November 1982-February 1984- Yu.V. becomes the leader of the country and the party. Andropov.
February 1984- Death of Yu.V. Andropov.
February 1984-March 10, 1985- K.U. Chernenko becomes the leader of the party and the country.
11th of March 1985 - Extraordinary Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee. Election of Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
23 april 1985 year- Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Proclamation of a course for restructuring and accelerating the country's socio-economic development.
June – December 1985 year- A. A. Gromyko was elected to the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
- E. A. Shevardnadze was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DAC.
- N. I. Ryzhkov was appointed Chairman of the Council Ministers of the USSR.
- Election of the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU B. N. Yeltsin.
25 February-March, 6 1986 year- Adoption by the XXVII Congress of the CPSU of the new edition of the Party Program and the Party Charter.
December 161986 year- Permission to Academician A. D. Sakharov to return from Gorky, where he was in forced exile, being one of the leaders of the dissident movement.
January 1987- The plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU proclaimed the policy of "glasnost".
June 1987- Adoption by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the Law on the nationwide discussion of important issues of state life.
6 july 1987 year- Demonstration in Moscow on the Red Square of the Crimean Tatars, demanding the restoration of their autonomy.
October 21 1987 year- Boris N. Yeltsin at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. announced his resignation from the post of first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU and a candidate for membership in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
November 2 1987 year- Mikhail Gorbachev's speech with a report at a ceremonial meeting in honor of the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution, in which many assessments of Soviet history were revised and harsh criticism of Stalinism was renewed.
11 November 1987 year- The plenum of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU removed Boris N. Yeltsin from the post of first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.
12 february 1988 year- The beginning of rallies for reunification with Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh.
February 27-29 1988 year- Pogroms and massacres of Armenians in Sumgait (Azerbaijan). The beginning of open interethnic conflicts on the territory of the USSR.
13 Martha 1988 year- The publication in the newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya of N. Andreeva's article "I Can't Give Up the Principles", which became a kind of ideological manifesto of opponents of democratization and glasnost and defended, in essence, the ideology of Stalinism.
April 5 1988 year- Rebuke N. Andreeva in the newspaper "Pravda" about the invariability of the course towards restructuring.
February-June1988 year- Rehabilitation by the Supreme Court of the USSR of the illegally convicted leaders of the Bolshevik Party: N.I.Bukharin, A.I. Rykov, H.G. Rakovsky, G.E. Zinoviev L.B. Kamenev, Yu.I. Pyatakov, K. B. Radek.
June 28 - July 1 1988 year- XIX All-Union Conference of the CPSU, decisions were made on the reform of the political system, on the democratization of Soviet society, on the fight against bureaucracy, on interethnic relations, on publicity and legal reform.
1 october 1988 year- Election of Mikhail Gorbachev at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
December 1 1988 year- The Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved amendments to the Constitution and a new law on elections. This marked the beginning of the reform of the political system.
26 March-9 april 1989 year- The first alternative elections of people's deputies of the USSR on the basis of a new democratic electoral system.
April 4-9 1989 year- A rally at the Government House in Tbilisi demanding the elimination of autonomies within Georgia and its withdrawal from the USSR. Dispersal of the protesters by the troops. Civilian casualties (19 dead, hundreds of wounded).
May 24 - July 9 1989 year- I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Election of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from among the deputies of the congress and its transformation into a permanent parliament. Election of Mikhail Gorbachev as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
July 30th1989 year- Formation of the Interregional Deputy Group, consisting of 338 deputies of the USSR. They advocated accelerating the reform process in the country. Leaders - Yu. N. Afanasyev, B. N. Yeltsin, A. D. Sakharov, G. Kh. Popov.
19-20 september1989 year- Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee on national problems.
January 2, 1990- The beginning of hostilities between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh.
11 March 1990- The Parliament of Lithuania makes a decision on the restoration of the independence of the republic.
March 12-15, 1990- III Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputy of the USSR. A decision was made to abolish the 6th article of the Constitution of the USSR, which consolidated the leading and guiding role of the CPSU in Soviet society. In accordance with the additions to the Constitution, the post of President of the USSR was established, to which Mikhail Gorbachev was elected on March 14. A.I. Lukyanov becomes the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
March 30, 1990- The Estonian parliament votes to restore the independence of the republic.
4 May 1990- The Latvian parliament decides on the independence of the republic.
May 14, 1990- Decree of the President of the USSR on invalidating the declarations of independence of the Baltic republics.
