti-Altaists", sees similarities as a result of interactions between these linguistic groups. Some linguists believe that both theories are in equilibrium; they are called "skeptics."
Another opinion accepts the fact of the existence of the Altai family, but includes only the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu branches in it. This view was prevalent before the 1960s, but has few adherents today.
the spread of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia.JPG)
Dialects of the Tatar language
The vernacular Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:
Western (Misharsky) dialect, which has a great connection with the Oguz-Kypchak language;
Kazan (middle) dialect (has hypothetical elements of the Bulgarian language);
Eastern (Siberian-Tatar) dialect, which was formed as an independent language, but due to political ties and the resettlement of the Kazan Tatars to Siberia, it became close to the middle dialect.
In the XIII-XIX centuries, the Tatars used the Old Tatar language.
distribution map of the Misharian language
Misharsky (western) dialect of the Tatar language is more uniform, retained more ancient features, is less susceptible to external influences and changes, its dialects came in contact with a small number of other languages (with Russian and Mordovian).
Misharsky dialect, in contrast to Kazan, according to a number of researchers, is included in the Kypchak-Polovtsian group of languages (V.V. Radlov, A.N. Samoilovich).
The mutual proximity of the Mishara dialects is explained by the relatively late settlement of the Mishars (starting from the end of the 16th century), which took place in connection with the creation of the so-called defensive (notch) lines by the tsarist government.
When creating modern Tatar Cyrillic alphabet, the phonetics of the Tatar-Mishars was taken as a basis, which is close to the phonetics of the Old Tatar literary language, which determines the presence in it of letters unusual for the middle dialect and the sounds H (pm) and Җ (J) denoted by them, as well as the absence of Щ (fricative (slot) equivalent to H), Ў, Қ and Ғ.
Mishar dialect of the Tatar language L.T. Makhmutova divides into two groups of dialects: "clinking" and "clinking". At the same time, G. Kh. Akhatov, in his classification, divides the Misharsky dialect into three groups of dialects, adding a "mixed" group of dialects to the "clacking" and "choking" ones. Linguistically, the dialects are close to each other, however, not identical: each of these groups has some specific features in the field of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary.
The "choking" group of Mishar dialects includes:
Temnikov dialect (western regions of Mordovia, southeastern part of the Penza region)
Lambir dialect (eastern part of Mordovia),
pribirskiy dialect (Birskiy, Karaidelskiy, Mishkinskiy districts of Bashkortostan).
Kuznetsk dialect (Penza region),
Khvalynsky dialect (south of the Ulyanovsk region)
Sharlyk dialect (Orenburg region)
Orenburg dialect (Orenburg region)
dialects of the Volgograd and Saratov regions.
The "clattering" group of Mishar dialects are:
sergach dialect (Nizhny Novgorod region),
Dzhyzhanov dialect (Tatarstan and Chuvashia),
Chistopol dialect (mixed) (districts of the Trans-Kama region of Tatarstan and the Samara region),
Melekess dialect (conditionally) (northern districts of the Ulyanovsk region).
However, in the opinion of Professor G. Kh. Akhatov, the Kuznetsk dialect and the Khvalynsk dialect do not belong at all to the “choked” group of dialects, but to the “mixed” one. According to the scientist, the "mixed" group of dialects is characterized by an almost parallel use of Ch (tch) with a pronounced explosive element and C, for example: "torturer, pytsak (pychak - knife). Therefore, G. Kh. Akhatov singled out these two dialects into a separate group of dialects Misharsky dialect and called "mixed".
Phonetic processes
The leading phonetic processes of the overwhelming majority of dialects of the Mishar dialect, distinguishing it from the middle dialect, and from the literary language, are as follows:
the use of unbroken a in all positions: bala, alma;
the presence in some dialects of various variants of diphthongoids уо-уo, үe – үe (in the first syllable of the word), ıo – ıo, eө – өe: dүert-dүrt;
a number of dialects are characterized by weakening of labial articulation: ul-ol-iol-il; possible transition [y] to [o] after d;
monophthongization of diphthongs in certain positions: ү — өү;
the use of back-lingual literary K, G, X (instead of the uvular Қ, Ғ, χ of the middle dialect);
the falling away of the initial G, which originated from the epiglottis ع (ʿain) in Arabic words: alim - galim, әdәt - gadәt;
natural literary y-okanie at the beginning of words: yer-ir (compare dial.), yul-ul (compare dial.);
the group of dialects is characterized by the use of h (tch): chәch (schәshch-Wed dial - hair); there is a group using q instead of h (pt).
in Mishar dialects, the sounds Ч and Җ are affricates (against the slit in the middle dialect).
Tatar language
Kazan (middle) dialect of the Tatar language differs from other dialects by the presence of the phenomenon of zh - okania, uvular қ and ғ, fricative h (u), rounded version of a. The formation of the middle dialect was influenced by the Bulgar language (VII - XIII), the Kypchak language (XI - XV), the Nogai language (XV - XVII), as well as the Finno-Ugric and Russian languages.
