Varvarisms in English Examples. Basics of English theory: Tutorial. Many dictionaries are called Varvarisms and foreign words violating the purity of speech. Many linguists argue that Varvarisms and foreign words "litter" language. So

Barbarism - Foreign word or expression, not fully mastered by the language and perceived as alien, as a violation of the generally accepted language norm. Over time, this word can either get out of circulation and forget (for example, Comilfo), or getting driving in limited spheres (professionalism, slang) - as the current "pager" or "hacker", or become widely used - as, for example , Umbrella, "special" or "information".

Almost all foreign borrowing first pass the stage of Varvarisov [ the source is not specified 415 days]. At the same time, options are possible - the preservation of the graphic form taken from the native language, or graphic design according to the rules of the new language (in the latter case, there may be equal writing options, such as the "realtor" and "realter").

In writing and official speech, the use of warbrisms should be avoided.

As warvarisms can be perceived:

pronunciation Features (Malman: "Thai Foleus this Pleklya Slatahov. Is such a Calaph Tolgol Palfan?" - Fonvizin, "Lader")
separate words (Ivan: "Abuu, did you have a suspension with some Frenchman?" - Fonvizin, "Brigadier")
forms of word formation and syntactic revolutions ("in Moscou there is one lady, UNE DAME ... and she had a UNE Femme de Chambre, even bigger" - the story of the Ippolitis in the "War and the World" of Leo Tolstoy).

In the history of the literary language, the epochs of enhanced saturation of warbrivarms and the era of combating them are usually replaced. The first testify to the assimilation of the forms of foreign language culture by those groups of people, the property and the instrument of which is a literary language; The second is the beginning of the independent cultural creativity of these groups (for example, the strengthened saturation of the Varvarisms of the speech of the Russian nobility in the first half of the XVIII century and the strengthened struggle with them - in his second half).

As an artistic reception, Varvarisms apply:

to achieve a comic effect: "But Pantalonians, Frak, Vest, / All these words in Russian" (Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin");
to create a Couleur Locale (local color): "How are you miles in a wreath of Lavrov, the Tolstopusian prettor of mine ... MIL, when you are ten liktors on the forum" (A. Mikov, Pretor); Or, parody, at the goat Prutkova: "And the young men of the chin of the fluffy of the leaf of Akanf and the White Columns" ("Ancient Plastic Greek");
in the era, when foreign language possession is the exclusive property of the dominant class - to indicate a high social situation acting persons ["Die Gräfin Spricht Wehmütig / Die Liebe Ist Eine Passion" (Heine). "The fact that the model is self-balance / in a high London circle / call Vulgar ... I can not ... / I love it very word /, but I can not translate ..." (Pushkin, "Evgeny Onegin"). Also at Lion Tolstoy: "Anna Pavlovna coughed a few days, she had a flu, as she said (the flu was then a new word, which was rarely) ..." ("War and Peace") (see "Stylistics", "Lexik") .

Subtypes of Varvarisov

localism
exotic / ethnographic

Examples of warbarisov in Russian

Words with analogues in Russian

Analogues that have already taken root

aboriginal - Native
abstract - distracted
absurd - nonsense, absurdity, nonsense
autograph - a) signature b) script
author - Writer, compiler, writer, Creator
aggression - attack
administration - Guide
address - sender
address - Recipient
address - direct send
- addressed to all of us - written for all of us
agen - excitement
accurate - accurate, loyal
- thing - carefully, skillfully and purely designed
- man - loving accuracy, order; thrifty
- carefully - carefully
alphabet - ABC
- alphabetically - in a matter of false order
alcoholic - drinned
alliance - Association, Union
ambrusura - a) Boyboard b) Open
amnesty - Forgiveness
intermission - Break
amulet, Talisman - Charm
analog - like
announcement - announcement, notice (preliminary)
antithesis - opposite, opposite
aPGEY - Top, Top, Higher Degree
appetite - a desire to eat
- pleasant appetite is nice to have breakfast, dine
argument - proof
arrest - Detention
aRESTANT - PREDINE CONCLUSION
arstanta, Prison - Dungeon
aristocrat - Wiel, nobleman
aristocracy - Boyarschina, Nobility
aroma - incense
artel - Society
association - a) Association b) similarity, similarity
audio recording - sound recording
bunker - refuge (and drawer)
site - Page
democracy - democracy
defect - Iziaan
defis - Chertochka
doctor - doctor
dominance - domination
interest - Hobby
internet - Network
information - Data
lamp - lamp
legend, myth - legend, legend, belief, fiction
- legend on a coin - inscription on a coin
liqueur - emphasis
tape recorder
manager - Manager, Head, Head
mechanism - device
monument - Monument
motor - Engine
mayor - Gradnadl
original - original
- original a) genuine b) unusual
office - office, representation
- in the office - at work, in service
folder - folder
president - Chairman, Ruler
prime Minister - Minister Chairman, First Minister
the problem is difficult
radio (receiver) - Receiver
religion - Religion
market - Torg.
secret - Mystery
serpentine - Zmeevik
soldier - fighter warrior
spirality - screw-formation (Spiral - Greek. "(for) the cooler")
suicide - suicide
sphere - a) ball b) circle
thesis - position, approval (push); judgment
triumphal - Gala
tradition - custom
toilet - a) restroom b) clothes
apron - Apron
federation - Soyuz
philosopher - Sage
firm - Enterprise
the foundation is the foundation
fundamental - solid
furore - delight
drapes, curtains
corkscrew - Savory
egoism - selflessness
equivalent - equivalent
exam - Test
economy - economy
save - Berecher
experiment - experience
operation - use
lawyer - Rovewise

Strestressable analogs

potna - benefactor, patron
splin - despondency
fortune - Fate

Vintage analogues, now not used

army - Army, Raint
- armets - Warrior
- armyeship - Military
atlas - disgrace
pencil - writing
kitchen - Cook
highway - Bolshak
chair - sedrawer
taxi - Spread

