"This is the first time I speak to you as Prime Minister at this crucial hour for our country, our empire, our allies and Freedom itself." This is how the new British Prime Minister Winston Churchill began his speech in 1940.

His oratorical skills and ability to behave so that everyone listens attentively is widely known. The first phrase of his speech is the so-called "hook" with which to hook the audience.

In public speaking courses, you will learn about the many options for where and how to start a speech. But any beginning must contain such a "hook" to immediately grab the attention of the audience. Do not let things take their course, otherwise the performance may even fail!

Compare these two beginnings:

“Now we will take a journey into the depths of the ocean” (Speech by oceanographer David Gallo).

“I study ants. In the deserts, in the rainforests, in your kitchen and near your home ”(Speech by biologist Deborah Gordon).

Most likely, you will be more intrigued by the former. Who doesn't want to take a virtual trip to the depths of the ocean? This is the hook - something that immediately piques interest and makes you listen.

How can a speaker create an effective hook?

Rule 1. The hook at the beginning of the speech should be relevant to the audience.

If what you start with touches each of the listeners, the beginning will be a success, and you can easily.

For example, Ken Robinson of the TED talks club once began a speech with the words: “I myself am shocked by this news. I'm leaving!"

Write your own beginning, considering the purpose of the public speaking and who will come to listen to you.

Rule 2. The hook at the beginning of a speech should surprise.

If the speaker begins his speech with the words: "The topic of today's speech is ...", everyone tunes in to boredom and despondency. And here is how the speaker Gavin Praetor-Pinney began the speech: "The clouds ... Have you ever noticed how many people are complaining about them?"

His speech was titled "Dark as a cloud can also rejoice." The beginning was consistent with the theme and at the same time surprising.

Rule 3. The hook at the beginning of the speech should be short.

If the speaker starts with a long story, the audience’s attention will be scattered to about the middle of it, and no one will appreciate the catchy moral. You need to grab attention from the first seconds. And, of course, do not allow 10 phrases that master speakers never say, because often the most boring speeches begin with them!

Here's how Mark Twain once began a long toast to New England weather: "I respectfully believe that our Creator created everything in New England except the weather."

Rule 4. The hook should lead to something more than the topic of your speech.

The speaker needs to be shown the global importance of his topic. For example, in John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, he said: "Today we are seeing not a victory for the party, but a triumph of freedom."

So he understood the importance of his victory in the elections.

And human rights activist Sojourner Trut began her speech for women's rights with the words: "There is no smoke without fire."

So she wanted to say that the movement for women's rights did not arise from scratch and the problem is very serious.

Success begins with the right hook. If you find it difficult to come up with it yourself, sign up for a public speaking course, where this skill will be taught to perfection.

Orator.

The speech you are about to give is like a floating craft on the high seas. A fragile boat or a luxurious airliner - what is your report? Will you calmly cut through the waves of people's attention with your text, or will you barely be able to stay afloat, constantly risking losing the attention of your listeners? If at least one guest yawns in the hall, then soon you will notice that the rest are beginning to nod off. Build your talk so that it contains a plot. A few jokes will help dilute the report, which mainly consists of a listing of values and indicators. Use visual aids if possible. Some people are better at hearing information, while others need graphics. To get hold of attention each listener in the hall, use all available methods of conveying information. The report itself should be logical, clearly structured and interesting.

It happens that you list some numbers and draw conclusions from them, but there is a lot of data, and the audience, who caught your thought faster than you finished it, got somewhat distracted and bored. Not a single person can continuously perceive information, even important and interesting. Therefore, if you see that people are tired, take a break. To get your audience's attention back, sweep your eyes around the audience. The audience will start looking at you again and listening carefully to your speech.

The voice is your main instrument when you read a talk. The ability to control intonations, pauses, somewhere to speed up, and somewhere to slow down, raise or lower the voice - all this determines the success of the report. A confident and strong voice is what will allow you to get hold of attention public unconditionally. If people understand that your speech reflects what you yourself believe in, that you take your words seriously, this will generate tremendous interest and response.

Don't forget to pause. IN important places pause for a moment to gather the audience's attention. Speech speed is very important. Slow speech creates a confidential atmosphere, but faster speech promotes growth. Except, of course, when the speaker is just chattering away.

Tip 3: How to get the attention of a loved one

The most interesting and probably the oldest way to attract the attention of a loved one is sign language. Men react quickly to visuals. With their skillful use, you are guaranteed the attention of your chosen one.

Instructions

Use openness in your body language. IN different situations a person uses body language without even knowing it. The ability of the body to reflect a person's thoughts is in the genes and acts on a subconscious level, especially when communicating with the opposite sex. The essence of the technique lies in your willingness to open up to your beloved man and attract his attention with the help of gestures and facial expressions.

Start with the face. Look in the mirror and remember the expression in your eyes when you are in a confident and calm state, ready to communicate with your chosen one. The eyes should have a clear expression, on the face - a half smile, when the corners of the mouth are slightly raised.

Keep it easy, free, open. Avoid defensive gestures such as crossing arms, turning to the sides. Use a moderately lit room to get a man's attention. Penumbra, acting on the subconscious, will create a more intimate atmosphere and will dispose a man to subtle communication with you. By adjusting to the openness of your gestures, the body itself will reflect your interest in further communication with, which, of course, will be correctly interpreted by it.

To attract a man, stay in his field of vision. But, of course, you should not rush at him, violating his space. Choose a distance where you can lightly smell your perfume and you can discern the expression in your eyes. Most likely, he himself will try to shorten it and communicate with you. Take advantage of the situation and find an opportunity to slowly enter his space and stay there for a while at ease. Play with your gaze, averting him as soon as he starts looking at you. Be sure to keep a light smile on your face. Your task is just to attract attention to yourself.

To provoke your beloved man to come up to you, support yours. In this again, gestures are irreplaceable. A slight tilt of the head with the simultaneous touching of the hand to the hair, the movement of the fingertips along the shoulders or around the face will surely attract the attention of your chosen one. All of these gestures are easy to explain. An attempt to please makes a woman pay increased attention to her appearance, which does not go unnoticed by a man when he meets his eyes.

Tip 4: How to quickly attract the attention of a stranger

Which of the ladies is not familiar with the situation when suddenly an unfamiliar man meets on the way, who immediately arouses interest? However, the fair sex is often lost and do not know what to do in such a case. There are little tricks for women, thanks to which you do not miss the chance to get acquainted with interesting man.

An important (but not the only!) Factor of your success is impeccable appearance... You should always look like a winner of men's hearts. Women's confidence in her irresistibility is very attractive to most men!

So, a worthy man has come to your attention. You internally collect all your feminine energy into an imaginary ball of fire, recite to yourself the mantra "I am irresistible (options: mind-blowing, gorgeous, charming, exceptional, etc.), you are irresistible (also with options)", and try to get closer to this man.

Look at him and, if he catches your eye, hold him for 5-7 seconds. At the same time, a slight smile should play on your lips. At this time, mentally release a "fireball" at the man. Then slowly, as if reluctantly, look away. After a while, look again. If a man, having caught the outgoing vibes, is interested, he himself will try not to miss the moment. You should look friendly and ready to talk.

Find an opportunity to speak so that he hears your voice. Try to have a velvety voice in low tones. Turn to the man with some harmless request or question, depending on the situation.

If a conversation ensues, do not drag it out and try not to talk about yourself, listen more. You must remain a mystery for a man to want to meet you again.

To build confidence, exercise whenever possible: on the street, in public transport, in the theater ... The main thing is not to despair and not to lower self-esteem if the stranger does not make contact. Surely he has it for this good reason... Remember that you are irresistible and your right is to bestow your attention on anyone, without demanding anything in return!

A master class from the brilliant speaker Reinaldo Polito in the format of super-tips is a real gift for everyone who wants to learn how to speak beautifully, convince and inspire confidence in the interlocutors. To master this skill, you should pay attention to a number of little things, a complete list of which you will find in this short book. Let her become your desktop or pocket friend, helping to remember all the subtleties in any situation. Whether standing in front of a large audience or in a private atmosphere, you will always find the right word and make the right impression. For a wide range of readers.

All rights reserved. No part of the electronic version of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including placement on the Internet and corporate networks, for private and public use without the written permission of the copyright holder.

Introduction

Because life, life, life,

Life can be remade.

Cecilia Meirelis

Redo your life.

Perhaps this is the greatest and most important principle that Reinaldo Polito puts forward in his current work: how to change our approach to communication in order to become truly competent in relationships and interactions with other people.

Book “The Art of Public Speaking. Super Tips ”, the fruit of extensive research and vast experience, offers advice and skills that have been tried and tested both in the classroom and beyond. This carefully crafted book is an essential resource for anyone who wants to communicate more effectively and confidently: during public speaking, business meetings, formal events and in everyday conversation.

These tips can be read from start to finish in the harmonious and practical order in which they are given, or you can quickly skim over a specific question. All questions are considered in short, dedicated only to them, chapters in which there is a beginning, middle and end.

In this book, Reinaldo Polito offers us the opportunity - smartly, talentedly and sensibly - to reflect on the meaning and value of words in our lives: how we clarify our intentions, ideals and goals; we discover common interests and (last but not least) improve ourselves and emphasize the best we have.

Marlene Teodoro,

MSc in Communication and Market Research, Writer and Public Speaking Specialist at English language

* * *

The given introductory fragment of the book How to capture the audience from the interlocutor to the audience. Super Tips (Reynaldo Polito) provided by our book partner -

Reinaldo Polito

How to capture the audience - from the interlocutor to the audience. Super tips

Introduction

Because life, life, life,

Life can be remade.

