SECTION IX. HUMAN

Topic 11. NERVOUS REGULATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

LESSON 72

Educational goal: to study the structural features of the cerebral hemispheres, their microscopic structure.

Basic concepts and terms: cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, layers of the cortex, furrows of the cerebral cortex, lobes of the cerebral cortex.

The structure of the lesson, the main content and methods of work

I. Updating the basic knowledge of students.

Exercise "I think so ..."

1. In a newborn child, the mass of the cerebellum is 1/17 of the body mass, while in an adult it is 1/8. What does this indicate?

2. Is there a node of life in the medulla oblongata? Why do you think it's called that?

3. If alcohol has entered the human body, what parts of the brain do you think and how to react to it?

4. After 5-6 minutes. Without oxygen, brain cells die. Why?

5. Why are children put to bed in the afternoons at holiday camps?

II. Learning new material.

Teacher. In Carol Doner's book Secrets of Anatomy main character Max tells his companion Molly: “The human body is like a great power, an independent power. Blood vessels serve as roads connecting cities, that is, organs. City-organs cooperate with each other and create a system, or area. The stomach and intestines are organs that belong to the same area system. Heart and blood to the second, and muscles and bones to the third. This country has a large number of neurons - telephones. Billions of cells are the citizens of the country, working in the plants and factories of the bridge-organs and systems of the regions. And where is the leadership of this state? Do you know Molly?"

Do you know?

2. Tasks for home projects.

Group 1. External and internal structure of the cerebral hemispheres, their microstructure.

Group 2. The study of the human brain.

Presentation of projects.

Group 1. External and internal structure of the cerebral hemispheres and their microstructure.

The large brain (final) consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum, through the corpus callosum, connections are made between the right and left hemispheres.

The hemispheres are covered with a cortex formed by gray matter, consisting of the bodies of neurons. The bark is the bearer of intellect and higher functions. From the cortex, the processes of neurons depart inward, which, together with the fibers directed to the cortex, form a white matter that performs a conductive function.

The white matter contains the nuclei (nodes) of the gray matter (clusters of nerve cells) and form the so-called subcortex.

The surface of the hemispheres is assembled into convolutions, between which there are grooves. More than 2/3 of the surface of the bark is hidden in the furrows.

Group 2. Study of the human brain.

In the 30s of the nineteenth century, the French physiologist Flurence proposed the idea that all areas of the cerebral cortex are functionally equivalent. But that was a mistake. In 1874, the Kyiv anatomist V.A. Betz proved that all areas differ from each other in the structure of nerve cells and in sphericity. He is the founder of the doctrine of the architectonics of the cerebral cortex.

Even Hippocrates knew that significant damage to the cerebral hemispheres causes paralysis of the arms and legs of the opposite side of the body. The link between speech disorders and disorders of the left hemisphere was discovered for the first time by the French anatomist and anthropologist Paul Broca (1824-1880). p.), and the German psychologist Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) proved that there is an area in the back of the temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere that is responsible for speech.

Subsequently, scientists found that the left hemisphere provides reading, writing, counting, thinking, memorizing, and the right - figurative memory. In diseases of the latter, patients experience disturbances; they confuse colors, the world becomes gray for them.

Group 3. Architectonics of the cerebral cortex.

The human brain has about 100 billion neurons, the wasp brain has 200, and the bee has 900.

The gray matter from which the bark is formed has the form of a ball 1.5-5 mm high. The cortex has six layers of cells.

Fill in the table "Microstructure of the cerebral cortex"

No. p / p

Layer name

Peculiarities

Molecular

External grainy

Pyramidniy

Internal grainy

Betz giant pyramidal cells (internal pyramidal)

Polymorphic

Few cells, many fibers

Small cells that look like grains

pyramid shape

small neurons

Cells of various sizes and shapes.

There are up to 14 billion cells in the cerebral cortex, each of which is connected to the contacts of 10,000 similar neurons.

Group 4. Functions of the cerebral cortex.

Psychic functions are associated with the cerebral cortex: memory, speech, thinking, consciousness and regulation of human behavior.

III. Consolidation of students' knowledge.

Laboratory work №6

Topic. The structure of the human brain (study behind dummies, models and plate preparations).

Purpose: to learn to recognize brain regions on plate preparations, models and dummies and determine the relative position of gray and white matter in them; determine the structural features of the cerebral cortex.

Equipment: collapsible models of the human brain, dummies; lamellar preparations of longitudinal and transverse sections of the human brain.