Lecture IV - the official vocabulary of English books and official-business vocabulary book words - these are the sublime words used in the scientific style, books or such types of oral communications, as a public speech, official negotiations, etc. They have a specific denotative value, are characterized by the lack of any connotations, such as Approximate, Commence, Comprise, Experimental, Internal, External, Indicate, Initial, Etc. This layer of vocabulary is especially rich in adjectives. Book words are either formal synonyms of commonly used, neutral words, or express the concepts that can be conveyed only with the help of descriptive commonly used phrases, for example, to externalize - to Express Inner Feelings. Books, mostly, are borrowed words of Latin or Greek origin. This group also includes official-bureaucratic languages, for example, to Assist, Endeavor, Sufficient, etc. In addition, it includes archaic allied words that came out of use, for example, hereby, Herein, Therafter, Herewith, as well as such unions, adverbs and combinations, like MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, HOWEVER, IN CONSEQUENCE OF, ETC. Book and official-business vocabulary is used not only in official letters and professional communications, but sometimes in everyday speech. The use of official-business vocabulary in informal situations looks inappropriate and produces a comic effect. The terms in the dictionary structure of the English language contain the words and expressions that are used in a certain industry or science. Such words are the name of the terms. They are not used in other areas and are not understandable to other people. Each area of \u200b\u200bvital activity has a specialized vocabular, i.e. Words serving a certain professional or scientific sphere. There are medical, psychological, musical, linguistic, industrial, transport and other terms. Terms indicate various scientific and technical objects, phenomena, processes. According to the point of view N.B. GVISHIANI, scientific communication is based on quickly deciphering units that require unity of form and content, which allows communicating to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding1. This is achieved with the help of terms. The term is a word or phrase with a steady value that denotes an object or process that refers to a certain 1 See: Gvishiani N.B. Terminology in english language teaching. M., 1993. 21 Sphere of science or production and has special linguistic characteristics. The term, as a rule, should be monosmantic, have only denotative value, have a simple semantic structure, not to have elements of connotative value (for example, emotional color), not to have synonyms. Nevertheless, in English there are polysemantic terms, but it should be noted that only one LSV of the polishamantic term can be implemented in a certain situation, context or combination with other stylistically neutral lexical units. Examples of economic terms are the following: Challenged Acquisition (absorption of an enterprise protested by antitrust authorities), Income, Profit, Bond, Equity, Securities, Venture Capital, Capital Gain, etc. It should be noted that the terms are formed using existing word-forming agents. The following structural types of terms are allocated in English: - Attributely registered difficult words , For example, Connecting Rod, Cylinder Head, Sound Wave, Steam-Boiler, Velocity Joint, etc.; - Derivatives formed by affixation, eg, Toughness, Drainage, Breakage, Abandonment, Mistrial, etc.; - verbs formed by conversion, for example, to Trap, to Condition, etc.; - Frameological combinations, eg, Room and Pillar Conveyer System, Two-Strike Cycle Engine, etc. Many terms in English are educated with Latin and Greek roots, for example, Telegraphy, Phonetics, Microfilm, Telemechanics. Such terms are easily understood by people speaking in different languages, which is of particular importance in the sphere of science and technology. Elements of Latin and Greek origin are often used to form scientific terms, for example, Tele-, Micro-, MEGA-, HYPER-, MONO-, ISO, and the like. Terms are often used in newspaper, journalistic and official styles. They can also be used in fiction. In this case, the terms perform specific stylistic functions: serve as indirect means of creating a real environment, atmospheric (hospitals, chambers, laboratories, station, airport, etc.). The "fate" of the term may be different. It can be replaced by another term or losing its terminological characteristics and become commonwriter, for example, Truck, Television Tube. Archaisms in the framework of this lexical layer I.R. Halperin distinguishes obsolete words (which are rarely used, eg, thee, thee, thy, pallet, etc.), outdated words (which were completely out of use, eg, methinks, nay, etc.) and the actual archaisms (words, 22 Which "are not recognized" by modern English, for example, Troth - Faith) 1. Archaisms are partially or completely out of use in modern language. Some authors use them in historical novels and poetry to create a real setting for those times. Examples of archaism are the following: Thou, Thy, Aye, Morn, Eve, Moon, Foe, Woe, Steed, Behold etc. Archaic words like AForesaid, Herewith, Hereby, etc. Frequently used in business style documents. There are also archaisms that do not have referents in today's life, eg, yeoman, Hauberk, Goblet, Mace, Phaeton, Prairie Schooner. These are examples of historicism. The words of this type never disappear from the language, although they denote the items and phenomena of the past. Historisms do not have synonyms, while Archamis has them. Sometimes the archaic word can again become used. For example, the former archaic word KIN is currently used in American English. Archaisms can be used with a specific communicative or stylistic goal, for example, to express solemnity, shade of hill, creating a comic effect, and the like. Varvarisms of Varvarisms are the input words that exist in a foreign language, i.e. Conservation of foreign pronunciation and spelling. Such words have synonyms in a layer of common vocabulary. Varvarisms are not inclined to develop new values; They are monosamplentic lexical units. Consider some examples of Varvarisov: Comme Il Faut, Coup D'Etat, Carte Blanche, A La Carte, Haute Couture, Blitzkrieg (Or Blitz), Idye Fixe, Alter Ego, Perestroika, etc. Yu.M. Scraper notes that French and Italian Varvarisms belong to such areas as music, theater, art. Some warbarisms in English perform the terminological function; They call objects and concepts for which there are no names in English, so they receive names that exist in the languages \u200b\u200bof those peoples whose reality they reflect, for example, Dacha, Soviet, Kolkhoz, Perestroika, Chalet, etc. Some former Varvarisms entered a layer of common vocabulary, eg, Methodical, Penetrate, Function, etc. It should be noted that warparisms are registered with dictionaries and are used mainly in fiction or journalistic style . They often play the role of stylistic techniques, passing the local atmosphere or emphasizing the fact that the action takes place in another country. 1 See: Galperin I.R. STYLISTICS. - M., 1977. 