Dialects in the Crimean Tatar language. Crimean Tatar language: features and main characteristics. Vocabulary and main characteristics

UDC 811.512.19282.2

Reshetov E.S.

PHONETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE SOUTH COAST PLANTS OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

Annotation. Almost every Crimean Tatar village, especially on the southern coast and in the mountainous regions, had its own peculiarities of pronunciation and construction of sentences. Today, the territorial boundaries of Crimean dialects Tatar language destroyed. The dialectal features of this or that dialect remained only in the speech of the representatives of the older generation. In this article, the author explores the phonetic and morphological features of the dialects of the following settlements: Uskut, Buyuk Lambat, Derekoy, Korbek, Miskhor, Gaspra, Gurzuf.

Keywords Key words: Crimean Tatar language, dialect, patois, South Coast, phonetic, morphological.

PHONETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE SOUTH COASTAL SUB-DIALECTS OF CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

summary. Almost every Crimean Tatar village on the South coast and in the mountainous areas, had its own peculiarities of pronunciation and sentence structure. Today the territorial boundaries of the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language are destroyed. The dialectal features of a dialect remain only in the speech of older generation. In this article the author investigates the phonetic and morphological peculiarities of sub-dialects of the following settlements: Uskut, Buyuk Lambat, Derekoy, Korbek, Miskhor, Gaspra, Gurzuf.

Key words: Crimean Tatar language, dialect, sub-dialect, south coastal, phonetic, morphological.

Literature analysis. The scientific study of the Crimean Tatar dialects begins with the work of Academician V.V. Radlov “Samples of folk literature of the northern Turkic tribes. Part 7. Adverbs of the Crimean Peninsula. Some phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features of the South Coast dialect are described in the work of V.A. Bogoroditsky "On the Crimean Tatar dialect". In 1935, the Crimean Language Expedition was held. As a result of the expedition, a huge amount of material on folklore and dialects was collected. Crimean Tatar language. Phonetic and morphological features of the Crimean Tatar dialects are considered by S.R. Izidinova in her dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. The dissertation work of L. Selimova "Kirim Tatar Türk Agizlari (Akmescit, Bahcesaray, Güney Kiyi Bol-gesi) (Ses Bilgisi)" is devoted to a detailed description of the vocalism and consonantism of the southern coast dialect. Lexical dialectisms have been partially studied by Professor A.M. Memetov.

The purpose of this article is to explore the phonetic and morphological features of the southern coastal dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.

Presentation of the main material. In the South Coast dialect, there is a discrepancy between affixes in the genitive, dative and accusative cases. The genitive case in the South Coast dialect is formed using the affix -yn, -in, -un, -un (for consonant stems), -nyn, -nin, -nun, -nun (for vowel stems): evin instead of evnin "at home ".

The dative case is formed using the affix -а, -е (for consonant stems), -ya, -ye (for vowel stems): eve geldi "came home".

The accusative case is formed using the affix -ы, -и, -у, -у (for consonant stems), -yy, -yi, -yu, -yu (for vowel stems), for example: anan son babam khoydu bu torbayy

sandykhche. "After that, my father put this bag in the chest."

The south coast dialect of the Crimean Tatar language is characterized by past participles in -mysh, -mish, (bulmush "found", okhumush "educated", toplan-mysh "collected", istemish "desired") and present - past tense in -(y)an , -(y)en (ishleyen "working", giden "walking", yyrlayan "singing").

In some dialects of the South Coast dialect, the past non-obvious tense is formed by adding the suffix -mish to the verb stem with the variants -mish, -mush, -mush: son bu adamlar kitmishler. "Then those people left." Whereas in the literary Crimean Tatar language, this tense is formed by adding the suffix -gan with the variants -gen, -kan, -ken to the verb stem.

In the southern coast dialect, there are differences in the dative case in the declension of personal pronouns: mana/ma:/bana "me" sana/sa: "tebe" una/ugha "him"; while in the literary language man'a, san'a, on'a are used respectively. It should be noted here that in some dialects of the southern coast dialect, the forms mag'a "me" and sag'a "to you" are used, which are characteristic of the steppe dialect of the Crimean Tatar language.

One of distinguishing features of the southern coast dialect is the use of affixes -ayyr, -eyir, -yyir, -iyir, -iyyur, -uyor, -uyur, -ayor, -eyor truncated form -ai, -hey, -yy, -yy, -uy in the present tense present moment and in the present continuous. In the southern coast dialect, the truncated form -ay, -hey, -y, -y, -uy is most commonly used.

In contrast to the literary Crimean Tatar language, the abbreviated form of the definite imperfect and the indefinite imperfect is widely used in the South Coast dialect: kele edim > geledim "I came"; keler edim > gelerdim "I came".

In the southern coastal dialect of the Crimean Tatar language, the past tense is formed according to the model: verb + gan + edi, verb + mouse + edi, verb + mouse + you, (myshty):

It should be noted here that various phonetic and morphological phenomena in individual dialects of the South Coast dialect of the Crimean Tatar language have their own specific features. Let's dwell on them in more detail.

Uskut (Greetings).

1. Spirantization kj>x is noted in all positions: kushakh< къушакъ.

2. The predominance of the voiced sound [g] in anlaut is noted: gechmish<кечмиш "прошедший", гечи < кечи "коза", гельмек < кельмек "приходить", гочмек < кочмек "переезжать".

3. In the anlaut of the personal pronoun men "I" a voiced sound [b] is also used: ben = men.

4. The predominance of the voiced sound [d] in anlaut instead of the literary voiceless sound [t] was noted: deren< терен "глубокий", душ < туш "сон", дайфа < тайфа "семья".

5. Back lingual sound [ts] in all positions corresponds to front lingual [n]: sana< санъа "тебе".

6. In some positions, the sound [o] corresponds to the sound [y]: ular< олар "они", чурап < чорап "носок", хуроз < хораз "петух", буле /буйле < бойле "такой, так".

7. Weakening and falling out are most often narrow vowels [s, and, y, y]: erni< ерини "места", эпмиз < эпимиз "все", аттар < аттылар "бросили".

8. Cases of falling out of consonants are noted: [k] gechen< кечкен "прошедший", [г] гемей < кельмей "не приходит", [гъ] агъырмай < агъыртмай "не болит", олан < огълан"мальчик", [г] вермее < вермеге"давать", [къ]учан <учкъан "летающий".

9. In some words, a change to< ч: ким < чим " кто".

10. In some positions, the sound [h] corresponds to the sound [w]:< ашты "открыл".

11. In an unstressed position, the sound [e] is replaced by the sound [i]: kettin< гиттинъ.

12. High frequency of use of the abbreviated form of definite and indefinite imperfect: geledi< келеди, келе эди "он приходил", ишлерди "он тогда работал", северди "он тогда любил".

13. The past participles are characteristic for -mysh, -mish, (bulmush "found", okhumush "educated", toplanmysh "collected") and the present - past tense for - (y) an, - (y) en (ishleyen "working ", hyden "walking").

Corbec (Abundant).

1. Spirantization kj>x is noted in all positions: xush< къуш "птица", топрах < топракъ "земля", хушах < къушакъ "пояс".

< санъа "тебе", ма-на < манъа "мне", чан < чанъ "колокол".