The dialects of the Kazan dialect of the Tatar language
Zakazansky (Vysokogorsky, Mamadyshsky, Laishevsky, Baltasinsky districts of Tatarstan)
Baranginsky (Paranginsky district of Mari El)
Tarkhansky (Buinsky, Tetyushsky districts of Tatarstan)
Levoberezhny - Gorny (left bank of the Volga of Tatarstan, Urmarsky district of Chuvashia)
Kryashen dialects (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)
Nogaybaksky (Chelyabinsk region)
Menzelinsky (Agryz, Bugulminsky, Zainsky, Aznakaevsky, Menzelinsky, Sarmanovsky, Bavlinsky, Muslyumovsky, Almetyevsky, Aktanyshsky districts of Tatarstan; Udmurtia; Alsheevsky, Bizhbulyaksky, Blagovarsky, Buraevsky, Belebulyakinsky, Dyurnokalisky Sterlibashevsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuimazinsky, Fedorovsky, Chekmagushevsky, Chishminsky, Sharansky, Yanaulsky districts of Bashkortostan)
Buraevsky (Buraevsky, Kaltasinsky, Baltachevsky, Yanaulsky, Tatyshlinsky, Mishkinsky, Karaidel districts of Bashkortostan)
Kasimovsky (Ryazan region)
Nokratsky (Kirov region, Udmurtia)
Perm (Perm region)
Zlatoust (Salavatsky, Kiginsky, Duvansky, Belokataysky districts of Bashkortostan)
Krasnoufimsky (Sverdlovsk region)
Ichkinsky (Kurgan region)
Buguruslansky (Buguruslansky district of the Orenburg region)
Turbaslinsky (Iglinsky and Nurimanov districts Bashkortostan)
Tepekinsky (Gafuriysky, Sterlitamaksky districts of Bashkortostan)
Safakulsky (Kurgan region)
Astrakhan (Kazan Tatars of the Astrakhan region)
Speaking of the Tatars-Karakalpaks (East of the Saratov region (Aleksandrovo-Gaysky district), the Ural region of Kazakhstan.
ancient monument with Turkic inscriptions
Phonetic processes
The leading phonetic processes of the vast majority of dialects of the middle dialect are as follows:
the use of a rounded a in all positions: bala, alma;
the use of an elongated diphthong -өy (kөyәntә, sөyәk, chөy) or its replacement with a diphthong -y: silәshә (lit. sylәshә), kiyә (lit. kөya), siyәk (lit. syak).
the use of diphthongs -ay / әй (lit.-th / s): barmai (lit. barmy), shundai (lit. shundy), karai (lit. kary), sөilөy (lit. suili)
use instead of literary back-lingual K, G, X, uvular Қ, Ғ, Һ:
қarғa (lit. karga), қaiғy (lit. kaygy), aқ (lit. ak), qalim (lit. galim), һәtәr (lit. хәтәр), etc.
Using Җ (zh - okanie) instead of literary Y: җaulik (lit. yaulyk), җөri (lit. yori), җөz (lit. yoz), җul (lit. yul), җuk (lit. yuk), җasy (lit. clear), җyget (lit. eget), җylan (lit. elan), җigerme (lit. egerme), etc.
the use of fricative slotted Ch and Җ: schәsh instead of chәch (hair), sandugash instead of sandugach (nightingale), almagash instead of almagach (apple tree), Tatar instead of Tatarch (Tatar language), zhәy instead of җәy (summer), etc.
Features of morphology
the use of the verb in the form -as / әse: barasy bar; st bүgen eshkә kilәse and others.
the use of adjectives -mal (l) s / mәl (l) e, -әse / әse: kilmәle, ukymaly, kilәse, etc.
the forms of gala / gәlә, yshtyr / eshsher are used as a designation for repetition: bargala, ukyshtyr, etc.
Tatar language .jpg)
Siberian Tatar language According to the majority of phonetic and grammatical indicators, it belongs to the language of the Kypchak-Nogai subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Western Hunnic branch of the Turkic languages. The vocabulary and grammar contain elements of the languages of the Karluk group, the Kypchak-Bulgar and Kyrgyz-Kypchak subgroups. Such interpenetration of elements of languages of different groups and subgroups within the Turkic languages is typical for almost all Turkic languages. In phonetics, the phenomena of total stunning of voiced consonants associated with the Ugric substrate are traced. 9 vowel sounds make up the vocal system, there are ascending and descending diphthongs. Primordial consonants 17. Specific ones include a noisy slit (fricative) labial semi-voiced [bv], a back-lingual noisy slit semi-voiced [r], noisy slit uvular voiced [ғ], noisy occlusive uvular voiceless қ occlusive uvular [ң], slit labial [ w]. The language is characterized by clatter and yokan in all positions of the word. At the morphological level, there is a wide use of participles and participles, the use of the ancient Türkic lexeme bak (look) in the meaning of the modal particle pak (karap pak - look, utyryp pak - sit down). Professor G. Kh. Akhatov believes that the "clatter" of the Siberian Tatars has been preserved from the Polovtsians.
The Siberian Tatar language has a number of dialects and dialects: the Tobolo-Irtysh dialect with the Tyumen, Tobolsk, Zabolotny, Tevriz, Tara dialects, the Baraba dialect, the Tomsk dialect with the Eushta-Chat and Orsk dialects. From the time of the penetration of Islam into Siberia and up to the 1920s. XX century. Siberian Tatars, like all Muslim peoples, used a script based on the Arabic script, which in 1928 was replaced by the Latin alphabet, and in 1939 - by the Cyrillic alphabet. The written language for the Siberian Tatars is the Tatar literary language, based on the grammatical laws of the language of the Kazan Tatars. The native language of the Siberian Tatars is a stable phenomenon. It is widely used by them in the communicative sphere and does not tend to actively level with other languages. At the same time, the urban Siberian Tatar population is switching to Russian, which refers only to language, but not to self-awareness.
For the first time, the language of the Siberian Tatars was fundamentally studied by Doctor of Philology, Professor G. Kh. Akhatov.
The history of the formation of the Tatar language
The modern Tatar language in its formation has undergone many changes, formed from the mixing of the ancient Bulgarian with the Kypchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages.
The Tatar language was formed together with the native people of this language in the Volga and Ural regions in close communication with other, both related and unrelated languages. Experienced a certain influence of the Finno-Ugric (Old Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages. So, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (changing the vowel scale, etc.), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Turkic languages among themselves, and, on the other, oppose them to other Turkic languages, are the result of their complex relationships with Finno-Ugric languages.