Working process

1. Divide the brain model into two halves. Locate the corpus callosum. What does it consist of? Its function?

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Locate the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon on one half of the model. What numbers indicate these departments in Figure 1?

1 - ____________________

2 - ____________________

3 - ____________________

4 - ____________________

5 - ____________________

6 - ____________________

Rice. 1. The structure of the human brain.

3. Using plate preparations, find out how the gray and white matter are placed. What are gray and white matter made of?

_______________________________________________________________________________

4. Find the cerebellum on the model, consider the location of the gray and white substances in it. What number corresponds to the cerebellum in Figure 1?

_______________________________________________________________________________

5. Look at the models (models) of the cerebral hemispheres, find the furrows and convolutions, as well as the lobes of the brain. Write on the signs to figure 2 the names of the lobes of the cerebral cortex, convolutions.

1 - ____________________

2 - ____________________

3 - ____________________

4 - ____________________

5 - ____________________

Rice. 2. The structure of the human brain. Side view.

On the pointers to Figure 3, write the location of the zones in the cerebral cortex: visual, auditory, olfactory, musculocutaneous, motor.

1 - ____________________

2 - ____________________

3 - ____________________

4 - ____________________

5 - ____________________

Rice. 3. Zones of the cerebral cortex.

6. Assemble the brain model. On its lower part, find the places where the cranial nerves depart.

7. Make a conclusion by answering the question:

a) What are the features of the structure of the human brain in comparison with vertebrates?

b) How are gray and white matter located in the brain?

c) What is the biological significance of the folded structure of the cerebral cortex?

_______________________________________________________________________________

Fill the table.

Forebrain (large hemispheres)
Bark, nuclei in the thickness of the white matter	Analyzer function: sensation, perception, analysis of movements. Zamikalnaya function: the formation of temporary conditioned reflex connections. Higher mental functions: consciousness, speech, volitional processes, feelings
Occipital lobe
	Perceives and analyzes visual stimuli
temporal lobe
	Perceives and analyzes auditory stimuli
parietal lobe
	Perceives and analyzes skin irritations (temperature, pressure)
frontal lobe
	Regulation of voluntary muscle movements

IV. Homework.

Study the relevant topic from the textbook.

Large hemispheres of the brain

The cerebral cortex is a structure of the brain, a layer of gray matter 1.3-4.5 mm thick, located along the periphery of the cerebral hemispheres and covering them. Neurons of the cerebral cortex The structure of the cerebral cortex.

In humans, the cortex makes up an average of 44% of the volume of the entire hemisphere as a whole. The surface area of the cortex of one hemisphere in an adult is on average 220,000 mm². The bark forms protruding ridges - convolutions and depressions between them - furrows. The superficial parts account for 1/3, for those lying in depth between the convolutions - 2/3 of the entire area of the cortex. Structure of the cerebral cortex.

Lobes of the cerebral cortex.

1. Associative motor zone. 2. Primary motor zone. 3. Primary somatosensory zone. 4. Parietal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres. 5. Associative somatosensory zone. 6. Associative visual zone. 7. Occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres. 8. Primary visual zone. 9. Associative auditory zone. 10. Primary auditory zone. 11. Temporal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres. 12. Olfactory cortex. 13. Taste bark. 14. Prefrontal association zone. 15. Frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex

1. Occipital lobes - visual perception 2. Parietal lobes - tactile sensitivity 3. Temporal lobes - auditory zones (perception sound signals) Frontal lobes - programs of behavior, thinking, work management. Lobes of the cerebral cortex. Their functions.

Designations: 1. Prefrontal cortex. 2. Tactile analysis. 3. Auditory cortex (left ear). 4. Spatial visual analysis. 5. Visual zones of the cortex (left visual fields). 6. Visual areas of the cortex (right visual fields). 7. General center of interpretation (speech and mathematical operations). 8. Auditory areas of the cortex (right ear). 9. Letter (for right-handers). 10. Center of speech. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex

Representation of sensory and motor functions of the body

Functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres

The unique ability of the brain

1. Where is the cerebral cortex located? 2. What are the folds of the cerebral cortex called? 3. What number indicates the parietal lobe? 4. What are the frontal lobes responsible for? 5. In what lobes of the cortex are the auditory centers located? 6. What centers are located in the occipital lobes? Test yourself

Answers to questions 1. The cerebral cortex is located on their surface (along the periphery) 2. The folds of the cortex are called convolutions. 3. The parietal lobe is indicated by the number 4. 4. The frontal lobes are responsible for programs of behavior, thinking, and management of labor activity. 5. Auditory centers are located in the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The visual zones are located in the occipital lobes.