3. There is no voicing of the deaf [k] at the beginning of the word: kelmek "come", ketch "late", kommek "bury, bury", kokus "breast", kelin "daughter-in-law", goat "eye", kormek "see" and others

4. In the words barmak "go, go", bermek "give", barlyk "wealth, fortune" in anlaut, the sound [b] corresponds to the sound [c]: varmakh, vermek, varlykh.

5. Voicing of a dull sound [t] does not occur in anlaut: turdu "stood up", tarchin "cinnamon".

6. Initial] is stored in any position:]alan "false",]ol "road",]olah "lane".

Buyuk Lambat (Small Lighthouse).

1. Spirantization ky>х, as well as in the speech of the inhabitants of the village of Izobilny, is noted in all positions: hartop< къартоп "картофель",]ахын < якъын "близкий", хабах < къабакъ "тыква".

2. There is a voicing of the deaf [k] in anlaut: gelin< келин "невестка": гене < кене "снова", генди < кенди "сам, свой", гиби < киби "как", гечмиш < кечмиш "прошедший".

3. The back-lingual sound [ts] does not go into the front-lingual [n] and is preserved in any position: san'a "to you", man'a "to me", an'lamah "understand".

4. Voicing of a dull sound [t] at the beginning of a word does not occur: turdu "stand up", tayanmah "lean".

5. Initial] is stored in any position:]atmah "go to bed",]ol "road".

6. Marked phonetic transformation h< ш, широко используемая в степном диалекте: къачтылар < хаштылар "убежали", ачтылар < аштылар "открыли".

7. In some positions, the sound [o] corresponds to the sound [y]: ular< олар "они", буле /буйле < бойле "такой, так".

8. Along with the pronouns man(b)a and san(b)a, there are cases of using the forms mag'a "me" and sag'a "you" in the dative case, which are usually used in the speech of representatives of the steppe dialect of the Crimean Tatar language.

9. The present tense is formed using the affixes -ayyr, -eyir, -yir, -iyir, -ai, -hey, -yy, -yy, -uy: sneeze< чыкъа "выходит", айтий < айта "говорит", ичейирлер < ичелер "пьют", сорамайыр < сорамай "не спрашивает".

10. Abbreviated forms of the definite and indefinite imperfect are often used: geledik (keledik) "we came", ishlerdik "we worked then", severdik "we loved then".

11. Mismatch of genitive, accusative and dative affixes is noted: evin< эвнинъ, Рустемин < Рустемнинъ; дагъы < дагъны; аблайа < аблагъа.

Dereka (gorge).

1. There is a voicing of the deaf [k] in anlaut: gene< кене "снова", генди < кенди "сам, свой", гиби < киби "как", гечмиш < кечмиш "прошедший".

2. Back lingual sound [ts] corresponds to front lingual [n]: sana< санъа "тебе", ма-на < манъа "мне", тан < танъ "рассвет".

3. There is no voicing of the dull sound [t] in anlaut: the turdu "stood up".

4. Initial_], as in the dialects discussed above, is preserved in anlaut:]ylan "snake".

1. Hard-palatal explosive kj in all positions corresponds to back-lingual fricative x: xush< къуш, хабах < къабакъ, ]ахын < якъын.

2. The posterior lingual sound [ts] does not go into the anterior lingual [n] and is stored in any position: sanya, senin "your".

3. In anlaut, a voiced sound predominates [r]: gelin< келин, гене < кене, генди < кенди, гиби < киби, гечмиш < кечмиш.

4. The back-lingual sound [ts] passes in all positions into the front-lingual [n]: mana "me".

5. A dull sound [t] in anlaut does not turn into a voiced [d]: taifa "family". Miskhor.

1. Spirantization kj>x is noted in all positions: hart< къарт "старый, старик", хары < къары "жена", ахыл < акъыл "ум".

2. In the words barmak "to go, go", bermek "to give", barlyk "wealth, fortune" in anlaut, the sound [b] corresponds to the sound [c]: varmakh, vermek, varlykh.

3. Voicing of the deaf [k] at the beginning of the word does not occur: kitmek, ketmek "leave".

4. In the anlaut of the personal pronoun men "I" a voiced sound [b] is also used: ben = men.

5. A dull sound [t] in anlaut does not occur in a voiced [d]: teren is "deep".

6. The back-lingual sound [ts] is preserved in any position: san'a "to you". Gaspra.

1. The spirantization of q>x is noted in most cases: halam< къалам "остаюсь", хурчаламах < къорчаламакъ "защищать", вахыт < вакъыт "время". Следует отметить, что в инлауте и ауслауте некоторых лексем замены къ>x is not happening.

2. In most cases, there is no voiceless voicing [k] in anlaut: cell< келе "идет", коюмуз < коюмиз "наше село", кибик < киби "как".

3. Back lingual sound [ts] in some positions turns into front lingual [n]: sana< санъа "тебе", манъа < манъа "мне", она < онъа "ему".

4. The predominance of the voiced sound [d] in anlaut instead of the literary voiceless sound [t] was noted: derin< терен "глубокий".

5. In the words barmak "go, go", bermek "give", barlyk "wealth, fortune" in anlaut, the sound [b] corresponds to the sound [c]: varmakh, vermek, varlykh.

6. In some lexemes, the replacement j< ч: татарча < татарджа "по-татарски".

7. The following demonstrative pronouns are used: ulen, aulen, bulen, bule, ablen, abilé, able instead of the pronouns oile and boyle in the literary language.

8. In the present tense of the moment and in the present continuous tense, the affixes -ay, -hey, -th, -th, -uy are used: yapay< япа "делает", келий < келе "идет".

9. High frequency of use of the abbreviated form of the indefinite imperfect: chykhardiler< чыкъар эдилер, китердилер < кетер эдилер.

10. Non-coincidence of affixes of the genitive, accusative and dative cases: hal-kyn< халкънынъ, адамын < адамнынъ; халкъы < халкъны, адамы < адамны; инсана < инсангъа, анайа < анагъа.

Conclusions. In some dialects of the South Coast dialect, the past non-obvious tense is formed by adding the suffix -mysh with the variants -mish, -mush, -mush to the verb stem. There is a discrepancy between affixes in the genitive, dative and accusative cases in all dialects. The narrow vowels s, i, y, y are most often subjected to weakening and loss. Spirantization kb>x is noted in most cases. Phonetic transformation h< ш, широко используемая в степном диалекте. Настоящее время образуется при помощи аффиксов -айыр, -ейир, -ыйир, -ийир, -ай, -эй, -ый, -ий, -уй.

LITERATURE

1. Radlov V.V. Samples of folk literature of the northern Turkic tribes. Part VII. Adverbs of the Crimean peninsula / V.V. Radlov. - St. Petersburg: AN, 1896. - 408 p.

2. Bogoroditsky V.A. On the Crimean Tatar dialect / V.A. Bogoroditsky. - Kazan: Typolitogr. Emperor. Univ., 1903. - 23 p.

3. Dmitriev N.K. Crimean Language Expedition / N.K. Dmitriev // Revolution and writing. Sat. No. 2. - M.: VCC NA, 1936. - S. 158-164.

4. Izidinova S.R. Phonetic and morphological features of the Crimean Tatar language in areal coverage: author. dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences / S.R. Izidinova. - M., 1982. - 21 p.