The earliest surviving literary monument - the poem "Kyssa-i Yosyf" - was written in the 13th century. (The author of the poem Kul Gali died during the Mongol conquest of the Volga Bulgaria in 1236). The language of the poem combines elements of the Bulgaro-Kypchak and Oghuz languages. In the era of the Golden Horde, the Volga Türks became the language of its subjects - a language close to the Ottoman and Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary languages. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar language was formed, which is characterized by a large number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian. Like other literary languages of the pre-national period, the Old Tatar literary language remained incomprehensible to the masses and was used only by the literate part of society. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the active penetration of Russianisms into the Tatar language began, and then Western terms. From the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. the Tatar intelligentsia began to actively use the Ottoman socio-political vocabulary.
From the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of the middle (Kazan) dialect, the formation of the modern Tatar national language begins, which ended at the beginning of the 20th century. In the reform of the Tatar language, two stages can be distinguished - the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries (up to 1905) and 1905-1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri (1825-1902). After the revolution of 1905-1907. the situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a convergence of the literary language with the vernacular. In 1912, Fakhrel-Islam Ageev founded the children's magazine "Ak-yul", which laid the foundation for children's fiction in the Tatar language. In the 1920s. language construction begins: a terminological apparatus is developed, first based on the actual Tatar and Arab-Persian vocabulary, and from the 1930s on Russian and international using Cyrillic graphics. When switching to Cyrillic graphics, they relied on Western phonetics (Mishar), therefore, the throat sounds of the middle dialect / ʁ / and / q / were ignored, instead of Щщ in the spelling of words, Чч was used.
The modern literary Tatar language in phonetics and vocabulary is close to the middle dialect, and in morphological structure - to the Western dialect.
Brief description of the Tatar language
Distinctive features of the literary Tatar language in phonetics: the presence of 10 vowel phonemes, one of which has a diphthongoid character; the presence of vowels of incomplete education; the presence of labialized [a °] (typical, as a rule, when [a] is the first in the word: alma - [ºalmá] - apple: the second a is unlabialized (unbroken); vowels o, ө, e in the first syllable instead of common Türkic y , ү, and, vowels у, ү, and instead of common Türkic o, ө, e (this is also characteristic of the Bashkir language); absence of labiodental phoneme в; non-africative character h and җ.
In morphology, analytical tense forms are widely represented, as well as combinations of the main verb with auxiliary ones, expressing the nature of the course of the action, its intensity, the degree of completeness, etc. The past and future tenses of the verb are divided into the known and the possible (evidenced or assumed), for example: bardyk - we were definitely walking, barganbyz - we might have walked; baryrbyz - we will definitely go, baryrbyz - we may go. In syntax, the design of nominal predicates by predicate affixes is extremely rare, synthetic subordinate clauses are diverse. The vocabulary is full of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings.
One of the distinctive properties of the Tatar language is that when personal affixes are attached to a word (in particular, to a noun), the stress remains at the root.
Phonetics of the Tatar language
The pronunciation norm of the modern literary language is assigned to the dialect of the Kazan Tatars.
The Tatar language has the following features.
1. According to its morphological structure, the Tatar language belongs to agglutinative languages. This means that affixes, endings are attached to an unchanging root one after another in a certain order; for example, the Tatar word təңkə (scales, then a coin) also entered the Russian language, where it acquired the form of money. Let's add a plural affix to it: təңkələr; then add the affix of belonging: təңkə-lər-em (my money); then we add a variant of the affix of the original case: təңkə-lər-em-n (n - (from my coins, money). un (ten) un + lyk (ten) un + lyk + lar (tens) un + lyk + lar (its tens) un + lyk + lar + s + (n) a (its tens). Notice how the word "stretches"?
2. In the Tatar language there is a law of harmony.
Its essence is as follows: in the Tatar language, vowel sounds make up pairs according to hardness and softness: a - ə, y - ы, s - e, o - Ө (only it does not have a solid pair). That is why, if there is a solid vowel in the first syllable, then all subsequent syllables will only have solid vowels. And, conversely, if a soft vowel is used in the first syllable, then in all subsequent syllables there will be only soft vowels: bala - child; bala-lar-ybyz-ny - our children kil - come; kil-de-lur-me? - did they come?
Have you noticed that the words in the Tatar language are either only hard, or only soft? In Russian, in one word, there are both hard and soft vowels: first, table, street, windy, etc.
The only exceptions to the law of syngharmonicity are Difficult words of the Tatar language itself or borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Russian, Western European and other languages. For example: sigheziellik - eight years old; suҮsem - the seaweed; bilbau - letters. waist rope, i.e. belt; ГӨлназ - letters. flower + weasel; daҺi - genius; dictation, academy of mathematics, physics, etc.
Another kind of the law of syngharmonicity is as follows. This is labial harmony, in which the labial vowels o - Ө in the first syllable round out the vowels s - e in the second (and partially in the third) syllable. All these sounds are pronounced briefly.
Let's see: salts [solo] - bark oats [koro] - dry, dry slge [sӨlgӨ] - tӨnge [tӨңgӨ] - night towel
3. In the Tatar language there are specific sounds, both vowels and consonants: [ə], [Ө], [o], [Ү], [e], [s], [kъ], [„], [ң ],
[Һ], [h], [Җ], [-], ['] (gamza): əni, əti, Өch, Өz, ozyn, Үzem, Үlən, seңel, silys, [k'ara], [„ədət], siңa, Һəm, Phim, chəy, chəch, Җəy,
Җil, [a-yl], tesir [təksir], maemai [ma'maymay].
4. In the Tatar language, the word stress tends to the last syllable in the word; however, there are cases where this does not happen. This is especially true for interrogative pronouns, in which the stress is always on the first syllable:
who - who? kayda - where? kaychan - when? nichek - how? Kindi - what? kaya - where? kaidan - from where? nārsā - what? etc.