23 poets of poets demonstrate maximum aesthetic value and are used mainly in poetry and fiction. During the previous centuries, in English poetry there was a tendency to use words and expressions other than those used in everyday communication or prose. The semantic structures of this group of words are endowed with sublime connotations, which immediately helps to distinguish them from other lexical units. Poets began to be recognized as those in the era of classicism and romanticism. There are the following subgroups of poets: a) actually poets, for example, Bard, Perchance, Eve, Lone, Amidst, O'er, Ne'er, Mead, Gladsome, Vale, etc.; b) outdated words and archaisms, eg, wrought, thee, naught, ere, etc. c) dialectisms, eg, OFT, REST (STOP), NAY, YEA, ETC.; d) rare words of French and Latin origin, eg, robe, garment, apparel, 'reverie, etc. Poets perform a certain decorative function. They are also sometimes found in prose, religious texts or newspaper texts. I.R. Halperin notes that because of the frequent repetition, poets lose their originality. Questions to the seminar lesson: 1. Book and official-business vocabulary. 2. Terms. 3. Archaisms. 4. Varvarisms. 5. Poets. Exercises: 1. Write examples of books and officially business vocabulary from this story. What parameters do you determine the affiliation of this vocabulary to the above layers? Mistaken Identity Everyone In The Room Listened Open-Mouthed As a man, Convicted Two Years Previously of An Armed Robbery, Attempted to Convince A Court of Appeal That He Had Been Wrongfully Imprisoned. His Defence Rested On The Notion That Reports from Eyewitneses As to the Identity of the Robber Could Not Be Relied Upon As Evidence of His Guilt. Even Though The Bank, in Possession of Stolen Money, and with Two Guns and a Knife Secred His Person - And Even Though His Accomplice, Who Was Arrested in the 24 Getaway Car, Had Identified Him As the Man Who WHO Had Gone Into The Bank to Carry Out The Robbery, The Man Still Felt That He Was In With a Chance for Freedom. His Argument WAS "How Could The People in the Bank Have Identified Me? I HAD A MASK ON WHEN I DID THE JOB. " The Appeal Court Remained Unconvinced. (From the Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) 2. Write out of the above passages, terminological phrases and indicate, to which branches of science and technology they treat. A) Two Offices from the Lothian and Borders Traffic Police in Scotland Were Out Playing Were New Radar Gun On the Berwickshire Moors, Catching Speeding Motorists and Having A Jolly Time Handing Out Tickets When The Gun Suddenly Jammed Up, Giving A Reading Of 300 Mph . For a Moment Duo Were Terribly Confused, Wondering Who on Earth Could Be Driving At That Speed. Suddenly, All Became Clear When A Very Low-Flying Royal Air Force Harrier Jet Skimmed The Top of Their Police Car. The Officers Complained to The Local Raf Station, Saying That Their New Toy Had Been Ruined by The Pilot's Exploits But Were Surprised To Find Themselves Being Reprimanded for Using The Radar Gun In Such a Reckless Fashion. AT The Moment Their Speed \u200b\u200bGun Had Locked On To The Harrier, The Plane's Target Seeker Had Locked On To What It Interpreted AS An Enemy Radar Signal and Triggered An Automatic Air-to-Surface Missile Strike. Fortunately or the officeers, The Harrier's Weapons Systems Had Not Been Armed. (From the Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) b) How Do You Expand An Existing Two-Lane Bridge Into A Three-Lane Bridge? To Widen The Interstate 84 Crossing Over The Hudson River from 30 to 39 Feet, The New York State Department of Transportation Used Structural Lightweight Concrete. BECAUSE THE CONCRETE USED IN THE NEW Deck Weighed 35 Pounds Per Cubic Foot Lesshe Than The Concrete That Was Removed From the Old. Deck, Less Than 20 Percent of the Steel Support Framing Needed Strengthening. And this is not unusual. Replacing An Old Bridge Deck Made of Normal Weight Concrete Will Often Permit The Deck to Be Wided with Minimal Modifications to the Substructure. (From Concrete Concept, 1985) c) The Concept of "Semantic Field", Like The Concept of "Semantic Frame", Opened Up New Domains of Semantic Research, First In The United States in the 1930s. Both Concepts Brought About "Revolution" in Semantics, And Provided Semanticists with New Tools for the Study of Semantic Change and Semantic Structure. Although There Have Been Sevel Historical Accounts of The Development of Field Semantics, There Exists No Detailed Study Linking and Comparing The Development Of Field and Frame Semantics. (From journal of pragmatics, 2000) 3. Write out of these excerpts of archaisms and warbarisms; Translate passages and suggestions. Are there any foreign words from 25 of these passages are Varvarms? Are there any examples of international words? A) A man in Norfolk, Virginia, Cut Off His Own Hand and Would Not Let A Doctor Attempt to Reattach IT. Claiming That The Hand Had Become Possessed by The Devil and, Quoting The Biblical Verse "If Thy Right Offnds Thee, Cut It Off and Cast IT From theee", He Got Busy with a Saw. When Treated To Reattach The Number 666 - Commonly Believed by Certain Christians, Horror Writers and The Insane to Be The Mark of the Antichrist - Had Appeared on the Hand and refused to Allow The Doctor to Perform The Operation. (From the Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) b) "Woe to You, Oh Earth and Sea, for the Devil Sends The Beast With Wrath, Because He Knows The Time Is Short ... Let Him Who Hath Understanding Reckon The Number of the beast for it is a Human Number, Its Number IS Six Hundred and Sixty Six. " (Revelations CH. XIII V. 18) B) "AND GOD SHALL WIPE AWAY AL TEARS FROM EYES; And there SHALL BE NO MORE DEATH. Neither Sorrow, Nor Crying. Neither SHALL THERE BE Anymore Brain; For the Former Things Are Passed Away. " (Revelations CH. XXI V. 4) D) "O GOD OF EARTH AND ALTAR BOW DOWN AND HEAR OUR CRY, OUR EARTHLY RULERS FALTER, OUR PEOPLE DRIFT AND DIE, THE WALLS OF GOLD ENTOMB USA, THE SWORDS OF SCORN DIVIDE, TAKE Not Thy Thunder From Us, But Take Way Our Pride. " (GK Chesterton: English Hymnal) D) "The Time Will Come for Him to Lay Claim His Crown, And The Foe Yes They'll Be Cut Down ..." (Iron Maiden: To Tame A Land) E) "The Dolce Vita IS Worth All The Hassles, Except One: Health Care. "" If you go to Che's shrine in Santa Clara southeast of Havana, where he is buried beneath a gigantic Soviet-style statue that commemorates both his decisive military victory over Fulgencio Batista's army in 1958 (after which the dictator fled the country) and Che's Departure for Bolivia in 1965 to 26 Foment Another Revolution, You Will See Him HeroCally Outlined Against The Sky. " "Cubans Who Apparently Revere" El Commandante "Muse Out a Lot About His Longevity, Wondering Whether He Will Last Another Decade or More, Which Keeps Them in a State of Suspense, If Not Suspended Animation." "Like a Dream, Salsa Music Wafted in from a Dance Hall Across the Street." "IT GLOWS WITH SPANISH-STYLE GRANDEUR AND ART-DECO ELEGANCE; And ITS Literary History Makes It Memorable. " (From Newsweek, 2003) Misaki and Daisuke Dressed Up in their Formal Kimonos to Celebrate and Bought The Symbolic Good Luck Candy Called Chitose-Ame. Huge Lanterns In The Shape Of Samurai Are Paraded Through The Streets. Origami Is The Japanese Traditional Art of Making Various Forms, Such As Animals or Flowers, by Folding A Piece Of Paper. People Are Familiar with Origami From Their Childhood in Japan. Orizuru (A Paper Crane) Is The Most Popular Subject in Origami, and It Is Very Hard to Find A Japanese Who Cannot Make One. (From Hello Japan, 2003) Sitting Next To Me Was A Cuban in His 60s from Miami. AS We Descended Toward Havana Airport, He Kept Looking Out Of The Porthole at the Sparse Pinpoints of Light Below. "Poquito! Poquito! " HE SAID, Grimacing Sadly and Holding Up His Thumb and Index Finger