5. Selimova L. Kirim Tatar Türk Agizlari (Akmescit, Bahcesaray, Güney Kiyi Bolgesi) (Ses Bilgisi) / L. Selimova. - Ankara, 2006. - 929 s.

6. Memetov A.M. Lexicology of the Crimean Tatar language / A.M. Memetov. - Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 2000. - 288 p.

Reshetov E.S.

Before the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people from their historical homeland (May 18, 1944), scientists identified 3 main territorial dialects: middle (orta yolak), south coast (dzhenyup) and northern (shimal). Each dialect, in turn, consisted of numerous dialects. Practically in every Crimean Tatar village, especially on the southern coast and in the mountainous regions, there were their own peculiarities of pronunciation and construction of sentences.

The scientific study of the Crimean Tatar dialects begins with the work of Academician V.V. Radlov “Samples of folk literature of the northern Turkic tribes.
Part 7. Adverbs of the Crimean Peninsula. In this work, the author published 103 folklore-dialectological texts in various dialects of the Crimean Tatar language and proposed the following classification:

1). Southern dialects.

Southern influence prevails in sound phenomena, grammatical forms and lexical composition.

a) The dialect of the southern coast (from the Baydar gates to Uskut). A kind of strictly regulated system of sounds, not subject to significant fluctuations. This dialect in grammatical terms should be attributed entirely to the southern dialects.

b) The dialect of the cities of Bakhchisaray, Simferopol, Karasubazar, Feodosia and Kerch.

A mixed dialect based on the northern dialect, but in all layers the southern element predominates, which, however, has not displaced the northern one anywhere. In phonetics and grammar, the main place belongs to the southern element.

c) The dialects of the mountain dwellers of the northern slopes and foothills. A mixed language similar to the previous one, with the difference that in most cases the old northern forms predominate here. However, everyone is fluent in southern forms, although they use them much less frequently.

2). Northern dialects.

a) Crimean dialect. The southern influence exists but occupies a completely secondary place. In terms of sound, this language should be ranked among the northern Tatar dialects. Everywhere in use, the grammatical forms of the north and individual southern forms are just beginning to take root. The vocabulary has already been heavily influenced by the south. The languages of the steppes differ, on the one hand of the Crimea itself, on the other of the Kerch Peninsula. The language of the city of Evpatoria should be included among the northern dialects. This also includes the language of a part of those inhabitants of Karasubazar and Feodosia who, by the nature of their occupation, are in constant contact with the steppe Tatars.

b) Nogai dialect. A pure northern Tatar language, very close to Kyrgyz.

All texts published by V.V. Radlov, were collected from the mouths of practically illiterate respondents. Therefore, they, as accurately as possible, convey the dialectal features of a particular dialect. When recording texts, Radlov used his "academic" transcription. For a more accurate transmission of rat-Tatar sounds in transcription, the following notation is used: w (transmits the sound [ v]),i[ and ], ң [n],j[ th], ä [ e], ö, ÿ, ā (long sounds), l (transmits palatal sound [l]). solid sound l is represented by the letter l. Example:

« Wahtydan bir yach adam, bir bazargan janynda yrkat jÿryamishlär. Sonra o adamlary bazargan alyr, bir uzak järä kitmish. About adamlaryn isablaryn bu bazargan värmish kaytadzhak olmushlar mämäläkätä sejlämish-ki: siz bĩ – akhyl adamlar, warynhyz akhyldashyn! dämish bazargan. Bu adamlar dädi - ki: bazargan biz nä järä varyp danyshajyk. Fälän järdä bir koj war - holes, anda bir hart war jÿz jashynda. Bu adamlar kharty bulmushlar…”

Each dialect has its own phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological and syntactic features. It is these features of the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language that are recorded in the records of Academician Radlov. There are a large number of morphological, phonetic and lexical dialectisms in the texts: vermish - "bergen", almysh - "algan", gezeyir - "keze", bakhayyr - "bak'a", atyn - "atnyn", hart - "kart", khar - "Kar", khyz - "kyyz", ver - "ber", getch - "kech", ben - "men", deren - "teren", abla - "tata", salmak - "koymak", gendi / kendy - "oz".

In one of the reporting articles related to the Crimean Language Expedition, Professor N.K. Dmitriev pointed out that “... in the Crimea there are no“ pure ”dialects that could be fully adjusted to any sound scheme: for example, on the southern coast, where at the beginning of words prevails th, there are such forms as dzhyydym (I collected), and in the Karasubazar region, forms of the type geldim instead of those suggested keldim etc." . A similar picture can be seen in the notes of V.V. Radlov. In texts belonging to the southern coast dialect, there is a lexeme kjol instead of ale, instead of sound h sound was used in some positions w(ishtiler, ashty, ustu gitti, hashtylar), instead of sound X sound was used gj(doguz, chygardy, chygar), sometimes there was no spirantization kj>x(kyyz, kart). Here are the pronouns saga and magha instead of dignity and mana, along with lexemes yag and koimak lexemes were used May and salmak.

In 1868, the work of V.Kh. Kondaraki "Universal description of the Crimea". In the second part of the work, the author published 43 dialogues in Russian, modern Greek and South Coast dialect of the Crimean Tatar language. All dialogues are written in Cyrillic without any transcription. Despite this, these dialogues reveal some morphological and lexical features of the South Coast dialect. For instance:

¾ Siz verdiniz arzaval filyany ustyune?
Verdim
Ispatynys varmy ki ahyykhat bu adam size fenalikh etti?
Benim shaatlarim var
Kimler dyr olar soleniz adlaryn?
Eshitemusun on-bashi chagyr bana o ademleri
Imams-da emine ketirmeh uchun
Siz-dabekleniz Bunda ...
Shindy salty bana under the court of oldunma I tevtish astynda haldynma? Evli-syz? Varma balanyz? Do not din khulanysyz? Ve hach yashinyzdasyz? Ondan made soleniz bana nasyl beati ysyz bu ishi ...

1) South Coast riddles (98 riddles).

2) steppe riddles (32 riddles).

Despite the fact that in his work the author tried to convey the sounds of the Crimean Tatar speech in Cyrillic without introducing any signs, without even indicating the palatality of the vowels “y” and “o”, the work is of great interest to the dialectologist. Here the author offers a small phonetic sketch of the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.

In 1935, the Crimean Language Expedition was held. I.Kh. was appointed the leader of the expedition. Yumankulov, Deputy for the scientific part of prof. N.K. Dmitriev, Deputy for organizational and economic part ¾ A.A. Ametov. From the point of view of the methodology of work, five scientific teams were organized: a brigade for phonetics and morphology, a brigade for syntax, a brigade for vocabulary-semantics, a brigade for folklore and for the study of comprehensibility literary language among the general public. From the reporting articles of the expedition leaders, it becomes known that as a result of the expedition, a huge material was collected on folklore and dialects of the Crimean Tatar language. The expedition staff collected more than 20 thousand terms. Only from Sevastopol to the village of Otuzy, 5300 terms were collected, of which 35% are absolutely new. I. Yumankulov points out that the same term was used differently in different settlements. “...for example, the term lizard. In the village of Chorgun they call kesertke, in Gaspra kesertke, in Derikoy karashofla, in Gurzuf kursofla, in Degermenkoye kshofla, in Alushta surka, in Korbek kolokshafa, in Kuchuk-Uzbek kshafla, in Uskut korochafla, in Ai-serez karashafla, in Taraktash kesertka, in Kutlak Kortauner, in Otuz Kestanker. The local press published 37 articles written by members of the expedition. All expedition materials were lost.