The stress never falls on the negation affix - -ma / -mə in verbs, but falls on the syllable in front of it: bar - barma kil - kilmə asha - ashama.
The stress never falls on the affix of the question - -we / -me?
It falls on the syllable in front of him:
Barmas? - whether there is a? yukma? - isn't it? kirukme? - whether it is necessary? beləme? - does he know? maturma? - is it beautiful?
We will talk about exceptions to the general rule further.
5. Syllabic division in the Tatar language is also specific.
There are 6 types of syllables in total. The following 4 types are most often encountered: a) vowel: ə-ni (mother), ə-ti (dad) b) vowel + consonant: al-ma (apple), at-you (threw, shot) c) consonant + vowel : ka-ra (black); ba-ra (goes) d) consonant + vowel + consonant: bar-dy (walked); kil-de (came) 2 other types are less common: e) vowel + consonant + consonant (the last 2 consonants of the combination of yt, nt, rt, lt): əyt (say); ant (oath); art (back); f) consonant + vowel + consonant + consonant (the last 2 consonants are yt, nt, rt, lt): kart (old); tart (pull); kyrt (sharply); kite (come back); shawt (clap).
You probably noticed that the combination of consonants in one syllable is only permissible: lt, rt, yt, nt.
The second syllable in the Tatar language cannot begin with a vowel sound.
If the next word begins with a vowel, then in the previous one begins a rearrangement of syllables: urman arasyna (into the thicket of the forest) ® [ur-ma-na-ra-sy-na] yashel alan (green glade) ® [ye-she-la-lan ].
6. In the Tatar language there is no grammatical category of gender.
7. In the Tatar language there is a special form of expression of belonging through special endings added to nouns; in Russian, this meaning is conveyed by possessive pronouns: alma - apple alma-m - my apple alma-byz - our apple alma-ң - your apple alma-gyz - your apple alma-sy - his, her apple alma-lara - their apple
əni - mom
əni-eat - my mother əni-without - our mother
əni-eң - your mother əni-yegez - your mother
əni-se - his (her, their) mother əni-ləre - their mother
8. In the Tatar language there is no category of the verb form, but the meanings of the way the action proceeds are expressed by auxiliary verbs and special affixes: ukydym - read ukyp chyktym - read bardym - walked a baryp kildem - went kil - come kil-gələ - come along
9. In the Tatar language, each affix has hard and soft variants, which is explained by the law of syngarmonism. For example: bar-a (goes), kil-ə (comes) bar-dy (went), bər-de (hit) yaz-u (scripture, letter), bel-Ү (knowledge).
Variants of affixes also differ in voicing and deafness: bar-dy (went), kite-you (returned) bel-de (learned), kit-te (left) kysh-ky (winter), yaz-gy (spring) kich- ke (evening), kӨz-ge (autumn).
And sometimes the difference in affixes is explained by the nasal nature of the sound: urman (forest) - urman-nan (from the forest), kӨn (day) - kӨn-nən (from the day).
10. In the Tatar language, the verb has many tense and impersonal forms. We can say that knowledge of the verb is the basis of knowledge about the Tatar language.
11. In the Tatar language there are no prepositions that are placed in front of words. (For example, in Russian: from home, to home, behind home.) In the Tatar language, there are only postpositions following words.
For example:
əti belən - with dad, (lit. dad with);
Vatan Өchen - for the Motherland, (lit. Motherland for); Asha's phone - by phone, (literally phone through); saen theater - to each theater (literally theater to each);
Aydar kebek - like Aydar, (lit. Aydar as).
12. In the Tatar language, numerals and adjectives, being in front of nouns, do not bend, do not change, that is, do not agree with nouns.
Ike kyz - two girls; matur kyz is a beautiful girl; ike kyznyң - two girls; matur kyznyң - beautiful girl; ike kizdan - two girls; matur kizdan - from a beautiful girl; ike kyzda - for two girls; matur kyzda - with a beautiful girl.
13. In the Tatar language, the word order is quite strict: the definition precedes the determinate, the predicate completes the sentence, that is, it is placed in the last place in the sentence, the circumstance precedes the main word (predicate), the addition precedes the predicate verb. The place of address and introductory words is grammatically free. The explanatory word is placed after the explained one. The circumstances of time and place that apply to the entire sentence are placed at the beginning of the sentence. A typical mistake of Russians who begin to speak Tatar is as follows: following the example of their native language, where in most cases the predicate is immediately placed after the subject, they also construct Tatar sentences: I go to the bazaar - Min bars of the bazaar. But it will be correct: Min bazaar to bars. Ukyibiz without university. - We study at the university.
14. In living colloquial speech, conjunctions are of little use, while in writing there are quite a few of them. They are all borrowed from Arabic and Persian. The most common ones are as follows:
Һəm - and chӨnki - because yes-də, ta-tə - and gҮya - like ləkin - no ki - what
əmm - however I am "nor - that is, I - or əgər - if yaki - or yisə - or
15. In the Tatar language there are specific subordinate clauses that resemble minor members, but impersonal verbs have their own subject. The predicate in them is expressed in various forms of the impersonal forms of the verb.
- participle, participle, action name. These so-called synthetic subordinate clauses always precede the main clause: Sin kaytkach, min ytermen.
(When you come, I will tell you). Yaz Җitkəndə, street of kaytty. (When spring came, he returned.)
16. We think that the following feature of the Tatar language will make it easier for you to learn it. There are many Russian borrowings in the Tatar language that came into our language hundreds of years ago: bҮrənə, sailor, arysh, steamer, kelət, train, cannon, factory, bidrə, decree, shell, etc. In addition, there are many words in common with the Russian language, which are borrowings from European and Eastern languages: soldier, shop, army, doctor, candy, general, headquarters, emperor, senate, shawl, headquarters, ship, pomegranate, academy, cavalier, coat, guard, ticket, cash desk, bank, rank, bowl, khan, ocean, mausoleum, hut, gin (Җen), halva (khəlvə), tangerine, tomato, orange, etc. The presence of such words in both languages will, of course, facilitate the study of the Tatar language.
