Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It brings additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentencesand can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative and shaping.
Shape-forming particles are let's, yes, let's, would, b, it happened, let, let. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same member of the sentence as the verb: I would not know if he had not told.

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It introduces additional shades of meaning into the sentence, and can also form word forms.

Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form an imperative form together with the verb, for example: let them run, let's put up, let there be peace.

Particle would forms the conditional mood of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

Particles that introduce different semantic shades are divided into

affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, well, yes)

negative(no, no)

interrogative(really, is it, is it, or what),

comparative(like, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if),

amplifying(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index(out, this, here)

specifying(precisely, exactly, exactly, exactly),

excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, only, exclusively)

exclamatory(what for, then, how, well, after all),

expressing doubt(hardly, hardly).

The meaning and negative particles are presented below in the form of a table.

Particles	Shades of meaning	Usage examples
not, not at all, not at all, not at all	negation	He far from as generous as it seems
really, is it, is it (l)	question	Really don't you notice it?
here, out, this	indication	Take here this book
exactly, just, exactly, exactly, exactly	clarification	He exactly the same like his grandfather
only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively	restriction, selection	We only once seen him
what the, well, how	exclamatory	Well you have a big dog!
even, even, not, after all, after all, after all, well	gain	Even and don't think about it
hardly, hardly.	doubt	Hardly you can do it

Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, uh, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).

Particle- it service unit speech, which serves to express the shades of the meanings of words, phrases, sentences and to form the forms of words. Particles do not change, are not members of the sentence. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not along with the word to which it refers; especially for verbs). depending on the transmitted additional values allocate: semantic particles (here he, approximately two), modal particles(Yes, we have met, Well, go) and shaping particles which convey different grammatical meanings: Let goes. Yes hello meeting participants!

Basic semantic particles

	Name	Particles	Meaning	Examples
	pointing	out, here it is and etc.	point to objects	1. Here bream, offal, here sterlet slice(I. Krylov). 2. The medical profession it feat, it requires selflessness, purity of soul and purity of thoughts(A. Chekhov).
	Clarifying	exactly, almost, exactly, exactly and etc.	specify a word or expression	Mother nearly didn't pay attention to me(I. Turgenev).
	excretory-restrictive	only, just, just, only and etc.	give a word or group of words a restrictive connotation	Who am I? What am I? Only a dreamer who has lost the blue of his eyes in the darkness...(S. Yesenin)
	amplifying	even, after all, the same, and, neither and etc.	underline certain words	Even the clerk made some disapproving sound(L. Tolstoy).
	Interrogative	is it, is it, is it, is it and etc.	express the question in interrogative sentences	Is can i doubt it?(L. Tolstoy)
	Negative	not, not at all, not at all, not at all, far from and etc.	express denial. Particle No used when answering a question in the negative and separated by a comma	Independence, a sense of freedom and personal initiative in science not less needed than, for example, in art or trade(V. Chekhov). « So are you coming to us?" - " Not I won't come"(L. Tolstoy).
	Affirmative	yes, exactly, yes and etc.	express a statement	"Is already married?" - " Yes, the third year went from Filippovka"(L. Tolstoy). Separated by a comma.
	Comparative	as, as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc.	express comparison. Used with a predicate	1. Dubrovsky as if woke up from sleep(A. Pushkin). 2. Ripe rye how golden sea.
	exclamatory	what the, how, oh and etc.	express emotions	1. Dove, how good! Well what the neck, what the eyes!(I. Krylov). 2. To you, Kazbek, O guardian of the east, I, a wanderer, brought my bow(M. Lermontov).

Shaping particles

Grammatical form	Particles	Examples
Imperative verb	let, let, yes, come on	Let the crowd will trample on my crown: the singer's crown, the crown of thorns!(M. Lermontov)
Conditional verb	would, b	I AM b forever forgotten taverns and poems wouldI gave up writing… (S. Yesenin)
Obsolete past tense of the verb	It was	We have begun It was talk about the new district leader, when suddenly Olga's voice was heard at the door: "Tea is ready"(I. Turgenev).

modal particles

Values	Particles	Examples
Will (same meaning for shape particles)	Give- (ka), well, well, well, come on, let it, let it, come on	Not, I don't love you so passionately(P.)
Attitude to action: question, affirmation, negation, comparison	Yes, no, whether, as it were	You know whether you Ukrainian night? ( G.) do it how you know.
exclamatory-expressive	What the, -s	Well what the neck, what the eyes! (Cr.)