Some phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features of the South Coast dialect are described in the work of V.A. Bogoroditsky "On the Crimean Tatar dialect".

The following scientists were engaged in the study of dialects of the Crimean Tatar language: academician A.E. Krymsky, Professor E.V. Sevortyan.

Phonetic and morphological features of the Crimean Tatar dialects are considered by S.R. Izidinova in her dissertation for the competition degree candidate of philological sciences. More than 100 phonetic and morphological isoglosses were analyzed in the dissertation.

Lexical dialectisms have been partially studied by Professor A.M. Memetov.

Reshetov E.S.

A dialect is a variety (variant) of a given language, used by a more or less limited number of people connected by a territorial, professional or social community and in constant and direct linguistic contact.

Territorial dialect language (local dialects) is an oral variety of the language of a limited number of people living in the same territory (in rural areas). common property territorial dialects is the preservation of outdated linguistic features that characterize the period preceding the national development of the literary language and the national language as such.

A dialect language is an unwritten (oral) form of a language. It is not the same in different territories, i.e. varies geographically. The literary language, unlike it, is the same in its manifestations in any locality of residence of the people - the native speaker of this language.

The scientific study of the Crimean Tatar dialects begins with the work of Academician V.V. Radlov “Samples of folk literature of the northern Turkic tribes. Part 7. Adverbs of the Crimean Peninsula. In this work, the author published 103 folklore-dialectological texts in various dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.

In 1935, the Crimean Language Expedition was held. From the reporting articles of the expedition leaders, it becomes known that as a result of the expedition, a huge material was collected on folklore and dialects of the Crimean Tatar language. The expedition staff collected more than 20 thousand terms. Only from Sevastopol to the village of Otuzy, 5300 terms were collected, of which 35% are absolutely new, not yet included in dictionaries.

In 1868, the work of V.Kh. Kondaraki "Universal description of the Crimea". In the second part of the work, the author published 43 dialogues in Russian, modern Greek and South Coast dialect of the Crimean Tatar language. Some phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features of the South Coast dialect are described in the work of V.A. Bogoroditsky "On the Crimean Tatar dialect".

Phonetic and morphological features of the Crimean Tatar dialects are considered by S.R.Izidinova in her dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. More than 100 phonetic and morphological isoglosses were analyzed in the dissertation.

The dissertation work of L. Selimova “ K ı r ı m Tatar T ü rk Ag ı zlar ı (Akmescit, Bahcesaray, G ü ney Kiyi Bolgesi) (Ses Bilgisi)".

In 1966, Professor E.V. Sevortyan published an essay "Crimean Tatar language" in the book "Languages of the peoples of the SSR". Along with a detailed description of the structure of the literary Crimean Tatar language, the author provides some information about the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.

The dialect language as a whole is characterized by a significant unity of the phonological system, grammatical structure, and vocabulary. However, at the same time, each of these subsystems of the dialect language includes a number of dialect differences that are opposed and not opposed to each other. Vocabulary of dialects of the Crimean Tatar language can be divided into: a) lexical units coinciding with the words of the literary language, b) lexical dialectisms, c) phonemic dialectisms, d) morphological dialectisms, e) semantic dialectisms.

Lexical dialectisms - abla - "sister"; avrat - "woman, wife"; avlikmek - "to worry"; agiriza - "wild grapes"; azgana - "a little"; aina - "mirror"; alasha - "horse"; apai - "wife"; apakai - "wife"; alai - "everything"; apa - "sister"; apakai - "woman"; apche - "grandmother"; ar - "lion"; aramak - "search"; ardych - "juniper"; aruv - "good"; atya - "grandmother"; afrata - "corn"; bekaka - "frog" burada - "here"; burche - "flea"; varel - "barrel"; dada - "brother"; dadai - "older sister"; dayyn - "as if, like"; damat - "groom"; damla - "drop"; dandrok - "yula"; devirilmek - "to spin"; degmek - "to touch"; ibe - "grandmother"`; izar - "trousers"; ikenbaba - "grandfather"; imchekana - "mother's aunt"; imchekbaba - "maternal uncle"; inek - "cow"; it - "dog"; carp - "lizard"; kata - "grandmother"; kedi - "cat"; candy - "himself"; karamak - "to look"; martaval - "bad"; matam - "younger brother (sister)"; from - "fire"; otmek - "to pass"; saran - "greedy"; syuk - "bone"; tapta - "grandmother"; tasma - "belt"; terakyai - "little"; tyue - "camel"; tyume - "button";

It is customary to call phonemic such dialectisms, the phonemic composition of which, with the identity of the meaning, contains a minimal difference from the corresponding word of another lexical system. Thus, this group includes words that are identical in expressed meaning, but with sound deviations in the roots and stems of the word. Similar types of correlative members of lexical and phonetic differences occupy a significant place in the dialect system of the Crimean Tatar language. It can be one or more phonemes, for example: hush< къуш (лит. яз) «птица»; хыз (южн. диал.) < къыз (лит. яз) «девушка, девочка»; хора (южн. диал.) < къора (лит. яз) «изгородь» ; хартана (южн. диал.) < къартана (лит. яз) «бабушка»; ходжа (южн. диал.) < къоджа (лит. яз) «муж»; хартоп (южн. диал.) < къартоп (лит. яз) «картофель»; хар (южн. диал.) < къар (лит. яз) «снег»; харт (южн. диал.) < къарт (лит. яз) «старый, старик»; гельмек (южн. диал.) < кельмек (лит. яз) «приходить» ; гÿнь (южн. диал.) < кунь (лит. яз) «день»; геч (южн. диал.) < кеч (лит. яз) «поздно»; гőммек (южн. диал.) < коммек (лит. яз) «зарывать, хоронить»; гőкÿс (южн. диал.) < кокюс (лит. яз) «грудь»; гелин (южн. диал.) < келин (лит. яз) «невестка» ; гÿнеш < кунеш «солнце» ; гőзь < козь (лит. яз) «глаз»; гőрмек (южн. диал.) < кормек «видеть»; дерен (южн. диал.) < терен (лит. яз) «глубокий»; дÿш (южн. диал.) < тÿш (лит. яз) «сон»; бугъа (южн. диал.) < богъа (лит. яз) «бык»; къамыр (сев. диал.) < хамыр (лит. яз) «тесто»; къалкъ (сев. диал.) < халкъ (лит. яз) «народ»; къыяр (сев. диал.) < хыяр (лит. яз) «огурец»; кеми (сев. диал.) < геми (лит. яз) ; сёкмек (сев. диал.) < сёгмек (лит. яз) «ругать»; дынъламакъ (сев. диал.) < динълемек (лит. яз) «слушать»; къорлукъ (сев. диал.) хорлукъ (лит. яз) «страдание»; мыкъ (сев. диал.) < мых (лит. яз) «гвоздь»; сюймек (сев. диал.) < севмек (лит. яз) «любить» ; ель (южн. диал.) < джель (сев. диал.) «ветер»; ёл (южн. диал.) < джол (сев. диал.) «дорога» ; ер (южн. диал.) < джер (сев. диал.) «земля»; ятмах (южн. диал.) < джатмакъ (сев. диал.) «ложиться»; ялан (южн. диал.) < джалан (сев. диал.) «ложь»; ёлах (южн. диал.) < джолакъ (сев. диал.) «полоса».