Cecilia Meirelis

Redo your life.

Marlene Teodoro,

MSc in Communication and Market Research, Writer and Public Speaking Specialist in English

1. Learn to talk to people

Conversation skills are useful in almost any situation, be it a two or three person conversation, a business meeting, giving a lecture, teaching a lesson, or attending a convention. In short, these are the skills that open the door to your success.

Conversation ability includes the ability to tell interesting stories and the knowledge of how to ask the right questions at the right time.

If your goal is to start a conversation or create a conducive environment for fast receipt information, give preference to “closed” questions that require quick, short answers, for example: “Who? What time is it? Where? When?"

Please note that by asking these questions you get direct answers that allow you to quickly get important information without interrupting your flow of thoughts and without affecting the concentration of the listeners.

However, if your goal is to encourage people to participate more actively in the conversation or to reveal their intentions, wants and needs, use open-ended questions that stimulate longer and more complex answers: “What? Why? How?"

You will find that, unlike "closed" questions, "open-ended" questions generate answers that force the audience to accept more Active participation in conversation, as people have to explain their train of thought and provide information that almost always tells something about their personality and way of thinking.

2. Use humor

Using humor doesn't mean you have to turn into a clown or court jester.

It is also not synonymous with vulgarity. If you avoid harsh puns and learn to see what is funny in any situation, you will always find someone who is willing to enter into a conversation with you. The combination of sophisticated irony and implicit (tacit) information will show that you respect the perceptual abilities of the person with whom you are talking, as well as demonstrate your own intelligence, mental acuity and perception. However, consider the education and intelligence of your listeners when making witty remarks.

And be careful: even if circumstances seem to push you towards vulgarity, don't fall into this trap - you can never benefit from a vulgar remark.

There is a very fine line between humor and vulgarity, and where that line falls depends on your audience and context.

The closer you are to this line, the funnier your remarks become, but, accordingly, the greater the risk of crossing the line of vulgarity. Since you can never be sure exactly where this border lies, keep at arm's length from it.

It is better to take a lower tone - this way you will maintain your favorable image and demonstrate respect for others - than cross the line, which, of course, can cause laughter in the audience, but if you misjudge your audience, it will leave a stain on your reputation.

3. Make it clear that you are joking

Be very careful with subtle humor. When you are going to joke, clearly demonstrate your intention.

If, for example, after you have resorted to irony, you have to explain that it was just a joke, it means that you misused humor. When speaking or writing, be clear about your intention to avoid misunderstandings. The typical outcome of a misunderstood joke is usually embarrassment.

There are many factors that affect how people understand and perceive humor. It depends on the:

Their cultures,

Intellectual development,

Environment,

As well as the perception of the speaker and his (or her) message.

There are so many little things that understanding and mastering them requires experience and honed observation skills.

In addition, the style of your humor should be so obvious to the audience that they do not have doubts about whether it is worth taking what is being said at face value.

People get annoyed and feel "betrayed" when they honestly follow your line of reasoning, and in the end they find that you are just playing a joke. Sometimes this situation is very difficult to correct, especially when your audience decisively crosses their arms over their chest, expressing their displeasure.

The lower the level of education of the listeners, the more clearly you should signal your intentions.

The better educated your audience is, the more subtle hints you can use.

When in doubt, use the lowest common denominator to avoid risk.

4. Don't take yourself too seriously.

Learn to laugh at your own mistakes, joke about slips, find funny in your mistakes and looks.

This is a great way to become a more fun and charming communicator.

It's nice to be around people who are not busy with constant self-justification or explaining their mistakes.

If you make a mistake, don't make an elephant out of a fly: just step over it and move on, as life goes on.

Although self-criticism is a great way to establish rapport with people, it shows that you are not driven by vanity and you are not constantly in a state of defense (do not overdo it). Don't criticize yourself unnecessarily and don't point out mistakes that might hurt you.

I advised so many people to reconsider their approach when I noticed that they, trying to be charming, began to devalue themselves, saying, for example, that it is very difficult for them to work in the morning and they can only do it at gunpoint; or when asked to clarify something, they said that they are slowly getting it. Don't even think about yourself saying that you are slow, stupid, lazy, disorganized, always late, frivolous, or use some other epithet that could damage your reputation.

Not taking yourself too seriously means cleverly belittling your dignity by revealing, wittily or slightly casually, those personal facts or characteristics that people usually hide for reasons of vanity or fear of criticism.

Introduction

Because life, life, life,

Life can be remade.

Cecilia Meirelis

Redo your life.

Marlene Teodoro,

MSc in Communication and Market Research, Writer and Public Speaking Specialist in English

1. Learn to talk to people

Conversation ability includes the ability to tell interesting stories and the knowledge of how to ask the right questions at the right time.

If your goal is to start a conversation or create a conducive environment for quick information retrieval, choose “closed” questions that require quick, short answers, such as “Who? What time is it? Where? When?"

Note that by asking these questions you get straightforward answers that allow you to quickly gain important information without interrupting your thought flow or affecting listeners' concentration.

You will find that unlike "closed" questions, "open-ended" questions generate answers that force the audience to take a more active part in the conversation, as people have to explain their train of thought and provide information that almost always tells something about their personality and way of thinking.

2. Use humor

Using humor doesn't mean you have to turn into a clown or court jester.

And be careful: even if circumstances seem to push you towards vulgarity, don't fall into this trap - you can never benefit from a vulgar remark.

There is a very fine line between humor and vulgarity, and where that line falls depends on your audience and context.

3. Make it clear that you are joking

Be very careful with subtle humor. When you are going to joke, clearly demonstrate your intention.

There are many factors that affect how people understand and perceive humor. It depends on the:

Their cultures,

Intellectual development,

Environment,

As well as the perception of the speaker and his (or her) message.

There are so many little things that understanding and mastering them requires experience and honed observation skills.

In addition, the style of your humor should be so obvious to the audience that they do not have doubts about whether it is worth taking what is being said at face value.

The lower the level of education of the listeners, the more clearly you should signal your intentions.

The better educated your audience is, the more subtle hints you can use.

When in doubt, use the lowest common denominator to avoid risk.

4. Don't take yourself too seriously.

Learn to laugh at your own mistakes, joke about slips, find funny in your mistakes and looks.

This is a great way to become a more fun and charming communicator.

It's nice to be around people who are not busy with constant self-justification or explaining their mistakes.

If you make a mistake, don't make an elephant out of a fly: just step over it and move on, as life goes on.

5. Learn to tell stories

One of the most important skills of a good communicator is the ability to tell short, interesting stories (emphasis here on the word “short”). Most people enjoy hearing such short stories from time to time. Do you understand? Very short and occasional.

Don't turn into an intrusive storyteller - hardly anyone will like a person who doesn't know when to stop. If you start telling a long story, your listeners will quickly lose interest and pray for a quick release from this torture.

No matter how good the story is, if it's long, don't tell it.

Check out stories and witty remarks on family and friends. Be careful: if the story doesn't work, it will make the strangers worse. In addition, you should not talk about situations and cases about which people are already tired of hearing: when stories are too well known, they lose their appeal.

The best stories are those that can be found in books, newspapers and magazines, heard in movies, plays or during a conversation.

You can change the details of the story and pass it off as your own, thus whipping up the interest and expectations of your audience.

If, however, you decide to tell an old, time-worn story, be creative and breathe into it. new life so that listeners feel like they are hearing it for the first time.

6. Stop saying, "Do you know?"

But the frequent use of "Do you know?" , in almost every sentence, can irritate people so much that they stop paying attention to what you say, no matter where it happens - at a work meeting, during a business meeting, or during an interview.

I emphasized the expression “You know?” Because it is the leader of a huge tribe of expressions like “Got it?”, “Right?”, “You know what I mean?”, “You don’t think so?”, Not to mention about their relatives "Isn't that so?" and "Am I making myself clear?"

To remove the annoying "Do you know?" from the process of communication, first of all, you need to realize their presence.

Although sometimes it's hard to tell if this "You know?" into your speech, it is worth putting in some effort, and you will see if this nasty little bug bites you. One way is to record your speech in informal setting or ask friends for help.

When people do not feel safe, they speak with a raised voice, as if asking a question, even if they are making a statement.

Lack of confidence will always make you speak as if you need some Feedback or approval from the audience.

It sounds like at the end of each sentence you are asking, "I am making it clear, am I?" When you speak with an interrogative intonation, it kind of justifies your "Do you know?" and "Do you understand?" at the end of each sentence.

So, if you notice that interrogative intonation has crept into your speech when you say affirmative sentences, try to change your intonation and speak more firmly.

7. Get rid of the "hmm" and "well"

A very common and annoying habit is to often say "hmm" and "well" at the beginning of sentences or during pauses.

The same irritation can arise in the audience if you start a conversation or presentation with the words “Good”, “So” or “Right”. In more advanced cases, some speakers make sounds so loud and strange that they distract the audience from the topic of the presentation.

The fact that we think much faster than we speak can lead - when you know what you want to say, but keep looking for the right expression for it - that you use these sounds to reassure your audience that you have. there is a message for her, and you are about to put it into words. It's as if you said, "Now it will come, uh huh, huh." In addition, when speaking in front of a group of people, you may feel tension, which makes you want to fill in the pauses with sounds designed to save you from uncomfortable silence.

The first step in overcoming this burdensome flaw is realizing it.

Then you need to make an effort to learn to think in silence.

Silence is positive and required quality your communication. The fact that you remain silent for a few seconds without speaking can even help to emphasize the information that you have brought to the attention of the audience.

Silence will whet your listeners' curiosity and help them understand what you have just said, as well as make your speech more expressive, natural and enjoyable.