16 May 1990- I Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.
12 June 1990- Election of BN Yeltsin as Chairman of the Beksovny Council of the RSFSR. Adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
June 20-23 1990 year- Founding Congress of the RSFSR Communist Party. IK Polozkov became its leader.
July 2-13 1990 year- XXVIII Congress of the CPSU. Creation of factions while maintaining the principle of democratic centralism. Mikhail Gorbachev was re-elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
16 july 1990 year- Proclamation of the sovereignty of Ukraine by the Supreme Council of the Republic.
17 November 1990 year- Reorganization of the highest bodies of state power. Formation of the Federation Council consisting of the leaders of the union republics.
December 17-27 1990 year- IV Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Deepening the reform of the political system. Reorganization of the executive branch. Formation of the Cabinet of Ministers under the President of the USSR. Introduction of the Vice President.
March 17 1991 year- The first in the history of the country Referendum on the preservation of the USSR.
23 april 1991 year- Novo-Ogarevskaya meeting of the President of the USSR and the leaders of nine union republics on the conditions for preserving the USSR.
1991 year- Based on the results of the city referendum, the historical name of St. Petersburg was returned to Leningrad.
24 August 1991 year- Mikhail Gorbachev resigned from the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and appealed to the Central Committee with an appeal for self-dissolution.
September 2-5 1991 year- V Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Recognition of the independence of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. A joint statement by Mikhail Gorbachev and the top leaders of 10 union republics with a proposal to form a confederation-type union, the form of participation in which each sovereign republic determines independently.
28 October - 13 November 1991 year- V Congress of People's Deputies. Approval of the basic principles of economic reform.
6 November 1991 year- Decree of BN Yeltsin on the prohibition of activities on the territory of the RSFSR of the CPSU and the dissolution of party structures.
8 december 1991 year- Signing in Belovezhskaya Pushcha near Minsk an agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) by the leaders of Belarus (V. Shushkevich), Russia (B. Yeltsin), Ukraine (L. Kravchuk) and the dissolution of the USSR.
21 December 1991 year- Meeting of heads of state in Alma-Ata and joining the CIS of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Adoption of the Declaration on the end of the existence of the USSR.
December 25 1991 year- The official statement of Mikhail Gorbachev on his resignation from the post of President of the USSR. End of perestroika.
Economic development
23 april 1985 year- Adoption by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU of the course to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country.
May 7th 1985 year- Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on measures to eradicate drunkenness and alcoholism. Anti-alcohol campaign begins.
19 november 1985 year- Adoption of the USSR Law on individual labor activity.
13th of January 1987 g.- Adoption by the highest bodies of state power of the principles of creating joint ventures in the USSR with the participation of foreign capital.
February 5th 1987 g.- Decisions on the creation of cooperatives in the production of consumer goods, public catering and services.
June 25-26 1987 g.- The plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU approved the "Basic provisions for the radical restructuring of economic management" and approved the Law of the USSR "On the state enterprise (association)". Provided for the introduction of self-management principles in the management of enterprises and their transfer to full cost accounting, a radical change in planning, etc.
May 24 1990 year- Presentation by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers I. Ryzhkov to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of a plan for a phased transition to a regulated market economy. The beginning of a panic in the consumer market and, as a result, the introduction of a regulatory distribution of basic food products.
June 11th 1990 year- Miners' strikes in Donbass demanding the resignation of the government of N. I. Ryzhkov and the nationalization of the property of the CPSU.
August 30 1990 year- Beginning of discussion in parliament of various programs of transition to the market. (The government program of I. Abalkin - NI Ryzhkov and "500 days" by SS Shatalin - GA Yavlinsky.) None of the options received full support.
19 october 1990 year- The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopts "The main directions for the stabilization of the national economy and the transition to a market economy."
23 November 1990 year- The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted laws on land reform and on peasant (farming) economy.
2 april1991 year- Implementation of the government reform of retail prices for essential goods.
October1991 year- Speech by Boris N. Yeltsin at the V Congress of People's Deputies of Russia with a program of economic reforms.
November1991 year- Creation of the Government of the Russian Federation, appointment of Ye. T. Gaidar Vice President for Economic Policy.
3 December1991 year- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin "On measures to liberalize prices."
Foreign policy
Perestroika in the USSR: causes, characteristics and results.
Perestroika is a name used to refer to a huge number of reforms in the Soviet Union, primarily in the political, economic and social spheres. Perestroika began during Gorbachev's rule in the second half of the 1980s and continued until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The date of the beginning of Perestroika is considered to be 1987, when this reform program was announced as a new state ideology.
