Where are antonyms used. What are antonyms and examples of their enrichment of the Russian language. Polysemous words and their antonyms

Even if you graduated from school a long time ago, it is still not too late to understand what antonyms are, including contextual ones. Antonyms are words of one part of speech with directly opposite lexical meanings, contrasting phenomena: good - evil, truth - lie, speak - be silent, much - little, up - down, appear - disappear. Antonyms are pairs of words, which are always based on a common feature (height, weight, quality, quantity, feeling, time of day, space), but the meanings are opposite.

It should now be very clear what antonyms are. However, this is not all the information required. Proper names, numerals and pronouns have no antonyms. However, official words can also be associated with antonymic relationships: for and against, with and without (They like to drink tea with and without sugar).

Classification of words-antonyms

By structure, antonyms are divided into:

multi-root (forward - backward);
single-root: they are formed with the help of prefixes opposite in meaning (enter - exit), as well as with the help of a prefix that is added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

Usually, antonyms include mixed-root words, but some linguists consider such pairs of words as antonyms: calm - restless, big - small, love - not love. Here the antonym is formed with the help of the negative particle "not", the prefixes "devil", "not", etc.

From the point of view of language and speech, there are antonyms:

linguistic (conventional): they exist in the language system (loud - quiet);
speech (occasional): occur in a specific context. They are more often found in proverbs and poetry.

So what are contextual antonyms? Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a specific context. This phenomenon is of an individual and authorial character: wolves and sheep (as you understand, the polarity of the meanings of these words is not fixed in the language). A writer can discover opposite qualities in certain concepts and contrast them in speech: sunlight is moonlight, one year is all life, not a mother, but a daughter. The opposition of such concepts is not reproduced in the language. These are occasional (contextual, speech) antonyms.

Antonyms in terms of action are:

proportionate: denote action and reaction (getting rich - getting poor, getting up - going to bed);
disproportionate: in a broad sense, they mean action and lack of action (to light - not to light, to think - to think about it).

Polysemous words and their antonyms

In different meanings, a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

For example: fresh bread - stale bread, fresh thought - hackneyed thought, fresh evening - stuffy evening, etc.

Antithesis

Antonyms can serve as a means of poetic expression. This technique is called antithesis. Basically, the antithesis is characteristic of poetic and oratorical speech: "black evening, white snow" (A. A. Blok). The antithesis is also found in the titles: "Thick and Thin" (A. P. Chekhov), "Fathers and Sons" (I. S. Turgenev),

So, now you know what antonyms are, examples of these pairs of words will not be difficult for you. Remember what contextual antonyms and antitheses are.

Antonyms are words, belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.

One part of speech is not the only condition under which words of the opposite meaning can be called antonyms. There must be some common feature between these words. That is, both concepts should describe feeling, or time, or space, or quality and quantity - in which case they will be antonyms.

Examples of antonyms.

Let's analyze this definition with examples.

Antonym for the word "Before".

The antonym for the word "before" will be the word "now"... Both words are adverbs - “when? before "and" when? now". Both of them are united by a common feature - the description of time. But if the word "before" describes a situation or event that took place sometime in the past, then the word "now" refers to the present. Thus, the words are opposite in meaning and are antonyms.

Antonym for the word "Friendly".

The antonym for the word "friendly" is the word "Unfriendly"... Both concepts refer to one part of speech - the adverb. As the rule requires, they are united by a common feature - that is, they describe an emotional shade. But if the word "friendly" means joy and pleasure (for example, from someone's presence), then "unfriendly" has the exact opposite meaning - the one whose appearance or speech is characterized by this word is clearly not happy about anything.

Antonym for the word "Tears".

The antonym for the word "tears" will be the word "laughter". Both concepts refer to nouns, both of which describe an emotional action. But if in the first case the emotion is clearly negative - tears of grief, tears of sadness, tears of pain - then the word "laughter" means joy, happiness and fun. Words are opposite in meaning - and therefore they are antonyms.

Other popular antonyms.

Below is a list of words and their antonyms.