8. My mind went blank

If you are speaking in front of a group of people and your mind suddenly turns off, do not despair.

Despair is devastating during public speaking.

If you let despair overwhelm you, you will be under even more pressure and it will be more difficult for you to get out of the situation.

So try to stay calm. I know it’s not easy, but it’s the only thing you can do.

Don't persist. If your mind is blacked out and you are in a stupor, try just once to remember what you were going to say. If you fail, repeat the last sentence as if you want to emphasize this part of your message - it is likely that returning to the moment you fell into a stupor, you will naturally remember the information.

If this does not work out, use a magic expression that always helps if information flew out of your head. It works without a miss.

Say, "What I really want to say is ...". This will force you to explain the information from a different perspective, and your thoughts will fall into place. This expression never fails. Use it. It works.

If, for some unknown reason, it does not work, tell the audience that you will come back to this later, and immediately move on to the next point.

When you are relaxed and are not frantically trying to remember anything, the necessary information may emerge on its own as you continue your presentation. Even if you don’t remember it until the end of the talk, your audience is unlikely to ask you about it.

9. Don't lose your cool

Some individuals are so inclined to get involved in arguments that they deserve a degree in professional troublemaking.

They argue over trifles with such fervor, as if defending their own lives. Any topic (football, politics, religion) will do for a dispute, and they will argue out of empty vanity, knowing that in the end all the parties to the dispute will still have their opinions.

I have listed the above topics because they are classic, but I can name hundreds of others that fill our daily life, for example, the quality of TV programs, fashion, lifestyle, children; what suits one should suit another; or the price for chicken eggs... I'm talking about the polite, decent kind of debaters who, upon arriving at a party, shake hands with everyone, and then, in the blink of an eye, forget all the rules of etiquette and rush into battle for no reason. They make their friends feel uncomfortable, and their attitudes only exacerbate this misunderstanding. Verbal debate like this can create alienation and hostility that can seriously damage the relationship.

Analyze the situation before entering into an argument. Ask yourself if it is so important for you to convince others that your point of view is right, and decide to refrain from arguing. You will find that you will almost always win if you keep your thoughts to yourself.

If, in the heat of a discussion that began as a natural exchange of opinions, you realize that people's voices are getting more and more shrill, people are clinging to their ideas with more ardor, and someone may lose control of themselves at any moment, do not hesitate:

Forget about your pride, agree with your opponent on all issues and end the argument.

10. Be polite

Politeness is the most effective way to attract friends and the benevolence of others. Politeness also helps to win over your audience, make them wish you success, and embrace your message and ideas.

Politeness can be found in a friendly tone of voice, noble words, honesty, and ethics. Typically, being kind is rewarded with the kindness of others, happiness, and the knowledge that by treating people well, you are sowing the seeds of sincere and lasting relationships. Letting go of resistance and prejudice is reflected in your attitudes and how you behave towards others.

If you find that you are difficult to describe as being polite and courteous, it may be time to adopt behaviors that will improve your social relationships and, ultimately, your quality of life.

It is polite to give up your seat on the bus, subway or waiting room to an elderly person or someone with a baby in their arms, with large bags or heavy objects in their hands.

Keeping the doors of an elevator or restaurant open for another person is a very simple gesture of kindness, generosity, and concern. Thus, you not only behave well towards the person for whom you are making this gesture, but you also look good in the eyes of everyone present. Even without knowing you, they will look at you as a well-mannered and admirable person. Moreover, if someone is kind enough to hold the door for you, be sure to thank him (or her).

11. Make "we" the magic word

Personally, I don't like too much pluralis majestatis(royal "we") and pluralis modestiae("We" used to show humility).

IN modern world they sound false and artificial. Fortunately, this is a legacy from the past (with the exception of the royals).

However, there are situations in which “we” becomes a real magic word and can be that little thing that will help you win your listeners.

When we teach, give advice, or make an assumption, “we” has the ability to overcome unnecessary resistance.

It sounds as if the speaker includes himself in the group of those to whom his message is intended; he gives advice, but at the same time he receives it; teaches, but studies at the same time.

There is a big difference in using “you” instead of “we”, because in the first case, it seems that the speaker is the only owner of the information, and the listeners are a kind of homogeneous mass, frozen in anticipation of enlightenment.

“You” can create barriers between speaker and audience, making it much more difficult to persuade listeners.

12. Remain yourself

If you ask me how to become a successful communicator, I will answer you without hesitation and without fear of making mistakes: stay natural.

Learn and apply whatever rules of communication you want, but never lose your spontaneity. Maintain and respect your style and personality at conferences, social events and business meetings.

Remember that even if you make technical mistakes with your listeners, but remain natural and spontaneous, people will trust your message.

On the other hand, if you do everything "according to the book," but look artificial, the audience will doubt your intentions and will resist what you tell them.

Pay attention to how you behave when talking to loved ones - friends, coworkers, family members - and try to imagine yourself the same in other situations.

It is clear that you can always strive for excellence, learn and apply the rules of effective communication, but never lose your naturalness.

But being natural doesn't mean repeating the same mistakes over and over again.

Mistakes can be corrected with training and practice.

The desire to make sure that your message reaches its purpose - to convince, inform or entertain the listeners - also plays a significant role.

Speaking naturally will make you feel more confident, which will allow you to get the most out of your intelligence, wit and ability to connect ideas and information, which will make your communication with your interlocutors and audience more effective.

13. Speak with enthusiasm

Never speak just for the sake of speaking. No matter how important your message is, if you deliver it simply while serving your duty, you will not be able to captivate or touch your listeners.

Therefore, when delivering your message, always speak with energy, passion and emotion. Unless you show interest and enthusiasm for the subject matter, you can hardly expect them from your audience.

You must always appear (“look and sound”) to be truthful in order to reach your listeners.

Seeming is the main word because it makes no sense to say that you are sad or happy if people do not find sadness or happiness in your words. Under some circumstances, you may have to play the truth of your feelings; that is, you will have to say what feelings you are experiencing, and at the same time play these feelings to ensure that your words resonate with your behavior.

If you want to successfully master the art of communication, then in addition to natural and spontaneous behavior, you must speak emotionally.

The combination of these two aspects - spontaneity and emotion - will lay a solid foundation for the most important task of communication: trust.

Therefore, be natural, speak emotionally, gain people's trust - and the path to successful communication will open for you.

14. Show that you know the subject.

You will achieve whatever you want if you can inspire confidence. Therefore, you should not only speak with ease and enthusiasm, but also demonstrate proficiency in the subject.

If you want your audience to believe what you are saying, you must show them that you know what you are talking about.

People need to see that what you are saying is the fruit of your experience, research and activity, and that you are talking about all of this easily.

So start preparing ahead of time. If your presentation is due in a week, spend that week preparing. If in a month, then use the whole month. And so on, and it does not matter whether it is about a year, two years, or a whole life.

Take every opportunity to absorb information.

If you have to give a talk on a topic, learn everything you can about it and become a real expert in that area. As you speak, listeners will see your confidence and be more likely to trust your message. The better prepared you are, the more confident you will appear and the more trust you will build in the audience.

If there is a rule that must always be followed in order to gain the trust of the audience, then here it is: acquire a deep knowledge of the subject and demonstrate it during the presentation.

So get ready. And when you feel ready, don't stop there: prepare a little more.

15. Be consistent

We all know the qualities that are important for creating a favorable image - punctuality, organization, a sense of time and tolerance towards others.

We are so well aware of the importance of these qualities that we often assume that they have already become a part of our daily behavior and talk about them accordingly. But people who know us well sometimes notice that we say one thing and do something exactly the opposite.

The concept of consistency is based on the fact that we do what we declare.

One should not mindlessly utter words, as if only in them the truth of things is hidden. Priest Antonio Vieira once said: “Do you praying priests know why your sermons have such a weak effect? Because we do not preach to the eyes; we only preach to the ears. Why was John the Baptist able to convert so many sinners? Because his words preached to the ears, and his example to the eyes. "

This is a daily assignment: observe our own behavior and note if we are speaking just to speak; are we not using empty words that do not convey what we think, what we believe, what we feel and do.

16. Consider the intellectual capabilities of your listeners

Awareness of the intellectual abilities of the listeners is of great importance for successful communication.

If the average intelligence of your audience is below average, that is, if you have to speak in front of a group of uneducated people who are slower to absorb what they hear, you should not present information in a difficult way, based on abstract ideas, because your listeners most likely will not be able to make it. behind the course of your reasoning and will quickly lose interest in them.

Likewise, it would be counterproductive to offer them a well-honed, brilliant argument, then ask them to reflect on it and draw conclusions, because they clearly cannot come to the desired conclusion on their own.

When you see that the intellectual ability of the listeners is below average, do everything in your power to help them understand the material being presented:

State information clearly and understandably;

Accompany it with illustrations and metaphors;

Try to repeat important concepts several times.

If, after offering your listeners several arguments, you decide to ask them a question, you should be ready to answer it in order to make it easier for the listeners to understand the material heard.

Conversely, if the intelligence of the group is average or above average, you can present information in a more abstract way, resorting to complex reasoning, since listeners can easily follow the flow of your ideas.

If you decide to ask such an audience a question, you can leave them to draw their own conclusions.

17. Assess the knowledge of your listeners

Obviously, if you find yourself in front of a group of people specializing in finance and are trying to teach them how to calculate the rate of return, taking into account reinvestment (compound interest), it will be elementary for them, and in a few minutes there will be only empty chairs in the hall - or else your listeners with a high probability they will simply fall asleep.