Like a Pair of Tweezers. Havana's Pale Flickering, A Poor Match for Miami's Electric Blaze, Seeemed to Evoke Contradictory Feelings in Him of Anguish and SchadenFreude. (From Newsweek, 2003) 4. Do you consider the words of Warvarms? Explain your point of view. SARI, RUPEE, SAMOSA, DACHA, SAMOVAR, DISCOLLETAGE, DAACHOLLETY, COUP D "ETAT 27 Lecture V - common vocabulary and neologisms basic vocabular words belonging to a layer of common vocabulary (basic vocabulary) are stylistically neutral units. They are opposed by the formal layer and Informal vocabulary, since they can be used in any situations - both formal, informal, oral and written communication. Words of this kind are used by people of any profession, level of education, age, place of residence. Community words indicate objects and phenomena of surrounding reality, for example. , House, Bread, Summer, Child, Mother, DiffiCult, Easy, To Go, To Stand, etc. It should be noted that the core of this Layer of English is mostly the words of the general descent. The basic vocabular, in turn, is the core of the entire vocabulary. This is the most stable layer of vocabulary, which changes quite slowly. The boundaries between the layer of common vocabulary and other layers are quite flexible. In a layer of commonly used vocabulary, the following lexico-semantic groups include: I. Names of objects and environmental phenomena: Sun, Moon, Water, Fire, Earth, Wood, Field etc.; II. Names of man, relatives, body parts: man, Woman, Mother, Father, Brother, Hand, Nose, Mouth, Finger etc.; III. Natives of dwellings, household goods, pets: House, Roof, Bed, Bread, Horse, Cat etc.; IV. Names of labor tools: Axe, Hammer, Nail, Saw etc.; V. The names of the main spectral colors, the main characteristics of objects and phenomena: Black, White, Red, Bad, Old, Young, New, Little, High etc.; Vi. Names of basic life processes: Go, Come, Ride, Eat, Drink, Live, Work, Die etc.; VII. Structural Language Units: In, On, To, and, But Etc. The words of the commonly consulting layer of vocabulary are characterized by stylistic neutrality and absence of connotations. The values \u200b\u200bof these words are characterized by breadth and generalization; They directly indicate the concepts without transmitting additional information. Units of the basic layer of vocabulary and stylistically marked words do not exist independently, they are closely related to each other. Neologisms 28 Neologisms are newly formed words or words that have acquired new values \u200b\u200bdue to social, economic, political or cultural changes in human society. As noted above, neologisms can belong to the formal layer and the layer of informal vocabulary. New words are constantly appearing in English and other languages; Currently, the so-called neologic boom is observed. In some discourses, the emergence of new words was caused by progress in various branches of science and technology. New words are mainly used by university teachers, newspaper reporters, young people, people who are actively involved in social communication and those who relate to the media. Neologisms are often found in newspaper vocabulary, because newspapers are faster than everyone to react to changes in the life of society, in science and technology. According to Yu.M. Skrebneva, "In most cases, newly formed words with difficulty are taken by the linguistic community because of its 1 conservative attitude towards any innovation." There are three main ways to form neologisms in the language. A word can change its value to name a new object or phenomenon; Such lexical units are called semantic neologisms. A new lexical unit may appear in the language to designate an object or a phenomenon for which the name already exists in the language. This process is called transnominization. And finally, a completely new word may appear in the language to designate a new object or phenomenon. Such words are the name of neologisms actually. The easier the semantic structure of the neologism, the easier it will be perceived by society. IN AND. Kabinna notes that the reasons for creating new words are mostly pragmatic. The main pragmatic motive underlying the creation of new words is a triad: undesessity (the need for a language is not yet renovated) - Emphasis (desire for greater expressiveness) - Beauty (need for beauty) 2. Consider some examples: undecessity (new referents receive names , eg, CyberPhobia, Cyberphilia); Emphasis (new, more expressive names are given already renovated objects, for example, Laid-Back, Buttoned-Down, Burned-Out, etc.); Beauty (to this group can be attributed to Varvarisms from other languages, eg, Dolce Vita). How does the process of entering a new word in the tongue? IN AND. Bainznna notes that for the name, first it is necessary to identify the referent, determine its place in the cognitive system of speaking and categorize it. Next, the subcategorization process is underway (comparison with other members of this category), and only after that the search for a new name begins. 1 Skrebnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics. - M., 2003. P. 59. 2 See: Kabainnina V.I. Cognitive-pragmatic approach to neology // Cognitive-pragmatic aspects of linguistic studies: Sat. Scientific Tr. / Kalinigr. un-t. - Kaliningrad, 1999. P. 3-9. 29 Then the word passes the process of conventation (assimilation by society) and lexicolization (mastering the system of language); It absorbs additional pragmatic features of the context of its reuse1. In English, there are many vocabulary-semantic groups of neologisms relating to various spheres of human livelihoods. Consider some of them: - Computer and Information Technology Sphere (Multi-user, To Computerize, To Blitz Out, To Telework, To Telecommute, Telebanking, Videobank, etc. ); - Linguistic sphere (Machine Translation, Artspeak, Sportspeak, etc.); - Sphere of Policy and Social Life (YouThQuake, Pussy-Footer, Europarliament, Belonger, Survivor, Welfare Mother, Dial-A-Meal, Multiculturalism, etc.); - criminal sphere (Neighbor Watch, Steaming, Wolf-Pack, etc.); - Environmental Protection (Acid Fog, Energy Belt, etc.). There are also lexico-semantic groups of neologisms denoting ordinary, everyday things, eg: - Food (Longlife Milk, Beefburger, Fishburger, etc.); - Clothes (SLIMSTER, SWEATNIK, BLOOMERS, ETC.); - Shoes (Thongs, Backsters, etc.). New lexical units denoting unknown facilities and concepts, also appeared in the fields of finance, music, art, crime, etc. Neologisms can be classified according to the method of their entry into the tongue. The following types of neologisms are distinguished: - Phonological (Rah-Rah); - borrowing (Perestroika, Dolce Vita, etc.); - semantic neologisms (Umbrella in the meaning "political cover"); - Morphological neologisms (Free-Fall, Rubber-Neck, X-Rated, Tycoonography, to Gallery-Hop, to Job-Hop, Hard-to-Get, Middle-Of-The-Road, etc.); - POLICEMAN, TO NOSE OUT, ELECTRONIC VIRUS, A WHIZ-KID). According to the point of view, T.A. Pimachina, most of neologisms appear in the American version of the English language. In the American version of the English language, approximately 45% of neologisms refers to scientific and technical terminology2. It should be noted that when translating neologisms relating to political, social and ethnographic areas, translator 1 See: ibid. 2 See: Pimakhina TA Lingvo-stylistic characteristics of the neologisms of modern English // Functional aspect of the units of the language. Samara: Publishing House "Samara University", 1992. P. 105 - 112. 30