Reasons for Perestroika.
Before the start of Perestroika, the Soviet Union was already going through a deep economic crisis, which was also joined by political and social crises. The situation in the huge state was very difficult - the people demanded changes. The state demanded cardinal changes in all spheres of life, which only were.
Unrest began in the country after people learned about life abroad. They were in frank shock when they saw that the state in other countries controls all spheres of life of the population: everyone is free to wear anything, listen to any music, eat not according to certain portions, but as far as funds allow, and the like.
In addition, the people were very angry because the stores started having problems with essential goods, with various equipment. The state drove the budget into a minus and could no longer produce the required amount of products on time.
In addition, you can add problems with the industry and the agricultural sector: all enterprises have long been outdated, as well as the technology. The goods produced were already of such poor quality that no one wanted to buy them. The USSR gradually began to turn into a state of raw materials. But even in the middle of the century, the Union was one of the most developed countries in the world, with a powerful economy.
In 1985, Gorbachev came to power, who emphasized the need for global reforms capable of at least trying to save the country from the collapse that had been brewing for a long time.
All of the above could not remain so for too long, the country demanded changes, and they began. Although it was too late to change anything, disintegration was still inevitable.
Characteristics.
Gorbachev envisaged measures of complete technological "re-equipment" at all obsolete enterprises, especially in heavy industry. He also planned to seriously enhance the effectiveness of the human factor by making specially trained specialists out of the workers. For enterprises to give even greater profits, they had to begin to be controlled by the state.
What Gorbachev really managed to reform was the sphere of the state's foreign policy. We are talking about relations, first of all, from the United States with which the USSR had a deep economic, political, cultural and ideological confrontation for several decades - the so-called "cold war".
In order to effectively conduct such a struggle on all fronts, the USSR spent huge amounts of money, only on the maintenance of the army it was required to spend 25% of the entire state budget, and this huge money was very much needed for other needs. Having rid the USSR of such an adversary as the United States, Gorbachev was able to transfer funds to the reorganization of other spheres of state life.
As a result of the "policy of peace" with the West, relations between the two states began to improve and the two peoples stopped looking at each other as an enemy.
Returning to the deep economic crisis, it should be noted that the Soviet leadership did not fully realize how deep it was - the situation was really catastrophic. Unemployment began to rise in the country, and besides, drunkenness on a global scale began to spread among the male population. The state tried in every possible way to combat drunkenness and unemployment, but there were no particular successes from this.
The Communist Party was losing its influence and authority among the people with every new day. Liberal views began to actively emerge, which were eager to completely dare the power and rebuild the state according to a new type, because such communism was simply not feasible.
In order to calm down the population a little, every citizen was allowed to talk about his political views, although earlier this was catastrophically forbidden - for this, under Stalin, they could not only be imprisoned in the Gulag, but shot. Previously inaccessible literature has now become publicly available - books by foreign authors, previously banned by the party, have begun to be imported into the country.
In the early stages, changes in the economy took place with little success, the country really began to produce more quality products, but by 1988 this policy had exhausted itself. Then it became clear that nothing could be changed, the collapse of communism was inevitable and the USSR would soon cease to exist.
Results of Perestroika.
Despite the fact that Perestroika could not change the situation in the Union, so that it continued to exist, a number of important changes still happened and they should be noted.
The victims of Stalinism were fully rehabilitated;
Freedom of speech and political views appeared in the country, strict censorship was removed, including on literature;
The one-party system was dropped;
Now you can freely leave / enter from / to the country;
Students no longer serve in the army while they are in training;
Women have ceased to be imprisoned for cheating on their husbands;
The state gave permission to rock in the country;
The Cold War has ended.
These were positive results of Perestroika, but there were much more negative results. The economic ones should be noted among the most important ones.
The gold and foreign exchange reserves of the USSR decreased by about 10 times, which led to such a phenomenon as hyperinflation;
The USSR's international debt has grown at least threefold;
The pace of economic development dropped to almost zero - the country simply froze.
Reasons for the restructuring
The command economy was unable to further modernize, i.e. profound transformations covering all aspects of the life of society, it turned out to be incapable of ensuring the proper development of the productive forces, protecting human rights, and maintaining the country's international prestige in the fundamentally changed conditions. The USSR, with its gigantic reserves of raw materials, hardworking and selfless population, lagged more and more behind the West. The Soviet economy was unable to cope with the increasing demands for the variety and quality of consumer goods.