But if you present the same material to people who have not even heard of the interest rate, and try to demonstrate to them the calculation of compound interest using formulas, very soon they will start looking anxiously at the clock.

Analyze the level of knowledge of the audience in advance and adapt the difficulty of your presentation to their level of understanding.

The situation becomes more complicated if the group is heterogeneous in its composition. In this case, one part of your group has a good knowledge of the subject, while the other knows very little or nothing about it. If, when faced with such an audience, you decide to explore the topic either deeply or superficially, you may lose half of your audience.

It is best in this case to speak as if everyone sitting in the hall has knowledge of the subject at an intermediate level.

This way, you can simplify your message somewhat and provide additional information that will help those who do not fully understand the subject to become familiar with it. At the same time, those who are well acquainted with this topic will not lose interest in your speech.

18. Consider the age of your audience.

If you are in your 70s or have someone close to this age range, then you should know that at this stage in life people have many stories to tell and they enjoy sorting through their memories.

According to Aristotle, older people have an important trait: they prefer to talk about the past and their life experiences, rather than reflect on the future.

On the other hand, if you are young or living with teenagers, then you know that at this stage in life people have little interest in the past - they prefer to make plans and take risks, they are irreverent and impatient, and they are interested in the future.

Learning to recognize and understand the characteristics of different age groups is critical to the success of a performance.

Try to figure out in advance which age group will be the dominant people in your audience. If this is not possible, you will be able to see it when you are in front of the audience. Don't worry about the modifications you have to make - your message will remain the same. The only thing you will have to change is how you speak to suit the characteristics of your audience.

If you notice that your audience is predominantly composed of young people, present your information so that your presentation includes plans and discussion of what may happen in the future or what needs to be done to fulfill these plans.

On the other hand, if your audience consists mainly of old people, include in your speech facts from the past and use the experience of your listeners to arouse their interest and motivate them to draw the conclusions you would like to hear from them.

19. Make changes on site if necessary.

Imagine an unpleasant situation in which you may find yourself. You have carefully prepared your speech, but when you are in front of an audience, you see that it is not at all what you expected.

Since speaking in public makes most people nervous, such a mistake can have serious consequences.

In such a situation, it is best to forget everything you planned and create a completely different, more appropriate presentation, taking into account the intellectual abilities of your audience, their knowledge of the subject and their age.

This new, impromptu performance, for all its imperfections, will no doubt prove more effective than the one that you planned in advance. Although you have carefully prepared the original presentation, it will be very far from the reality of your listeners.

Therefore, prepare as thoroughly as possible, but remain vigilant and be prepared to change the game plan, depending on the audience you will have to perform in. You may be tempted to give a pre-prepared presentation because you find it safer. But…

There is no point in trying to get your message across to people if they cannot understand and accept your goals and objectives.

You have nothing to lose if you muster up the courage and try to save the performance by improvising instead of doing a scheduled performance that is doomed to failure.

20. Can I hold a pen?

This may sound silly, but not a week goes by without a student asking me if it is okay to hold a pen in my hands while I speak.

Most people say they are relieved and less nervous when holding a pen. Who am I to forbid that which brings confidence and serenity to the speaker? Obviously, if you can speak without holding anything, then your presentation may be even more effective.

To decide whether or not you can hold a pen or any other object in your hands during your speech, analyze the context of your speech.

For example, if you plan to use a white plastic board as a visual aid and hold a marker in your hands, explaining various things to your listeners, then there is no problem at all, because the marker in your hands is a natural part of the context. In the same situation, a ballpoint pen (which cannot be written on a blackboard) falls out of context and can distract listeners. But the same ballpoint pen that you hold in your hands while sitting at the table does not fall out of context, because it can be used to take notes.

Sometimes we have to speak while holding several objects in our hands - a laser pointer, a microphone, a folder or a notebook. Even if you have both hands busy, you can deliver your speech without distracting the listeners' attention, because all of these subjects are part of the context.

21. Prepare the soil

When someone gradually removes one obstacle after another in order to achieve a specific goal, we say that he is setting the stage for himself.

This popular wisdom must be remembered when we are faced with people who resist the topic of our speech.

When conflicting things are discussed, some people will approve of your message and others will not. It follows that your task is not to conquer those who already agree with you, but those whom you have yet to convert to your faith.

You should try to change the minds of those who think differently. Therefore, it would be wrong to express your view of the subject right from the doorway, because this will make those who resist harden, and it will be even more difficult to persuade them.

No matter how much your point of view differs from that of your listeners, there is always some common denominator to be found.

Learn to identify such areas of understanding and use them as a "neutral zone" along which you can move safely.

A very simple rule applies here: start your presentation by mentioning the things that make you related to your audience, and people will agree with you.

Over time, your listeners will begin to think that these touchpoints make you think the way they do. This will cause them to lose their vigilance, and they will follow the course of your reasoning with interest.

22. Do you think so, or do you know that?

For some people, the hair immediately stands on end as soon as they hear someone say, "I think."

In the classroom, it is not uncommon for students to turn to me with a questioning expression on their faces when a fellow student on the podium says, "I suppose," or "I am thinking." They seem to be saying to me: "But he said: 'I think." Doesn't that undermine his authority and weaken the power of his conviction? "

Analyze the use of this expression in each specific situation and see if it fits the type of message you intend to convey to your listeners. To be honest, expressions like “I believe”, “I believe”, “I believe”, “I suppose”, “I think” and others are usually excellent diplomatic tools to avoid confrontation with people whose opinions differ from your own.

When I say, “I think,” I inform my listeners between the lines that I realize that other people may think differently and that my opinion is not the only one possible.

Therefore, those who disagree with what I am saying do not feel challenged, and at least are ready to listen to a completely different point of view without too much resistance.

However, the expression “I think” is not appropriate for a situation where you have to make an assumption or give a solution to a problem that leaves no room for error.

It would be unacceptable for a government minister to propose a series of measures that will affect the entire population of the country, accompanied by the words that he "thinks" that this is the best solution.

Therefore, in some situations, such words should be avoided, since they interfere with convincing the audience of something, while in other situations these same words have the exact opposite effect: they help to avoid conflict and convince listeners.

23. Fully Involve Your Listeners

If your speech is devoid of any content and is a collection of stories, jokes and quotes, then your audience will laugh and may even give you a real ovation at the end. But they will leave the room with a feeling of emptiness, with a feeling that it was fun, but they did not take anything out of your message.

Curiously, companies feel cheated in this situation because they believe that inviting a motivating speaker to speak to their employees is a good investment. They often find that such a performance has little impact, and since no one seems to have learned anything, companies lament the wasted time and money. When people return to their work, they continue to do what they have always done and do not put into practice anything they hear.

If, on the other hand, your talk is focused solely on content, and you see this as the key to a successful presentation, then you are wrong, because your talk will cause boredom rather than a source of motivation.

Build your performance at the same time on submission and content, because successful presentation depends on the proper combination of both of these elements.

The whole secret is to divide your speech into separate parts connected by a common theme that would indicate their interdependence, but at the same time each part could be understood separately.

give the listeners a block of information,

tell interesting story or a joke to illustrate this information,

use visual aids to help people remember what you are saying,

predict future results that will surprise everyone or benefit everyone,

and go to the next section.

And this is how you present your entire speech, section by section, capturing the audience and delivering an important message to them.

24. Questions: before, during or after?

There are situations when it is better to move all questions to the beginning of the presentation, while in other cases it is better to save them until the end of the presentation.

There are also situations where it is best to ask participants which option they prefer.

If a you are fluent in the topic of the report then you can invite the audience to ask questions as you speak, which will allow you to interact with people as you speak.

If your knowledge of the subject is limited, it is better not to risk getting a question at the very beginning of the report that you cannot answer. In this case, it is better to leave all questions at the end of the presentation.

If a you know your subject well and the audience is small(fewer than a hundred people), you can allow the audience to ask you questions at the very beginning, because in this scenario, you will be able to keep the situation under control.

But if the audience is large(more than a hundred people), it will be better if people ask questions at the end.

If a your performance is limited(and is less than half an hour), you should only allow asking questions at the end of the talk, because if you answer them during the talk, it will be difficult for you to keep up with the schedule and fully get your message across.

If the intellectual capacity of your audience is low or the audience knows very little about the subject of your speech, then it would be better if they only ask questions at the end of your talk. Limited knowledge and / or understanding of the audience may lead people to ask inappropriate or uncomfortable questions that will diminish people's interest in your talk.

25. When to use visual aids?

Be careful. Audiovisual visual aids are great, but if used incorrectly, they will stick in your wheels.

The first step is to decide when to use these guides.

It's hard to imagine a good presentation without visual aids. This clearly illustrates the fact that:

If we set out our message orally, then in three days the audience will remember only 10 percent what has been said;

If the same message is accompanied by visual audiovisual materials, then after the same three days people will remember 65 percent heard.

An effective visual aid should do three things:

Underline important information;

Help listeners follow the speaker's reasoning;

Help people remember what they hear for a longer period.

When creating a visual aid, always ask yourself: Does it serve these three purposes?

If the answer is yes, then go ahead and use this manual during your presentation. However, if the answer to any of the three questions is no, you should think carefully about how useful this guide is and whether you should not use it.

You should forget about visuals if their only purpose is:

Make your presentation more engaging;

Replace information that could be conveyed to the audience orally;

Serve you as a guide, or worse, imitate other speakers who always use visual aids.

Avoid visual aids even if they are expensive and time-consuming to make that cannot be justified by the end result or the importance of your presentation.

26. Ten basic rules for creating effective visual aids

Let me offer you a few useful recommendations to create useful visual aids.