"The case of science to determine the value of warvarisms in the historical development of the language" F. I. Buslaev during its development English borrowed words from more than 50 languages, as its carriers have entered into various contacts with carriers of other languages \u200b\u200bon many continents. So, for example, English in the process of your historical Development Subjected to language interaction with Latin, French, Spanish, Russian, German and other languages \u200b\u200bof the world. This is exactly what explains such an abundance of foreign language elements in the vocabulary composition of modern English. It is necessary, however, it is necessary to note that the influence of French into English was particularly strong in contrast to many other languages. Of the 80,000 of the most common words of the English language, approximately 22,500 are French borrowing of all periods of history. Such a group of French borrowing as French Varvarisms is of particular interest to us. In this regard, the purpose of this work is the analysis of extensive material accumulated in linguistics and related to the presentation of the main aspects relating to French warwarmas and their translation. Undoubtedly, English is very interesting for this kind of study, since over 60% of his vocabulary is borrowing, of which 29% are French borrowings. French Varvarisms are the object of study of this work. Traditionally, it is believed that any borrowing is accompanied by the assimilation process, that is, the adaptation of the word to another language system, expressed in adapting the borrowed unit of the receiving language system and its possible semantic development. As a result of this, the borrowing process cease to be felt as foreignate words and "find their place in the speech uzus carriers of the borrowing language." So and the Varvarisms or the words of the local color are used in the vocabulary of the recipient language due to the specifics of the terrain, from where they are borrowed. As a rule, in form these are unassimized borrowing, i.e., preserving their original writing. In other words, Varvarisms are words that are not fully mastered by the language and perceived as a violation of the generally accepted language norm. Moreover, they are not inclined to develop new values, they are monosagentic lexical units. The sphere of drinking such words is quite narrow and the degree of assimilation is very small. Warvarization takes place in two stages. At the first stage there is an intensive absorption language of the foreign language material. We feverly filled with semantic lacuna. At the second stage, when the saturation of the language has already happened, inertial-gaming development begins. That is, there is no direct need for the use of foreign language words, but the inertia continues. It should be noted that gallicizms are actively used in the literature and in artistic works, stand out in italics. For example, in the literary and artistic text of Varvarisms, use, first of all, in the speech of acting persons, while being an important means of their speech characteristics. Often, Varvarisms become the necessary element in describing foreign customs, morals, life, to create a local flavor. In many cases, the use of varvarisms can be justified when there are no equal synonyms or equivalent words in the language. As noted earlier, the French borrowings constitute a huge layer of vocabulary of English, therefore it exists a tradition of active use of French warwarmas in speech. We are interested in a special group of French warwarmas, represented by words that retain their original writing. They are not necessarily associated with cultural specificity, but used in unassimized form. In Russian, French Varvarisov is much smaller. In addition, in Russian, there is no tradition of using these words in a non-massimized form, they are most often written by Russian letters. For example, dejahu, Tet-a-Tet, Fer Fam, etc. French warwarisms in English and Russian do not coincide, therefore it seems to be relevant to consider the possible ways to transfer such words and expressions from English into Russian. For the analysis of possible ways to transfer Varvarisov, we took the novel of the American writer Eric Sigala "Love Story" ("Love Story"), written in 1970. Original Translation FR. Varvarisov Translation of the original N. Zakharova AS A CIND OF NOBLESSE OBLIGE, I Have Never Denied Them Either. NOBLESSE OBLIGE - the position obliges as it says, the situation obliges, and I never refused to the audience or in any other. I Remonstrated A Bit, But That's de Rigueur. De Rigueur - the required etiquette, custom, the rule I, of course, was absorbed a little - it is so, for the public. "AND HE'S SO INCREDIBLY BLASÉ WHEN I DO COME THROUGH" BLASÉ - indifferent, indifferent. And he even the eyebrow will not lead when I really manage something. En Route You Pass Other ... Well, Buildings. EN ROUTE - along the way, on the road. On the way, other buildings are passing towards him. "What is there to say? You've Presented US WITH A FAIT ACCOMPLI, Have you not? »Fait Accompli - solved business, accomplished fact. What about talking here? After all, you put us before the accomplished fact, isn't it? After the Débâcle of Introducing Jennifer to Her Potential In-Laws ... Débâcle - defeat; Failure, fiasco. After an unsuccessful attempt to present Jennifer to my parents. .. For some Crazy Reason He Thought He Could Effect A Rapprochement Between Olivers III and IV. Rapprochement - restoration of friendly relationships. He had an idiotic idea that he could establish diplomatic relations between Oliver III and Oliver IV. "THE BRIDE SPEAKS TOOO?" HE ASKED, ALMOST AS IF THIS - OF ALL THINGS - MIGHT BE THE COUP DE GRAT. Coup de Grâce - fatal blow; The only thing that matters is. - Bride will also talk? - he asked, exactly this could give him a peace. By Prior Arrangement, I Was Not Introduced As Her Fiancé, ... Fiancéni. According to the prior agreement, I was not represented as a groom ... R.S.V.P. Sokr.Od FR. Répondez S'il Vous Plaat - Please answer. RSVP. RSVP - Repondez s "Il Vous Plait - Please answer (Fr.)" IT IS SO Nouveau Riche ", Complained Jenny. Nouveau Riche is a new rich; Lock. - Everything is some kind of nouveauned," Jenny complained. I Mean, That "S Comme Il Faut, Right? Comme Il Faut - as it should, as it should be supposed to. Analyzing the original of the work and its translation, made by N. Zakharova, it can be concluded that the use of varvarisms in English and Russian languages. In English, the original non-dissimilar form of borrowing is preserved, but it is impossible in Russian. Since the traditions of using French words and expressions in this form we do not have. That is why in this work the translator relies on gallicism dictionaries, using the translations of French warwarms there, or finding them suitable equivalents. Moreover, N. Zakharova uses transcription reception (Nuvorishevskoe) and retains the RSVP abbreviation, making a link to the detailed description. Of all the above, it can be concluded that when translating French varvarisms, who retain the original writing, the translator is forced to use a wide range of multi-level translation techniques, such as a descriptive translation, selection of a suitable equivalent, transcription, transliteration, catacken, etc. Thus, we conducted a thorough analysis of the existing linguistic material associated with French Varvarms, and also considered possible ways to transfer them to Russian. We found out that there is a problem regarding the need to use gallicalism. After all, when they are rapidly used, the language is clogged, and it makes it difficult to understand text or speech. That is why the manifestation of this process attracted our attention, and we believe that the use of such words requires deep understanding, then the language will acquire, and not lose expressiveness and beauty.