Morphological dialectisms. Different words used in different dialects and subdialects to express the same concept, while maintaining the identity of the root morpheme, can differ only in variants of word-forming affixes. This includes words that have the same meaning, but with different word-forming affixes: kediye (south. dial.)< кедиге (лит. яз) «кошке» ; аблая (южн. диал.) < аблагъа «сестре» ; буюканая (южн. диал.) < буюканагъа «бабушке» ; хабахы (южн. диал.) < къабакъны «тыквы» ; колокшофайы (южн. диал.) < колокшофаны «ящерицу» ; адамын (южн. диал.) < адамнынъ (лит. яз) «человека» ; эвин (южн. диал.) < эвнинъ (лит. яз) «дома» ; алмыш (южн. диал.) < алгъан (лит. яз) «взял» ; демиш (южн. диал.) < деген (лит. яз) «сказал» ; япмыш (южн. диал.) < япкъан (лит. яз) «сделал» ; тапмыш (южн. диал.) < тапкъан (лит. яз) «нашел».

Semantic dialectisms are lexemes that have the same roots in a dialect and inCrimean Tatar literary language, but having their own independent meaning: yaman"very" (Northern dial.)< яман (лит. яз) «плохой» ; от «огонь» (сев. диал.) < от (лит. яз) «трава».

The lexical layer of the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language remains poorly studied and at the same time the most interesting and rich. This is clearly seen in the example of kinship terms. Let us consider the boundaries of the distribution of kinship terms in the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language. In the Crimean Tatar language, kinship terms are divided into two groups:

a) terms of kinship by blood;

b) terms of kinship by marriage.

The terms of kinship by blood include the following terms: ana - mother, baba - father, kyz - daughter, ogul - son, kartana - grandmother, kartbaba - grandfather, oglan kardash - younger brother, kyz kardash - younger sister, agha elder brother, tata - older sister, dayy - uncle on the mother's side, tize - aunt on the mother's side, emje - uncle on the father's side, ala - aunt on the father's side.

Terms of kinship by marriage: nishanly - engaged, kelin - bride, kiev - groom, son-in-law, apai - wife, akai - husband, omur arkadash - spouse, kaynata - father-in-law, father-in-law, kainana - mother-in-law, mother-in-law, kayyn - brother-in-law , brother-in-law, kainaga - the elder brother of the wife or husband, kelindesh - the wives of two brothers, badzhanak - the husbands of two sisters in relation to each other, brother-in-law, baldyz - the wife's younger sister, sister-in-law, koryumdzhe - the husband's younger sister, sister-in-law, chelebiag'a the husband's elder brother , kuda - matchmaker, godfather, matchmaker, godfather, dudu - appeal to the wives of older brothers, uncles of the wife, enishte - husband of an older sister or aunt, tul - widower, widow, tul apai - widow, tul akai - widower, etim - an orphan.

Along with the lexeme kartana "grandmother", the following terms are used in the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language: bita, buyukana, bikan, kata, tapta, kartanai, iken nem, nanam, apchem, bukana, boykan, kartii. The terms buyukana and nanam were used in Alushta (south. dial.), the lexemes iken nem and kata in Sudak (south. dial.), apchem in the village. Uskut (south. dial.), Bukanav with. Ayserez (south. dial.), the term kartiyu was used in Evpatoria (north. dial.), kartanay in Kerch (northern. dial.), the lexeme bitau was used in the middle dialect of the Crimean Tatar language. It should be noted that in some dialects of the South Coast dialect (Korbek) the lexeme qartana was used with the phonetic variant of khartan.

To refer to grandfather in the South Coast dialect,

lexemes harba, khartbaba and dede. In the steppe dialect, together with the term kartbaba, the lexeme ikenbaba is used. In the middle dialect, kartbaba and karba are used

Along with the terms oglan kardash and kyz kardash, kada, kadya, kadem and hardash are also used in the southern coast dialect. In the steppe dialect of the Crimean Tatar language, the lexeme matam is used.

To designate the elder sister of the husband in the dialect under study, along with the term koryumdzhe, koryumdzheta, koryumdzheabla, koryumdzhepke are also used. . In the steppe dialect of the Crimean Tatar language, the lexeme kayynbike is used to designate the elder sister of the husband.

Instead of the term dudu in the southern coast dialect, the lexemes engepche, engeapa, ingeana, enge, inge are used.

(middle dialect and literary standard) Nogai-Kypchak subgroup (steppe dialect) Oguz group Turkish subgroup (south coast dialect)

Writing : Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1 : ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also: Project:Linguistics

Distribution of the Crimean Tatar language

Crimean Tatar language(Qırımtatar tili, Kyrymtatar tili) or Crimean language(Qırım tili, Kyrym tili) - the language of the Crimean Tatars, belongs to the Turkic languages, which are part of the Altaic family of languages. Writing based on the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic.

Demography

The total number of speakers of the Crimean Tatar language in the territory former USSR is approximately 350 thousand people, of which about 250 thousand in the Crimea. In Bulgaria and Romania - about 30 thousand. There are no reliable data on the number of speakers in Turkey.

Dialects

Each of the three sub-ethnic groups of the Crimean Tatars (natives of the central zone of Crimea, the steppes and the South Coast) has its own dialect.

The South Coast (southern, Yalyboy) dialect belongs to the Oguz languages and is very close to Turkish. It differs less from literary Turkish than some proper Turkish dialects. A feature of this dialect is also a significant number of Greek and some Italian borrowings.
The steppe (northern, Nogai) dialect spoken by the steppe dwellers belongs to the Kypchak languages and is related to the Nogai and other Nogai-Kypchak languages. The steppe dialect is spoken by the Crimean Tatars of Romania and Bulgaria, as well as the vast majority of the Crimean Tatars of Turkey.
The most common, middle dialect (Orta-Yolak, Tat), spoken by people from the mountainous and foothill regions of Crimea, is intermediate between the two above. It contains both Kypchak and Oghuz features. On the basis of this dialect, the modern literary Crimean Tatar language was created. Despite the significant Oguzization, the middle dialect is a direct continuation of the Polovtsian language, which was spoken in the Crimea in the 14th century (the language of the written monument Codex Cumanicus).

Ethnolects

Some scholars consider the Turkic languages that developed on the territory of the Crimean Khanate among other ethnic groups of the peninsula as ethnolects of the Crimean Tatar. These are the Crimean dialect of the Karaite language, Krymchak and Urum languages. The Crimean variant of the Karaite language and the Krymchak language differ from the literary Crimean Tatar only in some peculiarities of pronunciation and the presence of Hebraisms. The differences between the Urum language (which itself consists of several dialects) and the Crimean Tatar language are noticeably stronger. First of all, this big number borrowings from the Greek language and the presence of specific sounds missing in the Crimean Tatar. The Karaites, Krymchaks and Urums themselves insist on the independence of their languages.

Crimean Tatar dialects are also common in Bulgaria and Romania (defined as Balkan Crimean Tatar), and the distinction between Nogai, Polovtsian and Oguz dialects is preserved.