1. Give them names.

A good title should be clear, simple, and just a few words. Usually the title is placed at the top.

2. Use captions.

Colored bars and horizontal lines remain colored bars and horizontal lines unless captioned. Make your signatures easier to read by rounding the numbers.

3. Write legibly.

Use large letters large enough for everyone in the lecture hall to read.

4. Limit the number of fonts you use.

You can make your visuals more consistent by using no more than three different fonts.

5. Use short sentences.

Each sentence should express one idea with a minimum of words. Typically, six or seven words are sufficient.

6. Write text on multiple lines.

General guideline: If you are using a horizontal visual aid, it should be six or seven lines long. If vertical, then the number of lines can be increased to eight or nine.

7. Use different colors.

Use, but don't overuse them. Use contrasting colors to highlight important information, and unless absolutely necessary, limit yourself to three or four. different colors in one visual aid.

8. One visual aid should contain one idea.

Identify main idea message and submit it.

9. Each visual aid should contain only one illustration.

Pictures should clarify your message and make the information easier to understand. One illustration is enough for one visual aid.

10. Remove anything that might interfere with your message.

Leave only information that contributes to understanding.

27. Dress appropriately

Consider the following when deciding what to wear to perform.

Profession. Observe how the professionals in your field usually dress. For example, a male finance company director or a lawyer is expected to appear in a suit and tie, and women in similar positions are expected to appear in formal attire. However, it is only natural for athletes to appear in front of the public in informal clothing.

Epoch. It is equally not good to look old-fashioned or so trendy (after watching a model show on TV the night before) as if you had just flown in from Mars.

Formality. It is best to wear appropriate attire for the occasion, but if in doubt about the dress code for an event, go there in formal attire.

Habits. If you regularly purchase for yourself new clothes then there is nothing better than getting a new outfit for the show. If you rarely buy new clothes, choose what is comfortable for you, because people often feel uncomfortable in new clothes.

Style. Regardless of everything else, your style is important; that is, what kind of clothing you feel at ease. If possible, choose clothes that are comfortable for you and that reflect your style, making some adjustments to it, focusing on the field of activity and a specific event.

28. Speak loudly and clearly

When you arrive in a location where you are supposed to speak — a meeting room, a lecture hall, or a classroom — assess the setting to know how you will have to direct your voice.

Analyze the acoustics of the room, the distance to the back rows of chairs, check if there is a microphone in the room. In short, consider all the little things that can affect the volume of your voice. Based on all this, you can estimate how loud you will need to speak.

You shouldn't yell when talking to one or two people so that they don't feel irritated and want to resist.

But at the same time, you should not whisper when speaking in front of a large audience, because it will be difficult for your listeners to make out what you are saying, as a result of which they can quickly lose interest in your speech.

However, always try to speak a little louder than necessary, as this will demonstrate your interest and enthusiasm for the subject. If you are speaking to a group of 20 people, speak as if there were 50 people in the audience; if your audience is 50 people, speak as if you are speaking in front of 80-100 people. This will make it easier for you to maintain the enthusiasm and attention of your listeners.

But remember to set the stage for people to be passionate about your way of expressing yourself. If you simply raise your voice, it will only demonstrate your own enthusiasm, while your unmotivated listeners will behave like spectators who do not take the slightest part in your performance.

29. Keep Talking Fast

From time to time someone complains to me that he speaks too fast and that he needs to learn to speak more slowly.

- Mister teacher, I speak too quickly. If there was a communication radar, then I would have received a speeding ticket long ago.

- But can you speak more slowly?

- No, because I think very quickly. When I try to speak more slowly, I can't think normally and I start feeling dumb.

- Well, if things are as you describe, then how do you intend to speak more slowly?

Be careful, because by trying to develop a quality you think is important (a speed you think is appropriate), you can negatively impact a much more important quality - the flow of ideas.

If this applies to you, keep talking quickly, but develop techniques that match your characteristics.

Make sure you have clear diction.

If you learn to pronounce words clearly, even if you speak quickly, people will understand you and receive your message.

Pause after each argument.

When you are finished with your reasoning, pause and change the voice modulation to indicate that you are done. Thus, people will be able to digest the information they hear.

Repeat important information.

Make it a habit to repeat important information in different words to make it easier for listeners to understand your message.

If you articulate words clearly, pause in the right places, and repeat important information, you can transform your habit of speaking quickly into an effective communication style.

30. Keep talking slowly.

From time to time, someone complains that they speak too slowly.

- Mr. teacher, I need to change the way I speak, because I speak too slowly.

- But can you speak faster?

- No, because when I speak, I like to build in my head all that I want to say.

“And do you really believe you can speak faster?” You are so preoccupied with planning what you are going to say from the beginning to the end of your speech that if you try to speak faster, it will go against your nature and reduce the effectiveness of your communication.

If this is about you, keep talking slowly, but develop techniques that are useful for slow speaking speakers.

Keep looking at your listeners.

When you pause, keep looking at your listeners. This way, you will not break contact with the audience.

Resume with more pressure.

When, after a long pause, you start speaking again, put a little more pressure and energy into your words to show that you are carefully choosing the information you want to convey to your listeners; this will help avoid the impression that you are stuck.

Take the right pauses.

When you pause, indicate with your intonation that you are going to continue speaking, and stop after you have outlined the idea.

Get rid of the "hmm" and "well" during breaks.

Learn patience and silently wait for the right words to come to you. This will eliminate the most common disadvantage of slow-speaking people.

If you take all these precautions, you can keep speaking slowly and you will be able to turn this trait into good style communications.

31. Give your speech a rhythm

Boo-boo-boo, boo-boo-boo, boo-boo-boo. Monotonous and constant speed.

It does not matter how interesting the subject of the speech is - there is hardly a single living soul that can withstand a monotonously mumbling speaker for a long time.

It is the best hypnotic, specially formulated to immerse listeners in deep sleep.

If you always speak at the same speed and volume, without any modulations marking pauses in sentences, very soon your listeners will start nodding off and you can enjoy the sight of bowed heads.

If you are speaking in public, then, regardless of the situation, try to give your speech a rhythm, make it more colorful and attractive.

Speak faster, slower, louder, quieter. If necessary, use a whisper if it helps to engage the audience and keep them interested in what you are saying.

Watch famous speakers and see how they magnetically attract listeners, giving their performance a melodic rhythm from start to finish. Practice modulation and rhythm by reciting poetry aloud. Long and short pauses between lines of a poem will help you practice this important speaking skill and make your communication style more interesting and effective.

Don't wait for big, long speeches to practice this tip: grab every opportunity (with friends, family, and coworkers) so that rhythm becomes a natural part of your communication.

32. Good pronunciation

Let's look at two extremes ...

First, imagine a person who has received a very a good education who uses grammar correctly and pronounces words clearly. And then imagine an uneducated person who makes all kinds of grammatical mistakes and has monstrous pronunciation. No matter what additional information you have about these people, you will immediately find the intellectual sophistication of the former and the ignorance of the latter.

You will be judged by the way you speak, so try to speak as clearly as possible. It will be easier for your audience to understand you, and you will give the impression of intellectual sophistication, and this will give you more credibility in the eyes of the audience.

However, you should not think obsessively about the pronunciation of individual sounds as you speak, as this will make your speech sound artificial.

Practice reading the exercises aloud for two to three minutes a day, placing an object in your mouth (for example, placing your bent index finger between your teeth) and trying to pronounce the words as correctly as possible. After a week of these exercises, you will find that it becomes much easier for you to pronounce words.

Until your speech naturally improves, putting up with your poor pronunciation is better than trying to speak correctly and making your speech sound artificial.

33. How to use a microphone on a stand

People often tell me about their fear of microphones.

“Just put the microphone in front of me and I'll start stuttering. It's weird, but I feel like the microphone is stealing my thoughts and I can't think normally. "

This is why some speakers choose not to use a microphone at all, even when speaking in front of a large audience. And, naturally, after a few minutes of such a performance, their voice starts to sound tired. In more severe cases, such speakers can lose their voices, like football fans after an important game.

However, most people are afraid of microphones just because they don't know how to use them correctly.

Since people are not familiar with the microphone, they find it a strange instrument that they don't know how to use. The fear of the unknown makes people feel trapped in the presence of a microphone. All of this is compounded by the fact that a microphone is associated with performing in front of a large audience, at a radio station or in a television studio.

If you must use a floor-standing microphone:

set it at about chin level, usually ten centimeters from your mouth, and take the sensitivity of the equipment into account.

always speak into the microphone while looking over it; turn your torso slightly from side to side so that the microphone is always in front of your mouth;

never lean close to the microphone, because this posture gives the impression of weakness.

adjust the height of the microphone stand and speak as if the microphone was not there.

34. How to use a handheld microphone

While speaking with the microphone in your hand is simple, there are some precautions you must take.

Some people pick up a microphone but speak as if it weren't there. They stand up, gesticulate with a microphone, astonishing their listeners and distracting them with thrashing hand movements. And this is not to mention the fact that it is impossible to hear your voice if you swing the microphone.

If you must perform with a microphone in hand:

keep it at the level of your chin, and turn your hand into a microphone stand, always holding it in the same position;

to find the desired height and distance to the mouth, simply hang your hand along your body, then bend it and bring the microphone to your mouth; this will be the correct microphone position that can best convey your voice;

holding the microphone in your hand, you can walk in front of the audience, keeping their attention; even if you have to speak into a microphone that is mounted on a tripod, table or music stand, take the microphone in your hands and move with it; it will add dynamism to your presentation and encourage the audience to focus on your message;

try not to move the microphone too often from one hand to the other; it can distract listeners and give away your discomfort, which will damage your image; if you make this move once or twice during the whole show and it goes unnoticed by the audience, it may look completely natural.