17. In addition, in the Russian language there are a lot of Türkic-Tatar borrowings that were borrowed over the centuries as a result of contacts in trade, politics, culture, everyday life, etc.: money (təңkə), hearth (uchak), kibitka (kibet ), shoe, shoemaker, ichigi (chitek), bishmet (bishmət), malakhai, pants (ech tun), savrasy (sauras), kaury (kara), playful (Җirən), aksakal, peremyach (pərəməch), byalish (bəlesh) , chakchak (chkch )k), etc. These words are well known to you.
18. Tatar speech is very euphonic, rich intonation, rhythmic, slightly at an accelerated pace, with an abundance of emotional particles and interjections, with many speech formulas and clichéd expressions.
Tatar language in Tatarstan
Inscription in two state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Kazan metro
The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" of 1992). In Tatarstan and in the places where the Tatar diaspora lives, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with Tatar as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with Tatar as the educational language.
In addition to the traditional use of the Tatar language as a subject of study and an educational tool at the philological faculties of Kazan State University, pedagogical institutes and pedagogical colleges, the Tatar language as a language of instruction is currently used at the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Journalism of Kazan University, at the Kazan Conservatory and the Kazan State Institute of Art and culture.
Educational, fiction, journalistic and scientific literature is published in the Tatar language, hundreds of newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television broadcasts are conducted, theaters operate. The centers for the scientific study of the Tatar language are the Faculty of Tatar Philology and History of Kazan State University, the Department of Tatar Philology of the Faculty of Philology of the Bashkir State University, the Faculty of Tatar Philology of the Tatar State Humanitarian Pedagogical University and the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan.
A significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects was made by such scientists as G. Kh. Alparov, G. Kh. Akhatov, V. A. Bogoroditsky, J. Validi, G. Ibragimov, L. Z. Zalyai, M. A. Fazlullin and others.
Source of information and photos:
Team Wandering.
Tatar folk dialects. Bayazitova F.S., Khairutdinova T.Kh. - Kazan .: Magarif, 2008,
Akhatov G.Kh. Lexicon of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1995 .-- 93 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-298-00577-2
Akhunzyanov G. Kh. Russian-Tatar dictionary. - Kazan, 1991.
Dialectological dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1993.
Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language // Languages of the world: Türkic languages. - M .: Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996. - pp. 357-372. - (Languages of Eurasia). - ISBN 5-655-01214-6
Nurieva A. Spelling dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1983-84.
Russian-Tatar Dictionary / Ed. F.A.Ganieva. - M., 1991.
Safiullina F.S., Zakiev M.Z.Modern Tatar literary language. - Kazan, 1994.
Tatar grammar. In 3 volumes - Kazan, 1993.
Tatar-Russian dictionary / Comp. KS Abdrazakov et al .. - M., 1966.
Tatar-Russian Dictionary / Ed. Sabirova R. A.
Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions / E.R. Tenishev (ed.). - M., 2002.
Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language / G. Kh. Akhatov (author-compiler). - Kazan, 1982 .-- 177 p. - 3000 copies.
§ Tenth, how words are formed in the Tatar language
§ Reference materials on Tatar grammar
§ First, pronouns and verbs ..
What are the most important words in the language? One way or another, all words are important, but let's take a look at the reality. There is a category of people who say: “I know a little Tatar, but I cannot communicate“ literary ”. Such statements give reason to believe that a person knows perfectly well a certain number of words with the help of which he constructs sentences, but only the simplest ones. So, approaching from this position, the most "known" words in the language are pronouns. Personal pronouns are words that are known just by those who "know the language a little bit." However, they are not only important, but also difficult to understand. More precisely, these are exactly the words that should be memorized in all forms.
Let's start with them.
First, let's call ourselves - min.
Secondly, let's turn to our neighbor - syn.
Thirdly ... - st.
In the Tatar language there is no category of gender, therefore ul is both she, and he, and it. And the first meaning of this word, generally a noun, is son.
Pronouns are words that replace other meaningful words.
Interrogative pronouns are of particular importance. Everyone who speaks “at the everyday level” knows them.
So, for nouns, it's by whom? nәrsә? - who? what?
Is it nindi for adjectives? - what?
For verbs - nishli? (= nәrsә ashley ?; = not ashley?) (in the present). - what is he doing?
Do you want to say the first sentence in Tatar already? You are welcome:
Sin by whom? Min - Sasha - Who are you? I'm Sasha.
By whom? Ul - Sveta. - Who is he (she)? She is Light.
Ul nishli? Ashley st. What is he doing? He works.
Here is the first ambiguous word - ashley (does, works)
Pronouns in any language are frequent and try to break out of generally accepted rules. The Tatar language is no exception. Therefore, here we will not cover all groups of pronouns, as is done in academic grammar, but consider only personal ones, some interrogative and several indicative ones. The rest of the pronouns seem to live by themselves, they have no general grammatical rules, so they should simply be taught as official words with their specific features.
There are six personal pronouns in the Tatar language, and they change in cases. Compared to nouns, they certainly have their own characteristics:
Don't be afraid of tables! They usually contain a lot of information. They are your most comfortable helpers.
And in this table you can not get hung up on the names of the cases yet, but when considering the actual case system of nouns in the second lesson, it would be nice to go back and compare the endings.
The personal pronouns sez and alar (you, they) are inflected similarly to the pronoun without. As for the forms of pronouns given in the table, you need to memorize each form separately with translation, and in the future, independently compose constructions with these forms. For example: Min any yaratam (I love him). Ul miңa kary (He looks at me). Minem kitabym (My book).