Industrial enterprises not interested in scientific and technological progress rejected up to 80% of new technical solutions and inventions. The growing inefficiency of the economy negatively affected the country's defense capability. In the early 1980s, the USSR began to lose its competitiveness in the only industry in which it successfully competed with the West, in the field of military technology.
The economic base of the country ceased to correspond to the position of a great world power and needed urgent renewal. At the same time, the tremendous growth in education and awareness of the population during the post-war period, the emergence of a generation that did not know hunger and repression, formed a higher level of material and spiritual needs of people, questioned the very principles underlying the Soviet totalitarian system... The very idea of a planned economy has collapsed. More and more often, state plans were not fulfilled and were constantly redrawn, proportions in the sectors of the national economy were violated. Achievements in health care, education, culture were lost.
The spontaneous degeneration of the system changed the entire way of life of Soviet society: the rights of managers and enterprises were redistributed, departmentalism and social inequality increased.
The nature of production relations within enterprises has changed, labor discipline has begun to fall, apathy and indifference, theft, disrespect for honest work, envy of those who earn more have become widespread. At the same time, non-economic compulsion to work persisted in the country. The Soviet person, alienated from the distribution of the produced product, turned into a performer who works not according to conscience, but under compulsion. The ideological motivation for labor developed in the post-revolutionary years was weakening along with faith in the imminent triumph of communist ideals.
Early 80s all strata of Soviet society, without exception, experienced psychological discomfort. In the public mind, an understanding of the need for profound changes was ripening, but the interest in them was different. The larger and more informed Soviet intelligentsia found it increasingly difficult to put up with the suppression of the free development of culture and the country's isolation from the outside civilized world. She was acutely aware of the perniciousness of nuclear confrontation with the West and the consequences of the Afghan war. The intelligentsia wanted true democracy and individual freedom.
The nature of the reform of the Soviet system was predetermined by the economic interests of the nomenklatura, the Soviet ruling class. The nomenclature is burdened by communist conventions, the dependence of personal well-being on official position. To protect herself, to legitimize her domination, she seeks to change the social system in her own interests. This move split the unified ruling class. On one side of the "barricades" were the so-called "partocrats", accustomed to view government offices as nothing more than a feeding trough and not be responsible for anything. The other, most of the ruling class, objectively acting in the interests of the whole society, unconsciously supported the radical opposition Thus, by the beginning of the 1980s, the Soviet totalitarian system was actually deprived of the support of a significant part of society.
The country's top leaders were clearly aware that the economy needed reform, but none of the conservative majority of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee wanted to take responsibility for implementing these changes. Even the most pressing problems were not resolved in a timely manner. Every day it became obvious: for change, a renewal of the country's leadership is necessary.
In March 1985 g. after the death of K.U. Chernenko, at the extraordinary Plenum of the Central Committee, the youngest member of the political leadership was elected General Secretary of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev... He did not strive to change the socio-political system, believing that socialism had not exhausted its possibilities. At the April 1985 plenum, Gorbachev proclaimed a course to accelerate the country's socio-economic development.
Restructuring can be roughly divided into three stages:
First stage(March 1985 - January 1987). This period was characterized by the recognition of some of the shortcomings of the existing political and economic system of the USSR and attempts to correct them by several large companies of an administrative nature - anti-alcohol campaign, "The fight against unearned income", the introduction of state acceptance, a demonstration of the fight against corruption.
No radical steps have yet been taken during this period; outwardly, almost everything remained as before. At the same time, in 1985-86, the bulk of the old cadres of the Brezhnev draft were replaced with a new management team. It was then that A. N. Yakovlev, E. K. Ligachev, N. I. Ryzhkov, B. N. Yeltsin, A. I. Lukyanov and other active participants in future events were introduced to the country's leadership. Thus, the initial stage of perestroika can be regarded as a kind of “calm before the storm”.
Second phase(January 1987 - June 1989). An attempt to reform socialism in the spirit of democratic socialism. It is characterized by the beginning of large-scale reforms in all spheres of Soviet society. In public life, it is proclaimed publicity policy- softening censorship in the media and lifting bans on what were previously considered taboo. In the economy, private entrepreneurship is legalized in the form of cooperatives, and joint ventures with foreign companies are being actively created.
In international politics, the main doctrine is "New Thinking" - a course to abandon the class approach in diplomacy and improve relations with the West. Part of the population is gripped by euphoria from the long-awaited changes and freedom unprecedented by Soviet standards. At the same time, during this period, general instability begins to gradually increase in the country: the economic situation is deteriorating, separatist sentiments appear on the national outskirts, and the first interethnic clashes break out.