35. How to use the miniature lapel microphone

When choosing which microphone to use for your performance, you may be asked if you intend to use a miniature lapel microphone.

In this case, there is always an impulse to say yes, because, in general, these microphones work well. They allow you to walk in front of your audience and keep your hands free, so you can grab a folder, a laser pointer, and whatever else you need.

But be careful, because these miniature microphones vary greatly in quality.

I can tell by own experience that most chest microphones are less sensitive than traditional wired and wireless microphones, which we have already talked about using (on a tripod or in the hands).

When using the chest microphone, try to attach it to your clothing as close to your mouth as possible.

If the sound is still quiet, do not hesitate to replace the miniature microphone with a traditional one, as the sound quality is much better in the latter.

The headset is so good that I suggest you get your own if you regularly perform in public.

Since this headset may not always match your speaker system in lecture halls, it's a good idea to bring your own plugs, cables, and connectors. This way you will always have equipment with you that you can rely on to give you a great performance.

36. Analyze your vocabulary

If you have ever had concerns about the poverty of your vocabulary, welcome to the club of mere mortals.

My students often complain about the paucity of vocabulary or how difficult it is for them to find words to express their thoughts correctly. In such a situation, I ask the person to specifically identify their difficulties. After that, the complainants almost always within five minutes talk about their problems and how they suffer from the fact that they are speechless, standing in front of the audience, unable to find the right words.

However, oddly enough, none of these people have a problem finding words to describe their vocabulary suffering.

Typically, the problem lies in our relationship to the vocabulary, not the vocabulary itself.

If, referring to a group of people in formal setting, you will use the same words that you use in everyday conversations with friends, family and colleagues, your vocabulary will be more than enough to express any ideas.

It may happen that in a formal setting you will not express yourself in the words that you usually use, use a more complex sentence structure - in this case, you may encounter difficulties in expressing your thoughts. If you are not trying to do this, then congratulations, as you already know what to do.

But if you feel that the last description suits you, try to speak in a formal setting as you do in everyday life, and you will see that the right words will come to you on their own.

37. Show the red card to obscene language

If there is a reliable and quick way damage your own image and undermine the credibility of your performance, this is the use of obscene expressions.

Some people naively believe that the use of swear words and slang will help them to give the impression of being natural and relaxed.

On the contrary, the use of such expressions worsens a person's image and undermines his credibility.

Pay special attention to this when you are increasingly interacting with your customers, suppliers and other professionals, because frequent communication helps to relax and use swear words more freely. Slowly, and without even realizing it, you will turn into the person who is said to have a talent for scratching with his tongue, but who lacks the professional respect necessary for success. In a formal setting, especially in a professional environment, your language should be free of swear words and slang.

I am not saying that you should never use slang or abusive expressions. In a close circle of family and friends, depending on the circumstances, these words can be part of effective communication.

It is unlikely that you will be able to make your friends laugh if over a glass of beer you tell them a joke without slang or abusive expressions - it will seem too bland to them.

But indiscriminate use of such expressions can damage your image and even your reputation in general. This is too risky, so ensure good communication by showing the vulgarisms a red card and removing them from the field.

38. Be careful with convoluted words

When speaking to a large group of people, remember that not all of them received a good education.

Therefore, it is best not to indiscriminately use unusual words. If you do this, there is a risk that when you get to the middle of your talk, half of the audience will desperately try to figure out what you were talking about at the very beginning. Since people will not be able to understand the meaning of your words, they will not be able to follow the course of your reasoning and will stop paying attention to your speech.

Oral communication implies that the message is received very quickly; listeners cannot go back to things that they did not understand the first time, as can be done in the case of printed text. Therefore, words that do not occur in our daily life can make it difficult for people to understand your speech and distract them.

The extra effort they have to spend on understanding will cause them to turn to their own thoughts and stop following the presentation. The only exceptions are well-educated people, because even if they do not know the meaning of a single word, they are able to understand it from the general context. But since such an audience is rare, it's best not to risk it.

Remember, if listeners cannot understand or follow your message, the responsibility lies with you.

If you are honest with yourself, you may see that you simply do not know how to adapt the information presented to the intellectual abilities of the listeners or did not make the necessary effort to do so.

39. Save technical jargon for conversations with colleagues.

You may be in a professional field that has its own professional jargon.

Applicable law and case law are legal terms accepted in the legal environment. Gross domestic product and per capita income are expressions used by managers and economists. The use of these expressions when communicating with people who are not familiar with law, business management or economics can be serious communication error.

If you communicate with professionals in a particular field using a specific vocabulary, this not only makes it easier to understand, but also creates a favorable image for you.

But using the same words when talking to lay people can jeopardize the success of your presentation.

Technical terms used in various professional fields are very useful and effective when communicating with colleagues. However, the use of these terms when communicating with outsiders who do not know the meaning of these words can make it difficult to understand and interfere with the perception of your presentation.

Even at work, when referring to employees from other departments, you need to be very careful in using a professional dictionary.

If you are not sure that people will understand you, take the risk: translate technical expressions and speak simple language so that everyone can understand your message and follow your line of reasoning.

40. Use foreign words carefully

The best thing to do when using foreign words is to avoid extremes.

Globalization has opened the way for widespread cultural exchange, and as a result, foreign expressions penetrate national borders into other languages.

Some notorious nationalists demand a complete ban on the use of foreign expressions, arguing that they pollute the purity of their native language. However, such radicalism overlooks the dynamism of language.

Throughout history, all languages have naturally absorbed foreign words, especially if they denoted new products and concepts.

Again, we must examine the characteristics of the listeners to decide if the use of foreign expressions can be beneficial. If, for example, you are addressing a group of people who often communicate in a foreign language, a few words in that language will naturally please them. On the other hand, if you are addressing people who do not know any foreign language, then the use of foreign words can provoke a negative reaction. It all depends on the people with whom you want to communicate.

If you use foreign expressions, give preference to those that do not have exact equivalents for native language; pay special attention to pronouncing foreign words correctly.

There is nothing funnier than a situation where a person tries to use an expression in a foreign language, but pronounces it incorrectly.

41. Expressive body language

In any presentation, pay close attention to your body language.

When speaking to an audience, a small business meeting or an important conference, your body language will always be the foundation of your success.

Avoid speaking with your hands in your pockets, crossed over your chest, or behind your back. Try to recognize if you have a habit of clenching your fists, or scratching your head, or some other unconscious habit that might distract your listeners.

Your gestures should be moderate and harmoniously accompany the rhythm and tempo of your speech.

Try to keep everyone your hand gestures were above the waist; hold your hands in a certain position until you present a piece of information, after which you can return them to a relaxed position.

In some moments, the arms in a relaxed position should be at the level of the waist, at others they should hang down on the sides of the body. This change in posture makes your presentation appear more natural and spontaneous. Do not rock from toe to heel, do not spread your legs too wide, and do not press them together.

Make sure that do not move pointlessly around the stage... You can and should move in front of the audience, but only if these movements have some purpose, for example, they should emphasize what you have said, or attract the attention of those who have begun to lose focus.

When you look at the people in the audience, you can tell by their reactions whether they are following your line of reasoning, whether they agree with them, and whether they internalize your message.

If you notice a lack of interest, disagreement or difficulty understanding, you can quickly change your approach and modify the material in such a way that it piques interest in the audience.

Another purpose of eye contact is to demonstrate your understanding of value and respect for the people in the room.

When you look at people, your gaze should not slide over them, like a person who remembers something that he has learned by heart. Do not cast too quick glances at the audience, so you simply will not be able to see people, or move your eyes around the hall without turning your head.

"Look" at the audience with your whole body: when you look at people to your left, turn your torso and head towards them to look directly at that part of the audience. When looking at people to your right, do the same.

When you turn your torso and head, you, in addition to seeing the reaction of the audience, show people gratitude for coming to listen to you, which the audience will certainly appreciate.

These movements will help you achieve your third goal - the movements make your posture more free and natural.

43. Plan Your Presentation Well

The only way to guarantee the success of your performance is to prepare it step by step.

In any presentation, four main stages can be distinguished: introduction (introduction), preparation, main topic and conclusion (conclusions).

Introduction- this is the first part of your speech. This is where you must do everything in your power to hypnotize the audience... At this stage, you should set the following goals for yourself:

Make the audience sympathize with you, please them;

Attract the attention of the audience and arouse their interest;

Disarm your listeners and overcome any resistance.

Preparation- this is the moment of laying the foundation. At this point, you analyze how well your audience is familiar with the subject of your speech and try to provide the audience with information that will make it easier to understand the material. It was at this moment you specify what you will talk about, what problem you will solve and what aspects of the topic you intend to discuss.

Main theme Is the most important part of the presentation, because this is where you set out your argumentation system. At this stage, based on the foundation laid, you build your reasoning, solve the problem and keep all promises... This is where you give counter-arguments and refute any objection from the audience.

Conclusion Is the part of the presentation in which you go back to the essence of your message and ask participants to ponder or act on the message.

44. Don't start with jokes

... And now you are standing in front of the audience, looking at the audience as if you are going to throw out something very funny and say: "Have you heard the anecdote about the parrot? .."

Alas, by starting your presentation with a joke, you may endanger it.

When you have to perform in front of an audience, consider this advice: Avoid starting your performance with jokes. I said avoid because sometimes - very rarely - it works, but it's very risky.

The beginning is the hardest part of the presentation. It is at this point that you must find the most appropriate place to stand in front of the audience, trying to determine how you should direct your voice and deciding how best to win the audience. It is at this moment that you feel the maximum adrenaline rush and, naturally, experience anxiety and discomfort. For all these reasons, starting with a joke is a bad idea.