In addition to personal ones, there are also demonstrative pronouns, the case forms of which require specific memorization: 
There are other similar pronouns designed to replace adjectives. There are a lot of them. But, having overcome the given forms, you will cope with them.
Interrogative pronouns take a large place in any language. They are very frequent, and we are sure that, in turn, you will not only remember them, but immediately include them in your active vocabulary. You just need to remember that they behave according to the laws of the part of speech they are replacing. Here are seven of the most common interrogative pronouns that we advise you to remember from the very beginning: 
It should be noted that interrogative pronouns are the basis of any dialogue. It is no coincidence that they should be your first words. After all, each of them is an interrogative statement. These are rare words that begs for a punctuation mark even in their separate use. A punctuation mark is the end of a sentence.
So, the first dialogues:
Shin Kaida? Where are you?
Ming Monda. I'm here.
Sin nindi? What are you?
Min yachs. I'm good.
And separately about the difficult pronoun үз - own: 
And now you can go to the verb. After all, we do not speak in words, but speak in sentences, and the basis of a sentence is the predicate. And the predicate is usually a verb. Predictivity is the grammatical base of any phrase. In linguistics, they say that: a sentence differs from a word by its predicativeness. Even in the nominative (nominative) and emotional sentences there is predicativeness, because the predicate verb is implied there:
Morning. Okay! - means: There is a morning. It's good to be in the morning.
The Tatar verb is no more complicated than the Russian one, but its very organization is unique, and you need to get used to it, and sometimes even by mechanical cramming of the meanings of verb suffixes.
The first difficulty that a student faces in practice is memorizing verbs. These words not only have a ramified structure, but suffer from a lack of associativity. Many verbs are not as easy to remember as nouns. For example: a bar, a kite, a chyga, a dull (walking, returning, leaving, thinking) is more difficult for students to memorize than kitap, keshe, vakyt (book, person, time). This is due to two reasons:
Firstly, verbs do not name specific concepts, but refer to a process, a state, and this entails their great abstractness;
Secondly, verbs are the most ambiguous words... And often their meanings give speech a stylistic coloring. This is especially noticeable in the Tatar language.
You have already seen the number of word forms of the Tatar verb on an example. Please note that this structure can also be ambiguous. Therefore, the verb will have to work hardest.
The verb occupies a central place in Tatar grammar due to the fact that it itself can easily construct sentences:
Kardem (-m - means I) - I saw;
Chyktyң (-ң - means you) - you left.
So, the Tatar verb in sentences with pronoun subjects combines both the subject and the predicate.
Kitapny kardem. - I saw the book.
Sinyftan chyktyң. - You left the class.
Before that, I was just trying to prove that the verb is a complex system, and it is this system that forms your knowledge of the Tatar language. And now it is necessary to determine the order of studying the verbal system of the Tatar language.
It all starts with defining the foundation. It often happens that learners are already starting to make sentences, they confidently know thousands of words, but when they come across a new verb, they cannot determine its basis on the fly. What is the reason for this? Due to the fact that in Russian such a concept does not have such an important meaning, and the imperative form of the verb (which in Tatar completely coincides with the stem) in Russian is formed according to an established paradigm. Compare:
Bar - go
Uila - think
Chyk - come out
Ashlә - work
Sөilә - say
Ker - come in
Әyt - tell
Kara - look
Sana - count
Pay attention to the endings of Tatar and Russian verbs - there is more order in Russian. The endings and / y are quite natural for the Russian imperative verb.
How to find the stem of the Tatar verb? First of all, referring to the dictionary. In most dictionaries, the verb is given in the form of an action name - baru, uilau, chygu, ashlәү, sөilәү, kerү, әyt, karau, sanau.
You can simply translate these forms - these are the processes of those actions to which the verbs indicate. Respectively:
Baru - the process of walking, walking
Uylau - the process of thinking, thinking
Chygu - exit process, exit
Ashlәү - work process
Sөilәү - the process of speaking, speaking
Kerү - login process, login
Әytү - the process of legend
Karau - the process of looking, looking
Sanau - invoicing process
Not very Russian, but intelligible. It is important that this particular form, which is not very developed in the Russian verb, denotes the action as such, it is this form that is used in explanatory dictionaries Tatar language.
And the base is found by simply discarding y / ү.
But the dictionary is not always at hand, you have to find the basis directly from the text or heard the verb form. To do this, it is necessary to clearly know all the grammatical suffixes of the verb in order to reach the simplest imperative form of the second person (in the Tatar language, the imperative verb is possible in all three persons).
Ultimately, the stem of the verb can be fished out of any form, but you need to learn how to do it confidently and quickly. Unfortunately, this is the only way to start confidently using the Tatar language by the learners.
The Tatar verb has one more difficulty - in the Tatar language there is a huge number of analytical verbs, i.e. verb forms consisting of two words. I will call them compound. This is a consequence of agglutinativeness:
Yaza aldy (could write).
The verb ala (takes) loses its basic meaning.
Ashyisy kilә (hungry).
The verb kilә (comes) also loses its basic meaning.
The fact is that auxiliary verbs are the same postfixes, which, due to the inconvenience of their use, remained in the role of auxiliary words. According to the idea, it should have been:
Bara + ala + tragan + ide + min
Bara - coming
Ala - the meaning of the subject's capabilities
Torgan - an indication of the permanence of the subject
Ide - an indication of the past tense
M (in) - an indication of the subject (s)
Native speakers say so:
[Baralatorganidem]
I could walk (consistently)
Therefore, after a few lessons, students come up to the courses and say: We understand you, but there are no Tatars on the street. And I answer that I rely on their literacy, on the fact that they can read Tatar texts, and, accordingly, psychologically pronounce each word separately. In the first lessons, I also have to make “pauses in words”.
But Tatar words did not begin to turn completely into sentences, as in the North American Indians, and so postfixes appeared, which stand out as service (auxiliary) words, and are written separately.