Stage Three(June 1989 - 1991). The final stage, during this period, there is a sharp destabilization of the political situation in the country: after the Congress, the confrontation between the communist regime and the new political forces that emerged as a result of the democratization of society begins. Difficulties in the economy develop into a full-blown crisis. A chronic commodity shortage reaches its climax: empty store shelves become a symbol of the turn of the 1980s-1990s. Perestroika euphoria in society is being replaced by disappointment, uncertainty about the future and massive anti-communist sentiments.
Since 1990, the main idea is no longer the "improvement of socialism", but the building of democracy and a market economy of the capitalist type. "New thinking" in the international arena boils down to endless unilateral concessions to the West, as a result of which the USSR is losing many of its positions and superpower status. In Russia and other republics of the Union, separatist-minded forces come to power - a "parade of sovereignties" begins. The natural result of this development of events was the elimination of the power of the CPSU and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Perestroika results
The laws adopted by the union leadership expanded the rights of enterprises, allowed small-scale private and cooperative entrepreneurship, but did not affect the fundamental foundations of the command-distribution economy. The paralysis of the central government and, as a consequence, the weakening of state control over the national economy, the progressed disintegration of production ties between enterprises of different Union republics, the increased autocracy of directors, short-sighted policies - all this led to an increase during 1990-1991. economic, crisis in the country. The destruction of the old economic system was not accompanied by the emergence of a new one in its place.
The country already had real freedom of speech, which grew out of the policy of "glasnost", a multi-party system was taking shape, elections were held on an alternative (from several candidates) basis, and a formally independent press appeared. But the advantageous position of one party remained - the CPSU, which actually merged with the state apparatus. By the end of 1991, the economy of the USSR was in a catastrophic state. The decline in production accelerated. The growth of the money supply in the country threatened the loss of state control over the financial system and hyperinflation, i.e. inflation of over 50% per month, which could paralyze the entire economy.
The accelerated growth of wages and benefits, which began in 1989, increased the pent-up demand; by the end of the year, most goods had disappeared from state trade, but were sold at exorbitant prices in commercial stores and on the black market. Between 1985 and 1991, retail prices almost tripled, and government price controls could not stop inflation. Unexpected interruptions in the supply of various consumer goods to the population caused "crises" (tobacco, sugar, vodka) and huge queues. A normalized distribution of many products (by coupons) was introduced. People feared possible hunger.
Western creditors had serious doubts about the solvency of the USSR. The total external debt of the Soviet Union by the end of 1991 amounted to more than $ 100 billion. Until 1989, 25-30% of the amount of Soviet exports in convertible currency was spent on servicing external debt (repayment of interest, etc.), but then, due to a sharp drop in oil exports, the Soviet Union had to sell gold reserves to acquire the missing currency. By the end of 1991, the USSR could no longer fulfill its international obligations to service its external debt.
All perestroika hello!Today I decided to finish the topic of the post-war development of the USSR with the topic "perestroika in the USSR", in which you will learn a lot of new things and systematize your knowledge. After all, systematization is the most important thing in memorizing the main historical events for each period ...
So, we remember that we have a plan for disclosing any topic: reasons, reason, course of events and results. The chronological framework of perestroika is 1985 - 1991.
Reasons for perestroika in the USSR
1. The systemic socio-economic crisis caused by the arms race in the foreign policy of the USSR, the financial dependence of the socialist countries on Soviet subsidies. Unwillingness to change the command-administrative system of management in accordance with the new conditions - in domestic politics ("stagnation").
2. There were also accompanying prerequisites and reasons for perestroika in the USSR: the aging of the Soviet elite, whose average age was within 70 years; the omnipotence of the nomenclature; rigid centralization of production; shortage of both consumer goods and durable goods.
All these factors led to an awareness of the changes necessary for the further development of Soviet society. These changes began to be personified by M. S. Gorbachev, who became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in March 1985.
The course of events of perestroika in the USSR
To reveal and master the topic, you need to remember a number of processes that are embodied in the era of perestroika in the USSR. The first is publicity. Publicity manifested itself in the weakening of censorship, in the legalization (legality) pluralism when alternative, other points of view on the development of the USSR began to be recognized in politics. An unhindered discussion of the political, socio-economic and cultural life of the country became possible. The consequence of publicity was the emergence of many one-day parties, alternative publications, etc.