Story

Three Crimean Tatar dialects were formed mainly during the Middle Ages on the basis of the Kypchak and Oguz dialects of the Turkic-speaking population of Crimea. The strong differences between the dialects are explained by the fact that the process of the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars is very complex, and many both Turkic and non-Turkic peoples took part in it. During the time of the Crimean Khanate, the literary language of the Crimean Tatars was first a variety of the Turkic language inherited from the Golden Horde, and then the Ottoman language.

The modern history of the Crimean Tatar language began at the end of the 19th century with the activities of the outstanding educator Ismail Gasprinsky. He contributed to the revival of the Crimean Tatar culture after a century of decline that followed the entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Gasprinsky actually created the Crimean Tatar literary language. This language, unlike the modern one, was based on the southern coast, Oghuz dialect.

(2) There is no one-to-one correspondence between the letters of the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.

Historical alphabets

Arabic (until 1928)

Isolated	final	The average	Primary	Name	Resp. in Latin
ﺍ	ﺎ	-		elif	a, a
ﺀ	-			hemze	-
ﺏ	ﺐ	ﺒ	ﺑ	be	b, p (at the end of words)
ﭖ	ﭗ	ﭙ	ﭘ	ne	p
ﺕ	ﺖ	ﺘ	ﺗ	those	t
ﺙ	ﺚ	ﺜ	ﺛ	se	s
ﺝ	ﺞ	ﺠ	ﺟ	Jim	c
ﭺ	ﭻ	ﭽ	ﭼ	chim	ç
ﺡ	ﺢ	ﺤ	ﺣ	Ha	-
ﺥ	ﺦ	ﺨ	ﺧ	hey	h
ﺩ	ﺪ	-		distance	d
ﺫ	ﺬ	-		potion	z
ﺭ	ﺮ	-		re	r
ﺯ	ﺰ	-		ze	z
ﮊ	ﮋ	-		same	j
ﺱ	ﺲ	ﺴ	ﺳ	syn	s
ﺵ	ﺶ	ﺸ	ﺷ	tires	ş
ﺹ	ﺺ	ﺼ	ﺻ	garden	s
ﺽ	ﺾ	ﻀ	ﺿ	dad	d, z
ﻁ	ﻂ	ﻄ	ﻃ	you	t
ﻅ	ﻆ	ﻈ	ﻇ	PS	z
ﻉ	ﻊ	ﻌ	ﻋ	ain	-
ﻍ	ﻎ	ﻐ	ﻏ	gine	ğ
ﻑ	ﻒ	ﻔ	ﻓ	fe	f
ﻕ	ﻖ	ﻘ	ﻗ	qaf	q
ﻙ	ﻚ	ﻜ	ﻛ	kef (kef-i arabiy)	k (g, с) 1
ﮒ	ﮓ	ﮕ	ﮔ	gef (kef-i farsi)	g
ﯓ	ﯔ	ﯖ	ﯕ	nave (kef-i nuniy, sagyr kef)	ñ
ﻝ	ﻞ	ﻠ	ﻟ	lam	l
ﻡ	ﻢ	ﻤ	ﻣ	mime	m
ﻥ	ﻦ	ﻨ	ﻧ	nun	n
ﻭ	ﻮ	-		wav	v, o, ö, u, ü
ﻩ	ﻪ	ﻬ	ﻫ	heh	-, e, a
ﻻ	ﻼ	-		lam-elif	la, la
ﻯ	ﻰ	ﻴ	ﻳ	ye	y, ı, i

1 - often the letter ﻙ (kef) was also used instead of ﮒ and ﯓ.

Latin (1928-1938)

A a	B in	c c	Ç ç	D d	e e	F f	G g
H h	I i	J j	b b	K k	Q q	Ƣ ƣ	l l
M m	N n	N̡ n̡	O o	Ɵ ө	Pp	R r	S s
Ş ş	T t	U u	Y y	Vv	X x	Zz	Ƶ ƶ

Morphology

The generally accepted classification of the Crimean Tatar language refers it to several groups: Oguz, Kipchak-Polovtsian and Nogai-Kipchak languages; the Tatar language belongs to the Volga-Kipchak and Polovtsian-Kipchak subgroups.

There is a similarity between different dialects of the Tatar and Crimean Tatar languages. For example, the affricate ç in the Mishar dialect brings it closer to the Crimean Tatar language, but in the Kazan dialect ç is fricative, which separates the Kazan dialect from the middle dialect of the Crimean Tatar language, but at the same time brings it closer to the steppe dialect. The vocalism of the Mishar dialect (not rounded a) brings Tatar closer to the Crimean Tatar language, but the presence of a rounded variant in the Kazan dialect separates the Tatar language from the Crimean Tatar.

The similarity and difference between the Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages is considered separately for each dialect of both the Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages. The most distant from the Tatar language is the South Coast dialect of the Crimean Tatar language.

Spelling the name of the language

The spelling of the name of the language - the adjective "Crimean Tatar" - is debatable. Two options are widespread: fused - Crimean Tatar and hyphen - Crimean Tatar. Despite the fact that according to the officially valid "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" of 1956, the word should be written together, there are a number of publications and dictionaries that recommend hyphenation. At the same time, in practice in the Crimea and in Ukraine as a whole, almost exclusively continuous spelling is used, in Russia both options are used, but hyphenated more often. In particular, the standard GOST 7.75-97 "Codes for the Names of Languages" in force in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan calls the language of the Crimean Tatars "Crimean Tatar", while the literature published in Crimea (including all modern Russian-language grammars, textbooks and language manuals), "Crimean Tatar"

Content

Introduction.

Settlement and occupation of the Tatars.

Influence of the Ottoman Empire on the Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea.
Features of the formation of the Tatars of the Crimean Mountains.
Adherents of the nomadic way of life are the steppe Tatars.

Where are we from and where are our roots?

A study of the roots of the Reshatov Arslan family.

Conclusion.

Used Books.

Introduction

Language is the confession of the people,

He hears his nature

His soul and life are dear.

P.A. Vyazemsky

Tilimiz pek zengin eken!..

Buzengin til - halkymyznyn

kalp - sevinchi, figany,

Turkic tiller gulzarynin

En chechekli fidans.

(E. Shemyi-zade)

The Crimean Tatar language is an integral part of our life. Since birth, we have heard it all around us. We, without hesitation, use many different words to express your thoughts and feelings, to communicate with loved ones and friends. This is the most important means by which a person learns to live, learns the world. WITH early childhood our mothers, grandparents taught us to speak our native language, read and told fairy tales in the Crimean Tatar language. “Language is a tool. It is necessary to know it, to master it well,” said the Russian writer M. Gorky. The Crimean Tatar language is rich and varied. It is very difficult to study it, but interesting. It is deep and inexhaustible. By this he captivates, fascinates those who study him. To know it to the end, in our opinion, is impossible. Crimean Tatar language is ours native language Therefore, we believe that we must learn to speak correctly and beautifully. Correct speech is the first sign of human culture.

The purpose of our work:

- to study the origin of the Crimean Tatar language.To achieve this goal, the followingtasks:

- analyze the similarities and differences between the dialects of the southern coast, mountain and steppe Tatars;

- collect material on the origin of the Crimean Tatar language.

Subject of study : dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.

Object of study: dialects of our families (the Reshatov and Khalilov families).

The process of formation of the Crimean Tatar people.