TO auxiliary verbs must be treated as with postpositions (in Russian - prepositions). They are service words that were formed from other verbs.
But to begin with, the verb in the Tatar language begins with the fact that it has a stem, which is equal to the imperative form in the second person: sit, stand, speak. Namely, in the second person! Indeed, in Russian, the imperative mood can only be in the second person! In Tatar - in all faces! More on this later ...
So, a few not the most difficult verbs - the so-called movement verbs:
Bara - going, going (in all meanings of the word and plus there will be more).
Kitә - leaves
Kilә - comes
And the verbs that are needed to indicate educational activity:
Uky - reads, studies
Yaza - writes
Ashley - does, works
Sanyi - considers
And we need verbs that allow us to talk about speech activity:
Әytә - will say
Suili - says
Kabatly - repeats
Quiet - thinks
These verbs must be memorized. In general, you need to try to memorize verbs. The fact is that verbs must be memorized in two forms at once (in the present tense and in the imperative - the verb stem), and learn to highlight the stem:
Bar - bar - go
Kitә - whale - go away
Keel - kil - come
Uky - uky - read, learn
Yaza - Yaz - write
Ashley - ashlә - do, work
Sanyi - sana - count
Әytә - әyt - say, say
Sөili - sөylыва - tell
We proceed to the most important thing - to the verb stems and to the composition of sentences with verbs. We speak Tatar:
Ul bar.
In this sentence, it is completely incomprehensible who or what is walking, walking or driving, and this can even be said about the hours that are running:
Ul (sәgat) bar.
By the way, about the clock: in the Old Russian (Old Slavonic) language there was a dual number, which left an imprint on modern Russian grammar. Accordingly, there is a lot of incomprehensible: for some reason watches, trousers, collars, plural scissors. In fact, they logically can be singular or plural. This is what we see in Tatar.
We can immediately compose sentences that consist of just one word:
Baram. Kilseң. Quiet.
I'm going. You come. He thinks.
But in order to talk, you need to be able to ask questions. Only then will you be able to have a dialogue with someone, or with yourself.
By the way, don't be afraid to talk to yourself ... especially in the target language ...
The simplest question is the general question. General question- a question that can be answered "Yes" or "No" ("Aye", "Yuk").
Sin barasyңmy? Әye, min to bars.
Sin kilseңme? Yuk, min kitәm.
Sin ukyisyңmy? Yuk, min yazam.
Sez nichlicez? Without ashley.
Sez ukyisizma? Yuk, no ashleyz.
…
It seems that everything is clear here without translation. Moreover, make up your questions and answers according to this scheme. This diagram is the diagram of the simplest Tatar proposal... Not having mastered it, it will be difficult in the future ...
And now the text. There will be only ten of them. Try to read them over and over again. By the way, you can listen to them.
And the first text is a sad monologue about unrequited love.
First text
1
So cool. Sin: "Keel" - you say. Min kilәm. Kilәm, sin kitәseң. Kilәseң, min kitәm. Min yazam, ә shin ukyis. Min ukyym ...
Bu nәrsә?
Without kai rabbits? Without a niche? Kilәwithout dә kitәwithout. Sin nindi man? Min don't know. Sin ukyisy, but kitәseң. Ming blue don't understand.
Without uylybyz and uylybyz. Today min әytәm: "Keel!" - I say. Sin kitәseң.
I love blue. Ә do you love shin mine? I do not know.
Min siңa yazam. Quiet and yazam. Min nursә yazam?
I love blue, about you weird. Ә sin kitәseң. Uylym: you do not know sin mine, therefore min kilām, ә sin kit кseң.
Uylym, then another yazam:
I love blue. Ә shin kaida? Min belmim. Min about you weird. Sin kaichan miңa kilәseң, I don’t know.
I don’t know, min shulai uilym. Uylym, uylym yes, maybe ul mine does not like deep uylym ...
But I love blue mines.
And now completely in Tatar:
2
Shulay uilym. Sin: "Keel" - disң. Min kilәm. Kilәm, sin kitәseң. Kilәseң, min kitәm. Min yazam, ә shin ukyis. Min ukyym ...
Bu nәrsә?
Without kai rabbits? Without a niche? Kilәwithout dә kitәwithout. Sin nindi keshe? Min belmim. Sin ukyisyң, lәkin kitәseң. Min sine aңlamyim.
Without uilybyz yes uilybyz. Бgen min әytәm: "Keel!" - dim. Sin kitәseң.
Min blue yaratam. Ә shin mine yaratasyңmy? Belmim.
Min siңa yazam. Uylym һәm yazam. Min nursә yazam?
Sine yaratam, blue turnda uilym. Ә sin kitәseң. Uilym: sin mine belmiseң, shuңa kүrә min kilәm, ә sin kitәseң.
Belmim, min shulay uilym. Uylyym, uylyym yes, ә bәlki st mine yaratmyydyr dip uylym ...
Ә min bit blue yaratam.
Follow the example and verbally:
Sample (Үрнәк): Sin minem turenda uylysyң. Sin minem turnda uilysyңmy? Min blue turnda uilym.
Are you thinking about me. Do you think about me? I'm thinking about you.
1) Sin minnәn kitәseң.
2) Sin miңa kilәseң.
3) Shin mine yaratasyң.
4) Shin miңa yazasyң.
5) Sin miңa ukysy.
6) Sin miңa sөyliseң.
7) Sin miңa әytәseң.
Read and add the words:
Min - minem - miңa - mine - minnәn - min
Sin - ... - ... - ...
Ul - ... - ... - ...
And at the end of the first meeting the proverbs:
Mәkallәr
Ike uyla, ber ashlә. - Think twice, do it once.
Ike uyla, ber sөilә. - Think twice, tell me.
Tatars(self-name - Tatar Tatars, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) - Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.