TO formative particles include particles that serve to form the forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include the following: would(conditional mood indicator), let, let, yes, come on (those)(indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, they are underlined along with it even in a non-contact arrangement, for example: I AM would not late if would it didn't rain .

semantic particles express the semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

In some studies, other groups of particles are distinguished, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, supposedly, supposedly).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate ( In the room neither sound) and as an intensifier in the presence of an already expressed negation ( In the room not heard neither sound). When repeating a particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating conjunction ( Can't hear in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Postfixes are not particles - Xia (-camping), -then, either, something and prefixes not and neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling.

semantic particle - then must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - then acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Compare: which- then, where- then (postfix) - I AM- then know where to go(particle).

A particle is a service part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.
The main sphere of particle use is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech gives the statements greater expressiveness, emotionality. Excessive use of particles leads to clogging of speech and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Discharges of particles.

According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into categories.

• shaping,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that are involved in the formation of certain forms of various parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form the mood forms of the verb:
  • imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; what would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I made more would it is better. I AM would did even better.

  Particles would, let, let, yes, let's (let's) are part of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb in the morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, state names - more, less : more important, less important; more interesting, less boring.
  The value of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more and all : more scarier all more interesting.

When forming forms, particles approach morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya (s), -something, -either, -something and no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling. Particle should be distinguished -then and -then : which -then, where -then ( ) - I AM -then I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In the complex of Babaitseva in the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where something, something, something - referred to derivational particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, someone, anyone; some - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles. not and neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles are converted into .
With a particle not words are formed with opposite meaning: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

negative particles

No, neitherare the most frequent particles. Moreover: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

• negative value for the whole sentence: Do not be this.
• negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often a negative particle not is included in the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I do not know. (do not know- saying)

Particle NI gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither cloud. Sometimes neither used without not : In the sky neither cloud.
• strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating a particle neither becomes important coordinating (connecting) union : Neither Sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include the words no. It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? Not . To reinforce the negation word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don't want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish nor (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). Particle and union are written separately: no not a soul (particle, reinforces negation); Neither (union) rain, neither The (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Sense Particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence (clarify, emphasize, reinforce), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Groups of particles by value:

• Contribute semantic shades:
  • interrogative —whether (l), is it, really :
    Really This is true? Truth whether it? Is don't you agree with me?
    Is and really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it) did not you recognize me? But, they can also have different meanings.
    In offers with unless doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to argue with the interlocutor, he is sure of the inadmissibility of the fact: Is can you lie?
    In offers with really there is doubt and surprise: Really did he deceive us?
  • index — here (and here), out (and out), here and, there and .
    Highlight the subject to which you need to pay attention: Here my village.
  • specifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express selection, limitation(restrictive-excretory) - only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively : I am not sick, only) tired a little.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamatory particles - what the how , Well: What a soul! That's lovely! oh well!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, indignation.
    Particle how has a homonym how - pronoun how and union how .
    Particle how usually used in exclamatory sentences: How delightful evenings in Russia!
    Pronoun-adverb how used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the proposal : How do you feel? How - circumstance.
    Union how - in complex sentences: I will tell you, how to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly Barely whether it will do. Unlikely he will agree.
  • amplifying particles - even, even, not, well, really, after all, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha is familiar only famous monuments. ( Only - amplifying particle, in the sentence is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon got brighter, the stars same just turned blue. Particle same highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• And day and night the cat is a scientist all walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - amplifying value
• Well what the neck, what theeyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeshello sun,Yesthe darkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the form of the imperative mood of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. forms the subjunctive mood of the verb.
• What we've been talking about before only thought, now realized. Just thought -only not an adverb, not a union, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not). Therefore, it is a particle.

The concept of a particle. Particle Values

Particle- a service part of speech, which gives additional semantic shades to both words and sentences, and also serves to form word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.

Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content:

Many Russian writers and poets used particles in their work.

For example, A.S. Pushkin used the particle here about 1000 times. A particle even sounded at the poet more than 300 times. For instance: " But dollseven during these years Tatiana in the handsnot took". And who does not know the famous " Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ? Already – a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech:

with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.);

with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.);

with unions (and, yes, and and etc.);

with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.).

Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles: not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all .

Particles can "travel" through the sentence, but their place is still strictly fixed: each particle is used by the speaker or writer before the word or phrase that is important to the author.

I AMnot champion.Exactly I am a champion.Really am i a champion?Even I am a champion.

I AMafter all champion.

Felix Krivin's miniature "Would, Lee, Zhe".

Would, Lee, Same... These are not just office words. They should not be confused with some -Something or -Something that cling to the members of the proposal, hold on to them with their dash.

The particles of By, Li, Zhe are not like that; despite their official position, they are completely independent and are written separately from other words - this must always be remembered. Each of them is busy with their own business - trying to emphasize the main idea.

And in off-duty hours ... Oh, what official words don’t talk about in off-duty hours!

- If I had not two, but three letters, - says the particle Would, - I would say this! Oh, this particle would, what a dreamer she is!

“Probably not,” the Lee particle objects to her, true to its habit of doubting everything.

“Do you need an extra letter?” “It's just empty talk,” Zhe stops them, accustomed to looking at things realistically.

“Two letters are enough for you – it’s no longer required by spelling.

This is how these particles argue in their free time. Although they are all service words, each has its own character, so they behave differently in the text:

Would-dreaming

Lee doubts.

Well, he claims.

And try to live without at least one of these particles! Don't live!

Particle Discharges:

1) Meaningful: Is it really, etc.

2) Shaping: would, come on, etc.

Shaping particles:

would (b), it happened, yes, come on, let's, let, let.

These particles serve to form word forms.

1) Particle would (b) participates in the creation of the conditional mood of the verb and can stand in the sentence both next to the verb, and be separated from it by other words.

Yes, I must have eaten. would and left. If would you yesterday not late , today all the work was would finished.

2) Particles let (let) and come on (come on) participate in the creation of the imperative mood of the verb. Let The kids will go camping as a group.

3) Particle happened (was) forms a special form of the past tense: Bela used to , sings songs to us or dances a lezginka. discontinued It was rain, suddenly poured again.

4) Particles more, less, most form the form of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs: most brave, more interesting.

Sense Particles

Semantic particles give the whole sentence or individual words different shades of meaning:

particles really (really), is it, is it (l) express a question.

For instance: Really did all the merry-go-rounds burn down?Is can be bored in the park?

particles what the, how, well and convey admiration, surprise, indignation. For instance: How The Dnieper is wide!

particles here, out highlight the subject to which you want to pay attention. For instance: Here mill.Won I used to live there.

Often these particles are used together with the union a: But and my brother came.

·

particles even, after all, after all, after all, not, really, well designed to reinforce a particular word in a sentence. For instance: You've got hands that ran awayeven trousers.

·

particles not, not, not at all, far from express denial in different ways. For instance: Not flowers bloom in late autumn the whole offer is denied ). Not the wind rages over the forest ( the word is denied ).

Particles expressing :

hardly, hardly . For instance: Unlikely I can read the book in one day.

Particles expressing:

exactly, just, exactly, exactly, exactly . for instance : Exactly I got this question in an exam.

Particles expressing :

only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively . for instance : Only Mom understands me.

The particle that expresses :

-ka. For instance: Think-ka well.

Separate and hyphenated spelling of particles.

1. Separate writing of particles

Apart particles are written would (b), same (g), whether (l): I would do it if I would, here it is, however, hardly, always.

Do not confuse with unionsto, too, also , particleseven, really .

Particle union

Compare: Whatwould should I eat?To to eat, we stopped for a halt.

Apart particles are written almost, just now (I'm almost done; she just didn't cry).

2. Hyphenating Particles

Through a hyphen particles are written: -something, -either, -something, something, koy-, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko.

For instance: what-then , whose-or , howsomeday , particles are part of indefinite pronouns and become suffixes;

tell-ka , he-de , Yes-With , Well-ka , Well-tka , colloquial or obsolete expressions.

Do not confuse:as if is written fluently.

Particle -then not only included in indefinite pronouns. She joins the words to give a touch of emotionality.

For instance: Long away-then he won't run away. task-then decided?

Particles something (something) are written separately, if separated from the pronoun by a preposition: with someone, with someone.

Particle - still written with a hyphen:

After adverbs: anyway, pretty much

After particles: really, really ,

After verbs: insisted, but he left.