In the vocabulary composition of the English language there is a significant number of words borrowed from other languages, which at different stages of the development of literary English played a more or less prominent role in its formation. In certain periods of the development of English, these words are influenced by the poubist aspirations of the legislators of the language norms are considered as alien elements; their use inliterary languageestimated as invasion of hostile

elements to the National Language, their use is prohibited. one

It is known that more than half of the words of modern English make up the words of Romanesque and Latin origin. Many of these words were so firmly included in the vocabulary of the English language, which, from the point of view of the current state of the language, are not considered as expensive. For example, Table, Chair, Conversation, Umbrella, Telephone, Television, etc. Another thing is such words like Aproopos, Pas, Bouquet, en route. Despite the fact that these words are often used in limited sectors of use, they are still felt as foreign borrowing, not lost their foreign appearance. Some of such foreign words is highlighted in a special stylistic category, which is called Varvarisov. These are usually words that exist in a language without need, as they have accurate equivalents (synonyms) in the borrowing language. As an illustration, the following warparisms and them are given by public use of the synonyms of the overhangolic language are synonyms: Chagrin (VEXATION); chic (stylish); Bon Mot (A Clever or Witty Saying) and others.

It is necessary to make a distinction between Varvarms and the actual foreign words used sometimes in the language tissue of artistic works in different stylistic purposes. Varvarisms, unlike foreign words, are included in the vocabulary of the language, although they are on its periphery. Foreign words not fixed with dictionaries, while Varvarisms find their place in full english dictionaries as lexical units of vocabulary. 2.

Typically, foreign words and varvarisms in artwork are allocated in italics.

However, some foreign borrowing, which exist in English specifically to explain the facts, cannot be viewed as warparisms.

1 See this in the section "Some information about the development of an English literary language".

2 Many English dictionaries do not distinguish Varvarisms from the mass of foreign words borrowed in different periods.

and phenomena reality other countries. Russian words borrowed by English, Ukse, Oudarnick, Soviet, Kolkhoz et al. No way can be considered as Varvarisms, because they explain concrete facts, alien English reality. These words are borrowed as appropriate terms. Consequently, these are words that exist in modern literary English are not as "words without need." The need for them is caused by the fact of cultural ties with the Soviet Union.

Varvarisms in the dictionary structure of the English language have its own specific features related, as mentioned above, with the nature of the development of the vocabulary composition of the English language. Many of the foreign words previously considered Varvarms are firmly included in the vocabulary of the English language. For example, RetroGrade, Spurious, Strenuous, Conscious and some others who are in the play of Ben Johnson "The Poetaster" were raised as unnecessary borrowing. The same can be said about such words as Scientific, Methodical, Penetrate, Function, Figurative, Obscure, which once caused objections to both Varvarisms.