Tatars are the second largest ethnic group ( ethnos- ethnic community) after the Russians and the most numerous people of Muslim culture in the Russian Federation, where the main area of their settlement is the Volga-Ural. Within this region, the largest groups of Tatars are concentrated in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Language, writing
According to many historians, the Tatar people with a single literary and practically common spoken language formed during the existence of a huge Turkic state - the Golden Horde. The literary language in this state was the so-called "idel terkis" or Old Tatar, based on the Kypchak-Bulgar (Polovtsian) language and incorporating elements of the Central Asian literary languages. The modern literary language based on the middle dialect emerged in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In ancient times, the Türkic ancestors of the Tatars used the runic script, as evidenced by archaeological finds in the Urals and the Middle Volga region. From the moment of the voluntary adoption of Islam by one of the ancestors of the Tatars, the Volga-Kama Bulgars - the Tatars used the Arabic script, from 1929 to 1939 - the Latin script, since 1939 they use the Cyrillic alphabet with additional signs.
The earliest surviving literary monument in the Old Tatar literary language (Kul Gali's poem "Kyisa-i Yosyf") was written in the 13th century. From the second half of the XIX century. the modern Tatar literary language begins to form, which by the 1910s completely supplanted the Old Tatar language.
Modern Tatar language, belonging to the Kypchak-Bulgar subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Turkic language family, is subdivided into four dialects: middle (Kazan Tatar), western (Misharsky), eastern (the language of the Siberian Tatars) and Crimean (the language of the Crimean Tatars). Despite dialectal and territorial differences, Tatars are a single nation with a single literary language, a single culture - folklore, literature, music, religion, national spirit, traditions and rituals.
The Tatar nation in terms of literacy (the ability to write and read in its own language) even before the coup of 1917 occupied one of the leading places in Russian Empire... The traditional thirst for knowledge has been preserved among the present generation.
Tatars, like any large ethnic group, have a rather complex internal structure and consist of three ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian, Astrakhan Tatars and the sub-confessional community of baptized Tatars. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Tatars went through the process of ethnic consolidation ( Consolida tion[lat. consolidatio, from con (cum) - together, at the same time and solido - I consolidate, strengthen, join], strengthening, strengthening something; unification, rallying of individuals, groups, organizations to strengthen the struggle for common goals).
The folk culture of the Tatars, despite its regional variability (it varies among all ethnic groups), is basically the same. The vernacular Tatar language (consisting of several dialects) is basically the same. From the 18th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. a nationwide (so-called "high") culture with a developed literary language was formed.
The consolidation of the Tatar nation was strongly influenced by the high migration activity of Tatars from the Volga-Ural region. So, by the beginning of the XX century. 1/3 of the Astrakhan Tatars consisted of immigrants, and many of them were intermixed (through marriages) with local Tatars. The same situation was observed in Western Siberia, where by the end of the XIX century. about 1/5 of the Tatars came from the Volga and Ural regions, which also intensively mixed with the indigenous Siberian Tatars. Therefore, today it is practically impossible to identify "pure" Siberian or Astrakhan Tatars.
The Kryashens stand out for their religious affiliation - they are Orthodox. But all other ethnic parameters unite them with the rest of the Tatars. In general, religion is not an ethno-generating factor. The basic elements of the traditional culture of the baptized Tatars are the same as those of other neighboring groups of Tatars.
Thus, the unity of the Tatar nation has deep cultural roots, and today the presence of the Astrakhan, Siberian Tatars, Kryashens, Mishars, Nagaybaks has a purely historical and ethnographic significance and cannot serve as a basis for distinguishing independent peoples.
The Tatar ethnos has an ancient and vibrant history, closely related to the history of all the peoples of the Urals - the Volga region and Russia in general.
The original culture of the Tatars has entered the treasury of world culture and civilization with dignity.
We find traces of it in the traditions and language of Russians, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvash. At the same time, the national Tatar culture synthesizes in itself the achievements of the Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Indo-Iranian peoples (Arabs, Slavs and others).
Tatars are one of the most mobile peoples. Due to landlessness, frequent crop failures at home and the traditional craving for trade, even before 1917, they began to move to various regions of the Russian Empire, including the province of Central Russia, the Donbass, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. This migration process intensified during the years of Soviet rule, especially during the "great construction projects of socialism." Therefore, at present in the Russian Federation there is practically not a single subject of the federation, wherever the Tatars live. Even in the pre-revolutionary period, Tatar national communities were formed in Finland, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, China. As a result of the collapse of the USSR, Tatars who lived in the former Soviet republics - Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and the Baltic countries - ended up in the near abroad. Already at the expense of re-emigrants from China. Tatar national diasporas in the USA, Japan, Australia, Sweden were formed in Turkey and Finland from the middle of the XX century.
Culture and life of the people
Tatars are one of the most urbanized peoples of the Russian Federation. Social groups Tatars living both in cities and in villages are almost indistinguishable from those that exist among other peoples, primarily among the Russians.
In their way of life, the Tatars do not differ from other surrounding peoples. The modern Tatar ethnos originated in parallel with the Russian. Modern Tatars are the Turkic-speaking part of the indigenous population of Russia, which, due to its greater territorial proximity to the East, chose Islam rather than Orthodoxy.
The traditional dwelling of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Ural regions was a log hut, fenced off from the street by a fence. The external facade was decorated with multicolored paintings. The Astrakhan Tatars, who preserved some of their steppe cattle-breeding traditions, used a yurt as a summer dwelling.
Like many other peoples, ceremonies and holidays Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were indicated by a concept associated with a particular work.
Many ethnologists note the unique phenomenon of Tatar tolerance, which consists in the fact that in the entire history of the existence of the Tatars, they were not the initiators of any conflict on ethnic and religious grounds. The most famous ethnologists and researchers are sure that tolerance is an invariable part of the Tatar national character.