In other cases -still spelled separately:

· The old man got his way.

· She did leave her family.

Morphological analysis of particles

1. Part of speech. General value.

2. Morphological features: discharge, unchangeable.

3. Syntactic role.

Sample: When same will you start writing?

It's a particle.

1. Semantic, amplifying.

2. An unchangeable word.

3. Not a member of the proposal.

negative particles.

No, neither are the most frequent particles. Moreover : no, not at all, not at all .

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

negative value for the whole sentence: Don't be this.

negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.

positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often, the negative particle is not part of the predicate: There was no rain during the night. (there was no - predicate) I don't know. (I don't know - saying)

Particle NO gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Don `t move!

strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: There is not a soul around. Not a single thing is visible. There is not a cloud in the sky.

Sometimes neither is used without not: The sky is clear.

reinforcing and generalizing any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle nor is used in the subordinate clause): Whatever (=everything) he would do, everything worked out for him. Wherever (= everywhere) you look, fields and fields are everywhere.

When repeating a particle neither acquires the meaning of a coordinating (connecting) union: Neither the sun nor the air will help me. (neither - union)

Negative particles include the word - No .

It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? No.

To strengthen the negation, the word no is repeated or used before the negative predicate: No I do not want.

Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes.

Distinguishing particles NI, union NI-NI, prefix NI-

Prefixneither-

Neither is part of negative pronouns and adverbs: neither who(pronoun), neither when(adverb).

If the particle neither is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately: neither with by whom,neither have whom.

Distinguish negative pronoun with a prefix neither- from a pronoun with a particle not .

Compare: It wasnone other than Dubrovsky. -Nobody else couldn't do it.

Remember:

not what elsehow not who elsehow

nothing other no one different

Recurring union no no…

As a repeating coordinating conjunction no no… serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or simple sentences within the complex.

For instance: I do not wantneither condemn,neither forgive you.Neither she won't hurt anyoneneither no one will hurt her.

Particleneither .

Particle neither with words written separately: In my mouth since morningneither crumbs.

Single and double particles neither are included in the composition of stable revolutions and are written separately. For instance: howneither whatever happened, whateverneither became,neither aliveneither dead,neither becomeneither sit down etc.

General properties of particles

In the class of particles, immutable non-significant (functional) words are combined, which

• express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: motivation, subjunctiveness, conventionality, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
• participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (interrogation), as well as in the expression of affirmation or negation;
• characterize an action or state by its course in time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.

The listed particle functions are grouped:

• in the function of shaping
• as a function of various communicative characteristics of the message.

Common to all these functions is that in all cases they contain

• relationship value,
• relation (relatedness) of an action, a state or a whole message to reality,
• the relationship of the speaker to the reported,

moreover, both these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relation that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle Discharges

In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1. shaping particles(let, let, let's, yes, let's, would, b, happened):
   • formative forms of words;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, not at all, far from, not at all);
3. particles that characterize the feature(action or state) according to its course in time, in terms of completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
   • interrogative particles(whether, really, unless);
   • pointer particles(here, out);
   • clarifying particles(precisely, just,);
   • excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, only);
   • exclamation particles(what for, how);
   • amplifying particles(even, not, same, after all, really, after all);
   • mitigation(-ka bring it on, pour it on)-then (milk runs out); worders -s are also used for this purpose (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated treatment " sir";
   • doubt(hardly, hardly);
   • incentive particles(let).

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in particles of negative, interrogative, characterizing the action by its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.

Classification of particles by origin

antiderivatives

The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, in modern language NOT having live word-building connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.

non-primitives

All other particles are non-primitive.

Classification of particles by composition

Simple

Simple particles are particles that consist of one word. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, reveal living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: union (part of speech) | a, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, after all, in (simple), at all, out, that's, like, everything , everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the form of imperative incl.), come on (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, still, know, and, or, exactly, how, what , where, okay, is it (particle) | is it better, nothing (simple, questions), nothing, nothing, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, maybe , resolutely, exactly, the very thing, to yourself, rather, as if, completely, thanks (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, just, exactly, at least, of which, purely (simple), what, in order to , ek, it is. (but, contrary to popular belief, it is not included in their composition!) not a negative particle is not true, unacceptable, misfortune, impossible

As already mentioned, all these particles have close outer and internal communications with other classes of words: they contain elements of meaning to varying degrees