The word "Synonym", the antonym is "Antonym".
The word "Interesting", the antonym - "Boring".
The word "Wind", the antonym - "Quiet".
The word "Find", the antonym - "Lose".
The word "Fresh", the antonym - "Spoiled, stale."
The word "Beautiful", the antonym - "Disgusting, terrible."
The word "Snow", the antonym - "Rain".
The word "Waited", the antonym - "Sudden, unexpected".
The word "Carefully", the antonym - "Careless".
The word "Sun", the antonym - "Moon".
The word "Day", the antonym - "Night".
The word "Fast", the opposite is "slow".

We hope you now know what an antonym is.

Different in sound and spelling, with directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "lie", "good" - "evil", "speak" - "be silent."

The lexical units of the vocabulary of the language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

Own names, pronouns, numerals do not have antonyms.

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms by the type of concepts expressed:

contradictory correlates - such opposites that complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad is good, lie is truth, living is dead.
counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, go down - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
conversions are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
enantiosemia - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to enclose with tea - to treat and not to treat.
pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

multi-root (forward - backward);
single-root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

linguistic (usual) - antonyms existing in the language system (rich - poor);
contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - half a copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

proportionate - action and reaction: getting up - going to bed, getting rich - getting poor;
disproportionate - action and lack of action (in a broad sense): ignite - extinguish, think up - think over.

Antonyms in poetry

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Synonyms. Antonyms.

Literature

Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: More than 2000 antonyms. steam / Ed. L.A. Novikova. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Rus. yaz., 1988 .-- 384 p. (erroneous)

Excerpt from Antonyms

- Well, well ... - he said.
“I know that she loves ... will love you,” Princess Marya corrected herself.
Before she had time to say these words, Pierre jumped up and, with a frightened face, seized Princess Marya by the hand.
- Why do you think? Do you think I can hope? You think?!
“Yes, I think,” said Princess Marya, smiling. - Write to your parents. And charge me. I'll tell her when I can. I wish it. And my heart feels that it will be.
- No, it can't be! How happy I am! But this cannot be ... How happy I am! No, it can not be! - said Pierre, kissing the hands of Princess Mary.
- You go to Petersburg; this is better. I'll write to you, ”she said.
- To Petersburg? Go? Okay, yes, go. But can I come to you tomorrow?
The next day Pierre came to say goodbye. Natasha was less lively than in the old days; but on that day, sometimes glancing into her eyes, Pierre felt that he was disappearing, that neither he nor she was no longer there, but there was one feeling of happiness. “Really? No, it can't be, ”he said to himself with every look, gesture, word that filled his soul with joy.
When, saying goodbye to her, he took her thin, thin hand, he involuntarily held it in his own for a little longer.
“Could it be this hand, this face, these eyes, all this foreign treasure of feminine charm, can it all be forever mine, habitual, the same as I am for myself? No, It is Immpossible!.."
“Farewell, Count,” she told him loudly. “I will very much wait for you,” she added in a whisper.
And these simple words, the look and expression on the face that accompanied them, for two months were the subject of inexhaustible memories, explanations and happy dreams of Pierre. “I will very much wait for you ... Yes, yes, how did she say? Yes, I will very much wait for you. Oh, how happy I am! What is it, how happy I am! " - Pierre said to himself.