Foreign words and varvarisms are relatively widely used by writers in various stylistic purposes. These goals have identified an exemplary circle of functions in which this layer of words is usually used in the style of artistic speech.

Most often, foreign words are found in the artwork in the function of creating the so-called "local color". Under this term is usually understood different techniques (including language) outlines of local living conditions, specific facts of reality, morals, customs of the country, which is described directly or indirectly in this work. As a language means of creating such a "local color", words and expressions of the language are used, which is spoken in this country or terrain. Let us give a few examples of such use of foreign words.

the boy's appetite, Tekkrech introduces a number of German words into the story, thereby indirectly describing the peculiar menu of the German fashionable hotel:

The Little Boy, Tooo, We Observed, Had A Famous Appetite and Consumed schinken,and. brentenand. kartoffelnand Cranberry jam .. With a Gallantry That Did Honour to His Nation.

Sometimes simultaneously with the "local color" function, foreign words are performed by another feature, for example: and the Gretans Were Very Willing to Feed and Hide The Inglisi. (J. ALDRIDGE.)

In this proposal, one Greek word inglisi, inserted into the author's speech, remotely resembles an improper-direct speech. Thus, foreign words and varvarisms can serve as indirect speech characteristics, reproduce in some cases the thoughts and feelings of heroes.

"Foreign situation" create words denoting specific realities, alien English reality, for example: and as the sat thus. . . THEY WERE UNAWARE OF THE FIGURE FAST APRAKHING FROM BEHIND THE NEAREST kopje.(P. Abrahams.)

"Deutsche Soldaten.- A LITTLE WHILE AGO, YOU RECEIVED A SAMPLE OF AMERICAN STRENGTH. WE FIRED ONLY ONE ROUND FROM EACH OF OUR GUNS - YOU KNOW ENOUGH TO REALISE WOUT EFFECT A SUSTAINED BARRAGE Would Have on You in Your Positions. "

(S. H E i m. The Crusaders)

Unlike such a receipt of the use of foreign words, in which foreign words perform a service function, some writers resort to the reception of literal reproduction of speech in a foreign language, for example:

The Man, Who Obviously, Did Not Understand, Smiled, and Waved His Whip. And Soames Was Borne Along in That Little Yellow-Wheeled

Victoria All Over Star-Shaped Paris, With here and There A Pause, And The Question. "C" Est Par Ici, Monsieur? "

(J. Galswörthy. In chancery.)

Here, as in the previous example, foreign words serve the objectives of the speech in a foreign language. However, in the latter case, this speech is naturally reproduced, while in the first it is created by the skillful stylistic technique of using well-known foreign words.

In direct speech characters, foreign words are often a means of speech characteristics.

In the novel of the Golzourssi "TO LET" the nationality of one of the characters, except for direct instructions, is emphasized by the author of individual irregularities of speech and the introduction of foreign words, for example: "Not Look At Miss Forsyte SO Funny Sometimes. I Tell Him All My Story; He SO sympatisch. "

The speech of the Frenchwoman, Madame Lamott, in the novel of the Golzourssi "In Chancery" is transferred to English words, but they only serve to explain French speech. This is especially brightly manifested in the reception of improper-direct speech, for example: "Un Monsieur Très Distingué,MADAME LAMOTT FOUND HIM "; and presently, "Très Amical, Très Gentil."

A similar function is carried in the language of the artwork of Varvarism. They can also serve as a means of speech characteristics of characters. Varvarisms of French origin are widely used as a means of social characteristics of the heroes of the work. As is known, the speech of representatives of the highest classes of England, especially the XIX century, abounded by French words and expressions.

Varvarisms are often used to create an impression of an affected speech. Such, for example, the speech of the cochin in the play B. show "Widowers" Houses ", where Varvarisms (Neglige) and foreign words (en REGIE) are used as a reception of speech characteristics:

TRENCH WHAT "S WRONG WITH OUR APPEARANCE?

C O K a n e: Négligé,my dear fellow négligé.On the Steamboat A Little négligé.iS QUITE. en règle.: But Here, in this hotel, Some Of Them Are Sure To Dress for Dinner; And You Have Nothing But That Norfolk Jacket. How Are you to Know that you don't show it by your manners?

In the novel "Vanity Fair", the teckere is ridiculed by the addiction to the French words of the mouth of the old merchant Osborne: Lords, Indeed! - Why, at One of Her swarreys.I Saw One of Them. . . French Soirée (Evening, reception) is distorted, since Barbar form is granted.

Here are some more examples of the use of warvarisms: ".. That hair, couleur De. - What Was IT? ... and as to mr. Bosinney - ... SHE MAINTAINED THAT HE WAS VERY chic.. (J.GalSworthy.)

Varvarisms are sometimes equal to the jargonal word. Some writers are tired of their heroes directly talking about it:

"EPATANT!" HE Heard One Say.

"Jargon!" Growled Soames to Himself. (J. Galsworthy.)

The boundaries between the jargonous use of foreign words and warbris and other functions that foreign words and expressions are carried in the artistic work, very vague. Sometimes a foreign word is used by the author for special stylistic purposes. So, for example, in the novel of the Golzourssi "TO LET" we meet the following sentence: SHE HAD SAID "AU REVOIR!" NOT Good-BYE! Here, the comparison of the French word and the English equivalent reveals a special, clarifying function of using foreign words. The fact is that a foreign language is usually perceived more analytically rather than their own. French Au Revoir is understood not as a conditional farewell form, but as an expression having a concrete semantic value, namely until the (next) date.This function, as mentioned above, is detected only in comparison with the corresponding equivalent in the native language.