Imagine yourself standing in front of an audience, getting nervous, telling a joke, and it turns out to be unfunny. You will be so upset that you are unlikely to recover before the end of the performance and will not be able to concentrate properly.

You may disagree with me because you are going to tell the audience a really funny joke. But don't forget that good jokes fly quickly and become widely known in a short time... And no matter how good your anecdote is, if it is “with a beard,” it will no longer amuse the audience.

If you really need to make a joke, do it towards the middle of your presentation, when you and your audience are more relaxed.

45. Don't start with an apology

An apology is not always a sign of good manners.

In certain circumstances, it can demonstrate a lack of tact. For example, if you start by apologizing for some physical problem, such as headache cold or flu, you will draw unnecessary attention from your audience to things that may have gone unnoticed.

If you start by apologizing for having a sore throat and asking listeners to accept that your voice might sit down, you get people to focus on your voice, and they start thinking, "Oops, your voice is going down!"

Don't apologize for not knowing the topic (first of all, if you don't know the subject, what are you doing on the oratory? If you are really not ready to speak, it will become clear to everyone very soon).

But if you have already told them that you do not understand anything about the topic of the report, it will be difficult for you to arouse people's interest in what you will tell.

I am not saying that you should never apologize. I am only talking about apologizing at the beginning of the speech for health problems or ignorance of the topic.

If you are late for a conference or for the beginning of a talk that you are supposed to give, people will naturally expect an apology from you.

46. Capture the audience's attention

If your audience is oblivious to what you are saying, your presentation has failed. Therefore, make an effort to arouse interest in the audience from the very beginning.

Say something that will cause the effect of an exploding bomb.

If you notice that your listeners are immersed in their dreams, are wandering in their minds somewhere far away, or their interest begins to fade, say something that immediately grabs their attention.

Say something funny.

Always be sensitive to details that arise in the context of your talk or the general atmosphere of the meeting, present them artistically and make them funny.

Tell an interesting story.

Most people love good stories. Here's a very simple and effective tactic: start telling good story and people will be interested in it. And then tie that story with the subject you're going to introduce your listeners to, and you have a ready-to-listen and engaged audience.

Give them food for thought.

Encourage the audience with an interesting question, preferably related directly or indirectly to the topic of the speech.

Show your audience what this means to them.

Make no mistake: people are EGO-CENTRAL, and you can only draw their close attention to your lecture if they feel that the lecture has something to do with them.

If people believe that your speech can bring them any benefits, security, prestige, professional growth or confirm their philosophical principles, they will be attentive and interested in receiving your message. Therefore, at the very beginning, emphasize the benefits that the audience will receive from your presentation.

47. Cut off platitudes

If the audience likes your talk and likes to act on your suggestions, guess who will get the honors? You! Go celebrate your success.

On the other hand, if listeners appear apathetic and disinterested, guess who is responsible? Again, you. Go away and sprinkle ashes on your head.

There is one important lesson we must learn - there is no disinterested audience; there are uninteresting speakers.

There is no point in blaming the audience because an experienced lecturer can always lead listeners where they want to go. And if you failed to do this or did something wrong, you can only blame yourself. So cut off the platitudes and make your talk interesting.

Surprise your audience with unexpected information, give them something they didn't expect. And do so at the very beginning of your presentation, because this is the most opportune moment to pique the interest of the audience.

Instead of saying, “This meeting is about the next semester's sales team,” surprise your listeners with statements like, “We are here to crush our competitors,” or, “Based on the numbers we’ll discuss now, I see that we are leading by a wide margin, "or even:" Competitors will have to arm themselves with binoculars to see us far ahead. " You know how to present information from a new angle and generate interest in your message.

Start thinking, cut out all the platitudes, be special and grab the attention of your audience.

48. Formulate the topic of your speech

Someone walks into your office and starts talking about something, but no matter how hard you try, you cannot figure out what the matter is. A familiar state?

If you were told at the very beginning, in one or two sentences, what topic the visitors would be talking about and why they came to you, it would be much easier for you to follow their logic from beginning to end.

Perhaps one of the most common communication mistakes is not informing listeners or readers (because this rule applies to writing as well) about the topic you intend to discuss.

Although the sentence through which you will inform your audience about the topic of your talk should be simple and short, it should be well worded so that it can be easily understood.

Think carefully and write a sentence that clearly articulates the content of your message.

It should tell the audience what you intend to discuss and set the general tone for your message. Your manner of speaking should indicate whether your presentation will be humorous, serious, stimulating or motivating, thus preparing the audience for what happens next.

In some cases, this sentence should not be overly explicit, because the topic follows from the context.

49. Problem for every solution

You may be used to hearing that every problem has a solution. In this case, the opposite is true: each solution has its own problem.

If you think about it, you will understand that the goal of most presentations is to solve a problem. However, you should not assume that the listeners are as familiar with the problem as you are.

When you structure your message so that your audience can understand it, if you decide your job is to come up with a solution to a problem, you must first frame the problem itself so people can follow your reasoning. How can they approve of a solution if they don't know what the problem is?

After you greet the audience and tell them what you are going to talk about, explain the problem you need to solve. At first it may seem to you that by telling people the topic of your talk, you are simultaneously demonstrating the problem to them, but it is not always as obvious to the audience as it is to you.

If, for example, you want to discuss airport problems in your city and suggest solutions, you might say, “As most of you know, our airport is overloaded. In the last two years alone, the number of flights departing from our airport has increased by more than 60 percent, which significantly increases the risk of plane crashes in densely populated areas. "

50. Explain how it all happened

Is your information new?

If so, be very careful, because if you tell your audience without setting the stage first, it may be difficult for your audience to get the message across.

Remember that people are not always ready to receive a particular message.

If you think your audience will find it difficult to understand new, modern, or cutting-edge developments, give them a helping hand.

To make it easier for people to accept new information, tell them about the background, discuss the past, and explain how everything happened up to the present moment.

When the listeners find out how events developed and realize what transformations this was accompanied by, they, naturally, will understand the meaning of the new message that you are ready to convey to them.

For example, if you have to talk about a machine that automatically produces packaging boxes, help your audience understand the benefits of automating this process by explaining how the first such machines worked in the days when boxes were almost made by hand. Tell us about the related issues and improvements made from the early machine tools to the present day. People will be interested in how difficulties were overcome and innovations appeared, and so you will get to the modern equipment to which your speech is dedicated.

51. Don't fall in love with any argument

Use arguments skillfully when defending an idea, but don't fall in love with any of them.

If you insist on one point, there is a risk that you will repeat it so often that you will inevitably weaken the power of its persuasion.

If the argument is good, then its repetition should not be too noticeable, because its importance will speak for itself, and all listeners will be aware of it.

At the right time, if you feel the need to repeat this argument, try to do it using different words, as if looking at the idea from a different angle.

There is another important precaution to keep in mind if you are dealing with solid, reliable arguments - you must prepare those arguments before presenting.

Let intelligence and reason prevail over anxiety, which can destroy literally everything. When we know we have a brilliant argument, we tend to want to get it out as soon as possible so that we can buy our fill in the rays of our triumph.

But haste can ruin everything if we draw our precious weapons at the wrong time. And if this happens, then we will have to repeat this argument over and over again, trying to assure the audience that we have some logic that they are not able to discern.

Therefore, be vigilant and careful using the most compelling arguments. Present them to the audience at the most appropriate moment so that the audience can fully enjoy your best argument; do not repeat it too often so as not to deprive it of credibility.

52. Get the Most Out of Your Arguments

You will not always have brilliant arguments at your disposal to defend your idea; sometimes you have to use weaker reasoning.

In such cases, you need present arguments in a specific order that will increase the chances of success.

Start by making a list of all your arguments - revise your weapons. After writing down all the reasons that you can remember, determine the weight of each of them (for example, on a scale from 1 to 10). When you calibrate your arguments, try to go beyond your own judgment and preference and imagine how the audience will perceive those arguments.

Once you have determined the weight of your arguments, divide them into four categories:

Acceptable;

Good;

Shiny.

If you find that you cannot divide your arguments into four groups, try to divide them into two or three groups.

Once you've categorized your arguments, you're ready to develop an attack plan.

1. Start with good argument- not the best, but good enough to grab people's attention, create expectations and motivate listeners to pay attention to your message.

2. Then present to the audience weakest argument(but not the one you gave up because of its inconsistency, which could jeopardize your strategy).

3. Then list more and more convincing arguments until you get to that the argument that you consider the most effective and practically irrefutable.

53. Help Participants Understand Your Message

There is no point in presenting arguments with brilliance and technical precision if the audience does not understand your intentions.

So when you give your audience a piece of information, make sure that people understand you correctly.

If they need additional help to understand this information, illustrate the material presented. By illustration, I mean clarification, clarification and coverage of the material.

You can use a real or even fictional story to help listeners understand your message. Fables, parables and true stories work great. During technical presentations, where the lecturer is expected to be objective, objective and concise, it is best to use examples as illustrations.

Examples not only help listeners to better understand the message, since they are closely related to the topic of the report, but also act as an argument.

Pictures can be useful to all listeners, but are especially useful if you are speaking to uneducated people who may find it difficult to follow complex reasoning.

When choosing a story as an illustration, try not to tell the kind that lecturers and speakers usually use, because such overwritten stories, instead of clarifying your message, will only make the audience lose all interest in it.

Give preference to new stories that you read or hear during conversations.

54. Use the Right Strategy

Be careful! You can be defeated in an argument, even if you are serving a good cause. An acceptable idea, if skillfully presented, can defeat a great idea.