1.1 Formation of the Crimean Khanate.

V X IIIcentury Crimea became the object of the expansion of the Mongols. Mongols first appeared in Crimea in 1223. Under them, the peninsula was named Kyrym (Crimea). For a long time Crimea was only an ulus (province) of the Golden Horde. The residence of the governor of the Golden Horde Khan was Solkhat. Only in the first halfXVcentury, in connection with the collapse of the Golden Horde, an independent state entity, the Crimean Khanate, stands out from its composition. The structure of the Crimean Khanate, in addition to the Crimean peninsula, included the Dnieper and Azov regions. Bakhchisaray became the capital of the Khanate. But as an independent state, the Crimean Khanate did not last very long. Already in 1475, the Turks conquered the Genoese colonies on the southern and eastern coasts and the Principality of Theodoro. Crimean Khan had to obey all the orders of the Turkish Sultan. Kefe, Sudak, Kerch, as well as part of the South-Western Crimea turned into the possessions of the Sultan (sanjak). Kefe became the residence of the governor of the Sultan. The Crimean Tatars cannot be considered as direct descendants of the Mongol conquerors. The formation of the Crimean Tatar people went in a rather complicated way. critical role the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Polovtsians (Kipchaks) played in this process. Before the beginningXIIIFor centuries, almost the entire peninsula was under the rule of the Polovtsians. In the formation of the Crimean Tatar people, a certain place is occupied by the Seljuk Turks, who invaded the Crimea. by sea from Asia Minor. A certain role in the formation of the Crimean Tatar people was played by the descendants of the Goths and the Greek population of the coastal and mountainous Crimea.

1.2 Origin of the Crimean Tatar language.

Formation process Crimean Tatars as a certain ethnic group continued fromXIII before XVIv. As a result, two main groups of Crimean Tatars arose in Crimea: the steppe (Northern Crimean) and the southern coast, which differed from each other both in anthropological characteristics and even in language. To understand the ethnic history of the Crimean Tatars, it is necessary to find out the history of the use of the term "Tatars". For the first time it is mentioned in the ancient Turkic Orkhon monuments.VIIIv. to designate the northeastern Mongolian tribes and means "foreigner". The ethnonym "Tatars" until the 20sXXcenturies called the Turkic-speaking population of the Volga, Crimea, Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Then self-names appeared: Azerbaijani, Karachai, Balkar, Kumyk, Nogai, Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar, etc. In the endXIXcenturies, linguists have introduced the term "Turk" to indicate the belonging of the Turkic-speaking tribes to one language system. In the process of formation of the Crimean Tatars took part: 1.Non-Turkic-speaking ancestors: Taurians, Scythians, ancient Greeks, Sarmatians, Alans, Byzantines, Goths. 2.Turkic-speaking ancestors : Huns, Turko-Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Golden Horde tribes.

Ethnic heterogeneity was reflected in the peculiarities of the language, material and spiritual culture of the population of certain regions of Crimea. In the process of interaction between ethnic groups on the basis of a common territory, economic ties, religion, language withXI on XVIIIv. the Crimean Tatars were formed.

The Crimean Tatar language is included in the Western Xiongnu linguistic branch of the Turkic languages.

The study of the works of scientists, practical observations, the study of dialect differences in the language, features of the physical type, material and spiritual culture make it possible to divide the Crimean Tatars into three generally accepted groups: south coast, mountain and steppe.

1. Crimean Tatars of the South Shore (self-name "yalyboylyu" - coastal). Their language belongs to the Oguz-Seljuk group of Oghuz languages together with Seljuk, Old Ottoman, Old Azerbaijani, Turkish and Urum. Dialects - Yalta, Sudak, Balaklava. Replete with Greekisms, there are Italian words. Anthropological type Caucasoid, no signs of Mongoloidity. Dialectsouth coastCrimean TatarsverycloseToTurkishlanguage( onsomefeaturedhecloserto literaryTurkish, howsomedialectsactuallyTurkishrange. literary normCrimean Tatarlanguage, createdinsecondhalfXIXcentury

enlightener, reliedto the south coastdialect.

Dialects:

1) The Western (Yalta) dialect was spread from Foros in the west to Nikita in the east. Specific traits: Kypchak initial k- and t- instead of Oguz g- and d- in most words, present affix -yır, -yir (corresponds to Turkish -yor).

2) The middle (Alushta) dialect was distributed from Gurzuf in the west to Tuvak in the east. Characteristic features: Oguz initial g-, Kypchak initial t- instead of Oguz d- in most words, present tense affix -y -ıy, -iy, -uy, -üy, affix 1 person plural. numbers -ıq, -ik, -uq, -ük.

3) Eastern (Sudak) dialect was distributed from Uskut in the west to Koktebel in the east. Characteristic features: Oghuz initial g- and d-, present tense affix -y -ıy, -iy, -uy, -üy, 1st person affix plural. numbers -ıq, -ik, -uq, -ük. In the dialects of some villages, soft k corresponds to a specific sound close to h.

In general, the South Coast dialect is very heterogeneous and the language of people from almost every village or group of nearby villages has its own unique features, especially in the field of vocabulary. For example, the dialect of the natives of the village of Uskyut has dozens of words that are no longer found in any other Crimean dialects and dialects. Real yalyboylyu lived on the site from Foros to Alushta. The inhabitants of the Sudak region - Uskuts - have their own characteristics. The South Coast Tatars are the descendants of the Greeks, Goths, Turks, Circassians and Genoese. Outwardly, the Yalyboylu look like the Greeks and Italians, but there are blue-eyed and fair-skinned blondes.

Features: it is believed that the southern coast is distinguished by enterprise and business acumen.

2. Crimean Tatar population between the First and Second Ridges of the Crimean Mountains , the so-called "tats", "tatlar". The language belongs to the Kypchak-Polovtsian group, is strongly Oghuz, saturated with Iranianisms, Greekisms, contains Arabisms, separate Gothic words: “razan”, “soba”. Anthropological type Caucasoid, no Mongoloid.

3. Steppe Crimean Tatars - Nogai (self-name "mangyt"). The name of Mangyt Khan Nogai became a household name for the entire tribal union of Mangyts. The Mangyt-Nogai language is included in the Kypchak-Nogai group along with the Karakalpak, Kazakh, Nogai, Kypchak dialects of the Uzbek language. At present, he has become close to the language of the foothill Crimean Tatars. It is divided into two main dialects: Evpatorian (Kezlev) and Kerch (Kerich). Contains Arabicisms of mostly religious origin, as well as isolated Mongolian and Iranian words. Features: among the Crimean Tatars, there is a widespread belief that Nogai men are distinguished by reasonableness and calm disposition.

II. Settlement and occupation of the Tatars.

2.1 Influence of the Ottoman Empire on the Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea.

The Crimean Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea were under significant Turkish influence (along the southern coast lay the lands of the sanjak of the Turkish sultan). This was reflected in their customs and language. They were tall, with European features. Their flat-roofed dwellings, located on the mountain slopes near the seashore, were built of unhewn stone. The South Coast Crimean Tatars were famous as gardeners. They were engaged in fishing and animal husbandry. Cultivation of grapes was a real passion. The number of its varieties reached, according to the estimates of foreign travelers, several dozen, and many were unknown outside the Crimea.