Using foreign words can also have a terminological function. In this case, foreign words and expressions reflecting certain, specific concepts that have arisen in the country of the language are used to designate this concept and are limited to a certain sphere of communication. Such words include, for example, Italian borrowings - Solo, Tenor, Concerto Musical Terms; German blitzkrieg. lightning war,LuftWaffe german Air Force.

frameological units consisting of foreign words, in most cases of French and Latin origin, in their frozen form are used with the terminological meaning in different styles. They are a characteristic speech turnover inventory, which are often charged with oratoric Speech, journal articles and scientific treatments. These are words and expressions as Par Exemple; ex officio; CONDITION SINE QUA NON; AD AD ADSURDUM, RAISON D "ETRE, FAIT ACCOMPLI, etc.

For 1500 years of its development, English borrowed words from more than 50 languages, since his carriers joined various contacts with carriers of other languages \u200b\u200bin Europe and on other continents. This is exactly what explains such an abundance of foreign language elements in the vocabulary composition of modern English. So, for example, English in the process of its historical development was crossing with Scandinavian languages, with a Norman dealer of French.

In addition, English almost all over its history has had a greater or less contact, and, consequently, language interaction with Latin, French, Spanish, Russian, German, and other languages \u200b\u200bof the world.

It is estimated that the number of orthonal words in the English dictionary is only about 30%.

Thus, in the dictionary structure of the English language there is a significant number of words borrowed from other languages, which at different stages of development of literary English played a more or less noticeable role in its formation.

In certain periods of the development of English, these words are influenced by the poubist aspirations of the legislators of the language norms are considered as alien elements; Their use of B. literary language It is estimated as the invasion of hostile elements in the national language, their use is prohibited.

For example, Table, Chair, Conversation, Umbrella, Telephone, Television. Another thing is words such as Aproopos, Pas, Bouquet, En Route. Despite the fact that these words are often used in limited sectors of use, they are still felt as foreign borrowing, not lost their foreign appearance.

Some of these foreign words is highlighted in a special stylistic category, which is called warbrivarms (or the words of the local color). These words exist in a language without need, as they have accurate equivalents (synonyms) in the borrowing language. As a rule, in form these are complete borrowings, i.e., preserving the form of the prototype. The sphere of drinking such words is quite narrow and the degree of assimilation is very small. These words and expressions are not fully mastered by the language and are perceived as a violation of the generally accepted language norm.

Varvarisms are unassimized and weakly massimized units, characterized by the greatest degree of novelty, for example Dolce Vita (Ial.), Peresyroika, Glasnost.

Varvarisms as words from other languages \u200b\u200bare used by the British in a conversation or writing, there are equivalents for them in English. Despite the fact that these words to a certain extent "adaptation" to the norms of the recipient language and are used to be dormitated, their foreign-speaking origin feels quite clearly.

As an illustration, the following warparisms and their tested by public use are synonyms for overcattered English: Chagrin (VEXATION); chic (stylish); Bon Mot (A Clever or Witty Saying) and others.

Yu.M. Scraper notes that French and Italian Varvarisms belong to such areas as music, theater, art.

It is necessary to make a distinction between Varvarms and the actual foreign words used sometimes in the language tissue of artistic works in different stylistic purposes. Varvarisms, unlike foreign words, are included in the vocabulary of the English language, although they are on its periphery. Foreign words are not recorded by dictionaries, while Varvarisms find their place in full English dictionaries as lexical units of dictionary formation.

Typically, foreign words and varvarisms in artwork are allocated in italics.

However, some foreign borrowings that exist in English specifically to explain the facts and phenomena of the reality of other countries should not be considered as warparisms. Russian words borrowed by English, Ukse, Oudarnick, Soviet, Kolkhoz et al. No way can be considered as Varvarisms, because they explain concrete facts, alien English reality. These words are borrowed as appropriate terms.

Varvarisms in the dictionary structure of the English language have its own specific features related, as mentioned above, with the nature of the development of the vocabulary composition of the English language. Many of the foreign words previously considered Varvarms are firmly included in the vocabulary of the English language. For example, RetroGrade, Spurious, Strenuous, Conscious, Scientific, Methodical, Penetrate, Function, Figuative, Obscure. These words once caused objections to both Varvarisms, and are now used in English.

Foreign words and varvarisms are relatively widely used by writers in various stylistic purposes. These goals have identified an approximate circle of functions in which this layer of words is usually used in the style of artistic English speech.

Varvarisms are used mainly in fiction or journalistic style. They often play the role of stylistic techniques, passing the local atmosphere or emphasizing the fact that the action takes place in another country.

Varvarisms can also serve as a means of speech characteristics of characters. Varvarism modern English

Varvarisms of French origin are widely used as a means of social characteristics of the heroes of the work. As is known, the speech of representatives of the highest classes of England, especially the XIX century, abounded by French words and expressions.

TRENCH WHAT "S WRONG WITH OUR APPEARANCE?

C O K a N E: Neglige, My Dear Fellow, Neglige. On the Steamboat A Little Neglige Is Quite En Regle: But Here, in this hotel, Some Of Them Are Sure To Dress for Dinner; And You Have Nothing But That Norfolk Jacket. How Are you to Know that you don't show it by your manners?

In the novel "Vanity Fair", the teckere is ridiculed by the addiction to the French words of the mouth of the old merchant Osborne: Lords, Indeed! - Why, at One of Her Swarreys I Saw One of Them. . . The French Soiree (evening, reception of guests) is distorted, since Barbish form is granted.

Here are some more examples of the use of Varvarisov: ".. That hair, Couleur de - What Was It? ... and as to mr. bosinney - ... She Maintained That He Was Very Chic. (J.GalSworthy.)

Varvarisms are sometimes equal to the jargonal word. Some writers are tired of their heroes directly talking about it:

"EPATANT!" HE Heard One Say.

"Jargon!" Growled Soames to Himself. (J. Galsworthy.)

From a communicative point of view, the consumption of a foreign word is a good luck. On the one hand, it is important to estimate whether it is used correctly, on the other, it is clear whether the addressee is available to the violation of communicative ethical norms, because the inclusion of a stranger or incomprehensible foreign word can be regarded by the addressee as a means to emphasize the superiority Author speech.