Therefore, before you go on the attack, to reflect the counterarguments, find out what needs to be done in order to increase the chances of success. In disputes, the opposing party usually argues of varying quality. Some are great, some are just good, some are acceptable, and one or two might be weak.

Regardless of the order in which your opponent brings these arguments, rebut them in the order that will make your presentation more effective.

Think about this: Your opponent's strength is not in his weak arguments. Therefore, by disproving them at the very beginning, you will gain little, because your counterattack will not affect the more convincing arguments in any way.

It is best to suppress the instinctive urge to start by refuting the weakest arguments and leave them "for dessert."

Start by briefly touching on a collection of the strongest arguments, even if you know you cannot refute them, and then work your way down the stairs to your opponent's increasingly weak arguments. It is clear that the more vulnerable an argument is, the easier it is to refute it.

Even if you cannot refute many of the arguments, when you completely defeat your opponent's last argument — the weakest — you will give the impression that this was your last in a streak of victories.

55. Save the best for last

Experienced lecturers often come to my classes to improve a small and seemingly insignificant communication skill, which, however, plays a crucial role for those who have to speak in public: the ability to finish the speech.

If the end of the speech is difficult even for eloquent lecturers, you can imagine what happens to those who take their first steps in the field of public speaking. Most people just capitulate when it comes to the end of the show. They usually speak the last sentence in a tone as if they have additional information in store. Then, after a long pause, which seems like an eternity to them, they mumble something like, "That's all, thank you."

You end your speech perfectly if you do it at the right time, that is, when you have already told the audience everything you wanted and convinced them of the correctness of your ideas.

At this point, you should use a tone of voice that will signal that you are ending your speech and that will allow listeners to think about your message or start acting on it.

Remember, the quality of your conclusion is extremely important to the overall success of your speech, but the tone of voice that indicates that you are ending can be even more important in certain circumstances.

Listeners should be informed not only of the facts, but also of the emotions of your final message.

56. Best Ways to End a Presentation

Here are some ways to end a talk that work well.

Ask participants to reflect on something.

In general, the audience tends to continue your line of reasoning, and it is highly likely that they will take your suggestions into their arsenal.

Use a quote.

When you quote someone who is respected by the audience, it not only admires your knowledge, but also emphasizes your knowledge of the subject.

Call to action.

This is one of the most effective ways to end a speech, especially in situations where immediate action is needed.

Refer to the event being held.

This kind of conclusion works great when the atmosphere and context of the message is closely related to the presence of the audience.

Praise your listeners sincerely.

Sincere praise can remove any remaining audience resistance and please your listeners.

Mention some historical fact.

The historical fact associated with the context of the report will not only help listeners connect the story with your message, but also remember the information they heard for a longer period.

Say something funny.

This is an easy and fun way to end a talk, and the more it ties in with the content of the talk, the more effective it will be in convincing the audience of something.

Take advantage of the circumstances.

Circumstances associated with a particular person, place or time provide excellent opportunities to show how successful the speaker is in identifying himself with the audience, and this helps to get rid of the remnants of their resistance.

57. Learn to improvise

Being on the go does not mean that you are inventing information.

If you think that speaking off the mark means standing in front of an audience and simply relying on the circumstances to figure out exactly what you want to say, then you are wrong. It would be irresponsible, naive and could damage your public image and reputation.

An impromptu presentation, as opposed to what many think about it, is simply a presentation without proper preparation. It implies that you must speak and plan your presentation at the same time.

The secret of improvisation is very simple: before you turn to the topic of your speech, you start talking about something that you know well. For example, you might mention something related to your work or hobby, recall an excerpt from a book you just read, a movie scene that made a big impression on you, a challenge that you have adequately answered, an episode from your life or the life of your friends.

As long as you talk about things that you know very well, you can plan the sequence of presentation of the material in your talk.

Later, you can clearly find the connection between the information presented at the very beginning and the main message.

Since listeners tend to perceive what they hear in general, they will tend to believe that you know what you are talking about - even if your knowledge is limited only to what you said at the very beginning of your speech, and you have very vague idea.

58. Public reading

Most people don't know how public reading is done for two reasons ...

First, they had few opportunities in life to practice this.

Secondly, because they did it without being guided by any technical criteria.

Look at your audience. During longer pauses and at the end of sentences, look at your audience. This will show them what you are reading for them. Make sure you are looking at different sections of the lecture room.

In order not to lose the right place when looking at the audience, mark it with your thumb so that you always know exactly where you are staying.

Keep the page at the correct height. Keep the page at chest level so you can see the text well, and the sheet of paper will not obscure your face from the audience.

Keep gesticulation to a minimum. Gesture during public reading should be moderate. Make less than six gestures while reading a page.

It is better to make just a few gestures to emphasize the most important information than to constantly interrupt reading, lowering the page and quickly raising it again, as if you have changed your mind. If you are very inexperienced and find it difficult to gesture, then it is better to do without gestures altogether.

Label your text. Use vertical lines between words to indicate the most expressive pauses. These markings do not have to match the grammar rules.

59. Use reference materials

The written plan is simple and easy to use.

On a piece of paper, write a few sentences to help you remember the sequence of the presentation.

Each sentence should contain one idea, that is, the thought that you want to convey to the audience.

When you stand in front of an audience, you should read the sentence and then make a few comments, criticize it, praise it, flesh it out, or link it to other information - until you are done with that particular aspect of the talk. Then move on to the next sentence, and so on. This way, by reading and discussing the proposals, you can make a good presentation.

The advantage of having a written outline is that it ensures that you cover all the important aspects of your presentation in the right order and still be fluent in the paperwork.

During simple performances, you can use the reminders. The principle of working with them is different from using a written plan. On a small palm-sized piece of cardboard, write down the most important words from your talk in the order in which you will pronounce them, as well as the numbers and dates you need to mention.

Please note that these reference materials differ from each other:

the written plan consists of sentences containing a complete idea that must be read aloud;

the memo contains only keywords to help you put the material in the right sequence.

60. How to Deal with Fear of Public Speaking

Let me offer you some useful guidelines for all occasions of public speaking.

1. Precisely, literally literally know what you are going to say at the very beginning of your speech.

2. Always have a written outline with you that lists the main sections of your talk. You will feel calmer with it.

4. When you come to the podium in front of the audience, do not rush to begin your report. Take a deep breath in and out, adjust the microphone height, look around the audience, and slowly begin to speak in a slightly muffled voice. This will keep you from looking nervous.

5. In the beginning, when you’re still nervous about being in the spotlight, if there’s a board of directors sitting at an honor table in the room, calmly greet each board member. This will help you get through the first and most difficult moments of your performance.

6. When you are already standing in the place where you plan to make your presentation, then before you start speaking, stop obsessively thinking about what you are going to say. Focus on what others are doing and try to distract yourself a little.

7. If you are very nervous, place your hands on a table or lectern and let them sit there until you calm down.

8. Practice with coworkers or close friends before speaking. Be sure to work out the answers to possible questions and prepare for objections so they don't catch you off guard.

9. If you get stuck, don't panic. Say, "This is what I really mean ..." This will allow you to rephrase what is being said and present it from a different angle. If that doesn't work, tell the audience that you will come back to this question later.

10. All of the above tips will help you in public speaking, but there is nothing more effective than good preparation. Use every minute to prepare a good presentation.

Reinaldo Polito

Writer, lecturer and teacher of public speaking.

Reinaldo Polito trains businessmen, executives, politicians and top-level professionals. Since 1975, more than 1,200 students graduate from its eloquence courses every year.

Qualification

Master's degree in the art of communication.

Completed postgraduate studies in Social Communication at the Caspero Libero Foundation.

Completed postgraduate studies in Financial Management at the Getulio Vargas Foundation.

Completed postgraduate studies in Financial Management, Faculty of Economics, University of São Paulo.

Bachelor's degree in Economics and Business Administration from the Faculty of Economics, University of São Paulo.

Professional activity

Taught public speaking at the School of Communication and Humanities, University of São Paulo.

Taught public speaking at the Getulio Vargas Foundation Law School.

Taught verbal and non-verbal communication at the University of São Paulo.

Taught verbal and non-verbal communication at the Armando Alvarez Pentiado Foundation.

Taught public speaking at the Casper Libero School of Social Communication.

Guest speaker at national and international phonology conferences and professional association seminars.

Conducts communication columns for the magazines Vencer, Seu Sucesso, Brazilian Press, Segmento Empresarial, Empresarios and Voce S / A.

Leads a weekly column on economics and careers on the UOL website.

Member of the Academy of Education of São Paulo.

Chairman of the Advisory Board of NGO Via de Acesso.

Coordinator of the Super Tips series published by Editora Saraiva.

Trains managers of organizations such as Alcan, Alcoa, Basf, Caterpillar, Citibank, Dow Quimica, Du Pont, Ericsson, Esso, Ford, Gessy Unilever, Goodyear, Hewlett Packard, Hoechst, Honda, IBM, Johnson & Johnson, Mercedes-Benz, Monsanto , Nestle, Philips, Pirelli, Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Rhodia, Saab-Scania, Sanbra, Sharp, Siemens, Volkwagen and hundreds of other large companies.

Ask: "Do you know?" - once or twice is perfectly acceptable. Three or four times is portable.

Do not present the subject based only on your own knowledge, because it may not meet the expectations of the audience.

Notes (edit)

1

Rapport (psycho) - a direct relationship, intuitively coordinated interaction "on the same wavelength" of interlocutors, participants in the general creative process, based on complete mutual understanding, openness and trust. - Note. ed.