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, still, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, quite, so, there, well)
• pronominal words (everything, everything, what, it, the most, itself, you, what, this),
• verbs (it happens, it happened, it was, come on (those), give (those), look (those), know),
• unions (but, good, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, at least, that, so that, to),
• comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: Rather die than agree; Rather, vacation!),
• prepositions (like: It seems someone is calling?),
• interjections (ek, thanks: They, what a heat! You won’t find a place. Thank you, I slept a little in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particles and pronouns, particles and interjections are so close that the opposition to each other of such meanings as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be illegal, and the word must qualify as "particle-conjunction", "particle-adverb", "particle-pronoun", etc.;

Composite

Particles formed from two (less often - more) words:

• two particles
• particles and union,
• particles and prepositions,
• particle and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Compound particles can be inseparable - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or separable: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Phraseologism particles are distinguished within the compound particles: these are several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs) that have merged together), there are no living relations between them in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Dissected

Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dissected particles:

If only (If only it would rain!; If only it would rain!); here and (Here's a friend for you!; Here's the result for you!; Did you believe him? So believe people after that!); like this (That's the order!); this is so orders!; Here we have a garden, so a garden!; That made me feel so good!); almost (almost late; almost broke his head); almost (Almost for the first time in his life he lied); how not (How not to understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); If only (If only there would be no rain!); not enough (simple) (I started ringing the bell, didn’t stop it a little. Dot.; From fear, I didn’t even fall to the ground a little. Lesk.); let (Let yourself sing!); rather (Hurry up spring!; Spring would be sooner!); so (it breathes with peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just don’t be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (Though I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke a leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles are always dismembered

Isn't it (Shouldn't we have a rest?), isn't it (Don't spend the night here!).

Phraseological particles:

No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he will come to visit; No, no grandfather and remember); what kind of (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (of what) (What of his promises to me!; now what of the fact that he returned?).

It is necessary to distinguish from composite particles various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:

already- already and, well, so, so, so ... well; how- yes, how, how, how, how, how, how; like- like, like, like, like, like, like;

Not dissected

their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.

And then (- Aren't you afraid? - Otherwise I'm afraid !; Will they let you spend the night? - Otherwise they won't let you in); without that (He is already a silent man, but here he completely closed himself. Polev .; There is no time to wait, without that we are already late); it would be (simple.) (It would be for me not to stay, but to go home!); unlikely; only (Time is only an hour); yet; look and (colloquial) (waited, waited, looked and fell asleep); far from (far from sure of success; far from being a beauty); Divi would (simple) (Divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s an ignoramus!); to what (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); would be good; if (If not for the war!); still (They don’t touch you. - You still would touch!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- Didn't recognize it, you see? - Didn't recognize and is. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is. Fad.); and so (Don't be angry, I repent anyway; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They don’t let them go to the skating rink; I saw it for a long time, and then briefly; Talk to him. - And then I’ll talk); as is (simple) (Everything as it is, you said correctly. Bazhov; - Frozen? - As is, frozen); how; just (I came just in time; I'm afraid of the service: you'll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Goodbye. - How so goodbye?); somehow; where as (Where how fun!); okay; on what (What is cunning, but even then he made a mistake); no way; unlikely; by no means (by no means a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so (so he didn’t show up?); so (- I have all the tobacco. - Is that all?); either not (or not life!); something (Something glad !; That's what I look at, he calmed down); there too (There, from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom .; The boy, but he argues there too); already (You did it yourself. - Already yourself?; This is a disease. - Already a disease!); grab and (While they were going, grab and it started to rain); well (- Let's go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or what ?; Help or something !; Are you deaf?);

Phraseological particles (phraseological particles)

Several service words merged together (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs), there are no living relations between which in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Not otherwise - not otherwise than - (Not otherwise than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening, no to - not to - (What kind of fur coat have they rotted! No, to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Nekr.); whether it's a matter (Ivan Ilyich ordered stupidly; whether we are with you. L. Tolstoy); that - that and - look (that and look will die; that look will be forgotten), that - that and wait - (simple.) (The stove of that and wait will fall. P. Bazhov) ; that - that and look - (that and look what) (After all, there are too many lynxes; that and look what will break your neck! N. Gogol); exactly the same; whatever it is - whatever it is (simple. ) (This is his favorite song).

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