In Pierre's soul nothing now happened like what had happened in her under similar circumstances during his matchmaking with Helene.
He did not repeat, as then, with painful shame of the words he said, he did not say to himself: "Oh, why did I not say this, and why, why did I say then je vous aime?" [I love you] Now, on the contrary, every word of her, his own, he repeated in his imagination with all the details of his face, smile and did not want to subtract or add anything: he only wanted to repeat it. Doubt whether what he had undertaken was good or bad — now there was no shadow. Only one terrible doubt sometimes crossed his mind. Isn't it all in a dream? Wasn't Princess Marya mistaken? Am I too proud and arrogant? I believe; and suddenly, as should happen, Princess Marya will tell her, and she will smile and answer: “How strange! He was probably wrong. Doesn't he know that he is a man, just a man, and I? .. I am completely different, higher. "
Only this doubt often came to Pierre. He also did not make any plans now. It seemed to him that the coming happiness was so incredible that as soon as it happened, nothing could happen further. It was all over.
A joyful, unexpected madness to which Pierre considered himself incapable took possession of him. The whole meaning of life, not for him alone, but for the whole world, seemed to him to consist only in his love and in the possibility of her love for him. Sometimes all people seemed to him busy with only one thing - his future happiness. Sometimes it seemed to him that they all rejoice as much as he himself, and only try to hide this joy, pretending to be occupied with other interests. In every word and movement, he saw hints of his own happiness. He often surprised people who met him with his significant, secretly agreed, happy looks and smiles. But when he realized that people might not know about his happiness, he felt sorry for them with all his heart and felt a desire to somehow explain to them that everything they were doing was complete nonsense and trifles not worthy of attention.
When he was offered to serve or when they discussed some general, state affairs and war, assuming that the happiness of all people depended on such or such an outcome of such an event, he listened with a meek condolence smile and surprised the people who spoke to him with his strange remarks. But as those people who seemed to Pierre to understand the real meaning of life, that is, his feeling, so those unfortunate people who obviously did not understand this - all people during this period of time seemed to him in such a bright light of the feeling that shone in him that without the slightest effort, he immediately, meeting with any person, saw in him everything that was good and worthy of love.

"Of Greek origin and is translated as" opposite name ".

Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning, expressing it with the help of paradigmatic connections.

Antonyms are a very interesting phenomenon of the language, because in the mind of a person are stored in the form of an antonymic pair.

Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other with all their content, their semantic structure is highly homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.

For example, a pair of antonyms "-" has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential (positive and negative mood).

Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely the same compatibility.

Types of antonyms

There are 2 types of antonyms:

1) multi-root and single-root.

Single-root antonyms usually form non-prefixed and prefixed words. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; come up - move away.

Multi-root antonyms are completely different in their appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.

2) gradual, non-gradual and vector antonyms.

Gradual antonyms express the opposite, which implies the existence between two extreme points of intermediate steps. Examples: genius - talented - gifted - average ability - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - intelligent - not stupid - of average ability - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.

Irregular antonyms call concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.

Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, signs, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - adversary.

We were lucky to be born in a country where Russian is considered the main language. It is rich in various sounds, words and lexical phrases. One and the same phenomenon can be described in completely different ways, in dozens of different ways, and each description will turn out to be unique, not similar to the previous one. For this, there are synonyms, antonyms and homonyms. They make speech more beautiful, allow you to correctly place accents, and also develop, improving our vocabulary.

What are synonyms and antonyms in Russian, how they differ and what they are - we will find out in today's article. Looking ahead, I will inform you that we will also consider such an interesting thing as homonyms. Go?

What are synonyms

Agree, it would be rather boring to communicate if each object could be named in only one single way. When you look at the sun, you cannot say: light, bright, radiant. You only need to choose one. So it would be very boring, and speech would be meager and not rich.

Synonyms are words that have the same meaning but are spelled differently. As you may have guessed, there are a lot of synonyms. For example, a pool and a pond. The meaning is the same, but it is spelled differently. Another example: a house, building, hut, structure, building, real estate, dwelling. Continue on your own?

In various cases, words may be synonyms, but they may not be, depending on the context, or they may not be appropriate in meaning. For example, cherry can also be called red, but cherry pie is not necessarily red.

Assignment: come up with synonyms for the words: dog, animal, liquid.

What are antonyms

In contrast to synonyms, there are antonyms - words that are opposite in meaning. They write in different ways, and the meaning is exactly the opposite. For example, black is white, good is evil, come and go, start and end.

This does not mean at all that we use antonyms every day and consciously remember them, rummaging in our memory, but to understand them and be able to quickly pick up several oppositions in the mind is a sign of education and erudition.

Assignment: choose the antonyms for the words: morning, winter, end.

What are homonyms

The last term for today - homonyms - are words that are spelled the same, but have completely different meanings. It so happened that the alphabet of the Russian language contains not a thousand letters, otherwise it would be impossible to remember all of them. Therefore, the spelling of words is repeated, by which, depending on the context, different meanings are meant.

For example, the key can be from a door lock, a treble in notes, in the form of a reservoir, a wrench. All these will be completely different objects, but they will be spelled in the same way - in the word key. A second example: a braid that is used to mow the grass, as well as a long braid of hair.