2.2 Features of the formation of the Tatars of the Crimean Mountains.

Another group of the Tatar population formed in the Crimean Mountains. Along with the Turks and Greeks, the Goths made a significant contribution to its formation, due to which people with red and blond hair were often found among the mountain Tatars. The local language was formed on the basis of Kipchak with an admixture of Turkish and Greek elements. The main occupations of the highlanders were animal husbandry, tobacco growing, gardening, and horticulture. They grew, as on the South Coast, garlic, onions, and eventually tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, greens. Tatars knew how to harvest fruits and vegetables for the future: they made jam, dried, salted them.

Mountain Crimean Tatars, like the South Coast, also built dwellings with flat roofs. Houses with two floors were quite common. In this case, the first floor was made of stone, and the second, with a gable roof, was made of wood. The second floor was larger than the first, which saved land. The protruding part of the tereme (second floor) was supported by bent wooden supports, which rested with their lower ends against the wall of the first floor.

2.3 Adherents of the nomadic way of life are the steppe Tatars.

The third group was formed in the steppe Crimea, mainly from the Kipchaks, Nogays, Tatar-Mongols. The steppe Crimean Tatars maintained their adherence to a nomadic way of life for the longest time. In order to bring them to a settled way of life, Khan Sahib-Girey (1532-1551) ordered to cut the wheels and break the wagons of those who wanted to leave the Crimea for nomadism. The steppe Tatars erected dwellings from unbaked bricks and shell stone. The roofs of houses were made two- or single-pitched. Like many hundreds of years ago, the breeding of sheep and horses remained one of the main occupations. Over time, they began to sow wheat, barley, oats, and millet. High yields made it possible to provide the population of Crimea with grain.

Crimean Tatars (kyrymtatarlar , qırımtatar, qırımtatar ) or Crimeans - people, historically formed in and ; along with a few and , Crimean Tatars belong to the indigenous population of the Crimean peninsula. They speak, which is included in languages.

The vast majority of Crimean Tatars -- .

The name "Crimean Tatars" has remained in Russian since the times when almost all Turkic-speaking peopleswere called Tatars:(Mountain Tatars),(Transcaucasian or Azerbaijani Tatars),(Dagestan Tatars),(Abakan Tatars), etc. The Crimean Tatars are the descendants of the Turkic-speaking, Caucasian and other tribes that inhabited Eastern Europe before the Mongol invasion, when the ethnonym "Tatars" came to the west.

The Crimean Tatars themselves today use two self-names:qIrImtatarlar (literally "Crimean Tatars") andqIrImlar (literally "Crimeans". In everyday colloquialspeech can be used as a self-name and the wordTatarlar ("Tatars").

The Nogai and Yalyboi dialects differ in much the same way as the Russian and Ukrainian languages. The basis of the literary Crimean Tatar language was the language of the Tats - it combines the features of the "northern" and "southern" dialects.

III. Where are we from and where are our roots?

3.1 Study of the roots of the Reshatov Arslan family.

My name is Reshatov Arslan Fevzievich, I am 13 years old, I study in the 6th grade. The topic of dialects of the Crimean Tatar language interested me very much, since I thought that all Crimean Tatars speak the same way. First of all, I asked my parents what dialect they belong to. My mother, Reshatova Elvira Osmanovna, said that her grandparents (on the maternal side) came from the village of Ozenbash, where they lived before the deportation in 1944. My mother's father was half Ozenbash, half Bakhchisaray. My father, Reshatov Fevzi Rustemovich, had great-grandfathers and grandfathers from Bakhchisaray.

Therefore, I belong to the group of dialects of the middle dialect of the Crimean Tatar language, tied to the cities of the foothill zone: Akyar, Bakhchisaray, Akmesdzhit, Karasuvbazar. Thus, I am a Bakhchisaray tat! The Bakhchisaray Tats are considered intelligent, the Bakhchisaray dialect formed the basis for the formation of the Crimean Tatar literary language!

3.2 Study of Anife Khalilova's family roots.

I, Khalilova Anife Rustemovna, I am 12 years old, I study in the 6th grade. I learned about the dialects of our people from my grandmothers and parents. My mother, Khalilova Sherfzade Anipovna, is a tatka from the maternal line (Balaklava, Baidary); from the paternal line - nogay (Chernomorsky district, Belogorsk). My father, Khalilov Rustem Migdatovich, from the maternal line - tat and yalyboylu (Balaklava, village of Urkusta, Alupka); from the paternal line - tat and nogai (Bakhchisarai, Evpatoria). So, I am tatly nogai! My family speaks the Tat dialect, but we also speak the Nogai dialect well.

This work brought great pleasure, expanded my horizons and added new knowledge about my native language.

Conclusion.

The purpose of our research work has been achieved, the tasks set have been fully implemented. This study has strengthened in us the feeling and desire to preserve and develop our native language. I would like to express my impressions in the words of the Crimean Tatar writer Idris Asanin:

Ana tili

Doggan erin Kyrym senin,

Er tilnin bar doggan eri.

Doggan erin kibi dulber,

Ajayipsin, Ana tili!

K. D. Ushinsky showed with classical clarity the importance of the native language for the formation of a nation: the language of the people—there are no more people! ... As long as the language of the people is alive in the mouth of the people, so long is the people alive. And there is no violence more unbearable than that which wants to take away from the people the inheritance created by countless generations.

his surviving ancestors. Take everything away from the people and they can turn everything back, but take away the language and they will never create it again; a people can even create a new homeland, but never a language; the language died out in the mouth of the people - the people also died out.

Each nation has its own native language, which it speaks, which was spoken by its grandfathers and great-grandfathers, children and great-grandchildren will speak. Language is a whole era, the history of a people, its culture and its heritage.

That is why the language must be protected as the greatest value!!!

Used Books:

Crimea is multinational, ed. N.G. Stepanova. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1988. - Questions and answers; issue 1.

Turkic peoples of Crimea. Karaites. Crimean Tatars. Krymchaks. / Rev. ed. S. Ya. Kozlov, L. V. Chizhova. - M.: Nauka, 2003.

Crimean Tatars inXIX- in the beginning.XXcenturies Under the editorship of Zheltukhina O.A. - Guide to the ethnographic department.

Visiting the Crimean Tatars (Notes of travelers and ethnographers of the 19th-20th centuries). Compiled by Timur Bekirov.- 2015.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Orlovsky educational complex" of the municipal formation Krasnoperekopsky district of the Republic of Crimea

Crimean Republican Contest research work and projects "Step into Science"

Direction:

Work done:

Reshatov Arslan Fevzievich,

Khalilova Anife Rustemovna,

Pupils of the 6th grade of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Orlovsky educational complex" of the municipal formation Krasnoperekopsky district of the Republic of Crimea

Scientific adviser:

Tantana Mumine Muzafarovna,

Teacher of history and the Crimean Tatar language of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Orlovsky educational complex" of the municipal formation Krasnoperekopsky district of the Republic of Crimea

DIALECTS OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE:

HISTORY AND MODERNITY

Krasnoperekopsky district - 2017

Representation

Municipal budgetary educational institution Oryol educational complex,

Republic of Crimea, Krasnoperekopsky district

Orlovskoye village, Yubileynaya st., 2

kr_ orlovka_ schol@ mail. en

(full name of the nominating institution, address, including email address)

Nominates a participant _____________________________________________________________

p. / p.

FULL NAME.