Glasnost led to the fact that, in March 1990, Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leading role of the CPSU in society was abolished. This led to the split of the CPSU into a number of parties. The Communist Party, the RSFSR Party (KPRF) and the Russian Party of Communists (RCP) played a significant role in the country's political life from the first days of its creation. The Russian Communist Workers' Party (RKWP) took shape. At the initial stage of their activity, they all saw their main task in returning to communist ideology (taking into account the changes that have taken place in the country), as well as in strengthening the role of the state in economic life.
The next process is acceleration of socio-economic development... The essence of acceleration was announced at the April plenum of the Central Committee (Central Committee) of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) in 1985. Acceleration was understood as greater integration of science and technology, decentralization of management in the economy, development of the private sector of the economy, while the public sector is still dominant.
In essence, it was about replacing the command-administrative system of management with a mixed one. From the course of social studies, you should know the signs of all three types of management;). Acceleration led to laws “On the General Principles of Entrepreneurship in the USSR”, “On Cooperatives”, “On a State Enterprise”. However, these measures did not lead to the expected effect.
In foreign policy, perestroika in the USSR during the reign of M.S. Gorbachev led to the so-called "Velvet revolutions"... The fact is that publicity and the weakening of censorship have exposed not only socio-economic problems and contradictions within the socialist camp, but also to the growth of nationalist sentiments in the countries of this camp.
In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, Germany began to unite into one state. The Cold War is over. In countries where there were socialist regimes, liberal-democratic regimes are emerging, a breakthrough to market and mixed economic systems is taking place. The camp of socialism finally collapsed in 1989-90, when the countries of the socialist camp declared themselves sovereign, a phenomenon arises "Parade of sovereignties"... The United States issued a medal for the victory in the Cold War.
The collapse of the USSR took place on December 6, 1991 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (BSSR) a meeting of the leaders of the three sovereign states of Russia (B.N. Yeltsin), Ukraine (L. Kravchuk) and Belarus (S. Shushkevich) took place. On December 8, they announced the termination of the union treaty of 1922 and the end of the activities of the state structures of the former Union. At the same time, an agreement was reached on the creation of the CIS Commonwealth of Independent States. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceased to exist.
The results of perestroika in the USSR
1. The weakening of the command-administrative system of management and the attempt to transform it led to an explosion of political, socio-economic and nationalist contradictions that were formed throughout the entire previous development of the USSR.
2. The arms race and other preconditions indicated above led to uncontrollable processes in the internal political development of the USSR.
3. All these factors led to the collapse of the USSR. Also, do not forget that the American President Ronald Reagan began to call the USSR an "evil empire" 😉
4. Of course, there were also subjective reasons. One of them is the desire to destroy everything at once, which, in my opinion, is characteristic of the majority of Russians. We need everything at once! This psychology was confirmed, in particular, by S.S. Shatalin and G.A. Yavlinsky "500 days", which provides for the transition from a command-administrative system to a market one in 500 days! It is absurd, in my opinion, to blame the collapse of the USSR only on Mikhail Gorbachev or exclusively on "American intelligence" - this is an everyday level.
A systemic crisis has been brewing in the country for a long time, and it has manifested itself. Yes, if you have 90% of the power and you want to destroy the system, you will destroy it - and it’s not even a question! But in my opinion, the reasons for the collapse of the USSR were laid down even under I.V. Stalin, when people were taught to obey the center, which a priori had to have not only 90% of power and 100% of authority. It is not the fault of the further leaders of the USSR that they did not have it.
In general, this is such a difficult topic. Further posts I will devote to such related topics at the intersection of history and social science as the development of Russia in the 90s and global problems of our time. Of course, I know that now the school curriculum includes topics almost until 2012. In my opinion, this is nonsense, because history is events that occurred at least 20-25 years ago ... Everything else is pure political science and sociology! Well, okay - let's figure it out.
You, of course, my dear reader, can leave comments on this post, state your point of view for the specified period! Don't forget to subscribe to the following site posts!
Perestroika jokes
The era of perestroika in the USSR remained in the people's memory as the collapse of a great country. And of course, in order to overcome this difficult event, the people created anecdotes that are both funny and sad at the same time. But they also help to understand the essence of the era.
- And what did your plant do before perestroika?
- I was releasing tanks.
- And now?
- And now we make baby carriages.
- Well, how are they buying?
- They buy, only some fastidious mothers complain that it is inconvenient to pull the child through the tower
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