The cerebral cortex is a structure of the brain, a layer of gray matter 1.34.5 mm thick, located along the periphery of the cerebral hemispheres and covering them. Neurons of the cerebral cortex The structure of the cerebral cortex.

In humans, the cortex makes up an average of 44% of the volume of the entire hemisphere as a whole. The surface area of the cortex of one hemisphere in an adult is on average equal to mm². The bark forms protruding ridges - convolutions and depressions between them - furrows. The surface parts account for 1/3, and 2/3 of the entire area of the cortex lies in depth between the convolutions. Structure of the cerebral cortex.

1. Occipital lobes - visual perception 2. Parietal lobes - tactile sensitivity 3. Temporal lobes - auditory zones (perception of sound signals) Frontal lobes - behavior programs, thinking, work management. Lobes of the cerebral cortex. Their functions.

Answers to questions 1. The cerebral cortex is located on their surface (along the periphery) 2. The folds of the cortex are called convolutions. 3. The parietal lobe is indicated by a number. The frontal lobes are responsible for behavior programs, thinking, and work management. 5. Auditory centers are located in the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The visual zones are located in the occipital lobes.

Biology lesson development

in 8th grade

on the topic: "Hemispheres of the brain"

UMK “Biology. Man”, Grade 8, Sonin N.I., Sapin M.R.

Developed by: Yulia Sergeevna Nepomnyashchikh,

teacher of biology, chemistry, Municipal Educational Institution "Gymnasium"

Irkutsk region Shelekhov

2010

Goals:

Educational: to acquaint students with the structural features of the cerebral hemispheres; functions of the lobes and zones of the hemispheres.

Developing: to form the ability to compare the structure and functions of the cerebral hemispheres of a person.

Educational: to cultivate respect for intellectual work;
- to form the ability to conduct a dialogue, discuss, listen to each other;

Equipment: Collapsible models of the brain; table "Human Brain", "Human Spinal Cord"; portraits of domestic scientists I.P. Pavlov and I.M. Sechenov; video material on the topic; presentation; video projector; Handout.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Examination homework. (differentiation)

a) (Work in workbook №34)

1-medulla oblongata

3-mid brain

4-interbrain

5-cerebellum

6 hemispheres of the brain

(according to the table)

b) Individual test cards

The spinal cord is part of:

b) peripheral N.S;

2. The roots of the spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord, forming:

a) 31 nerve;

b) 31 pairs of nerves;

3. Reflex is:

a) the response of the body;

b) the response of the body to the influence of the external environment or change internal state, with nervous system;

c) response of the organism to the influence of the external environment;

4. What does the white matter of the brain consist of:

a) from the processes of nerve cells;

b) from the bodies of nerve cells and their processes;

5. The human brain consists of:

a) the brain stem and hemispheres;

b) cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres;

c) trunk, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres.

self-test

c) Cards with tasks from the teaching materials.

Self test

d) Frontal conversation.

1. What is the importance of the nervous system?

(Carries out the coordinated work of all parts of the body; provides communication of the organism with the external environment; constitutes the material basis of human mental activity (thinking, speech and complex forms of social behavior).

2. How can the n.s. topographically?

(CNS and peripheral N.S.

CNS = g.m. + s.m.

peripheral = nerves + ganglions + nerve endings)

3. How to divide n.s. on functional feature?

(Somatic and vegetative)

4. What is the structure of a neuron?

(Body + processes - axon and dendrite)

5. What is represented by gray and white in - in n.s.?

(gray = cluster of neuron bodies, white = neuron processes)

6. How are neurons classified according to the functions they perform?

(sensory, intercalary, motor)

7. Reflex - is it?

8. What are the reflexes?

9. Where is the brain located?

(in the cranial cavity)

10. What departments does the brain consist of?

(G.M = trunk + cerebellum + cerebral hemispheres)

11. What parts make up the brain stem?

(Stem = medulla oblongata + pons + diencephalon)

12. What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

(Reflex arcs pass through the nuclei: coughing, sneezing, tearing, etc.)

13. How is the cerebellum arranged?

(Consists of the hemispheres and the worm connecting them, the surface has grooves and convolutions - this is the cerebellar cortex)

14. What are the functions of the cerebellum?

(takes part in the coordination of movement, ensures the balance of the body)

15. What are the functions of the bridge?

(conducts an impulse to the cerebral cortex, to the cerebellum, oblong, s.m.)

16. Name the functions of the midbrain.

(provides a reflex change in the size of the pupil, the curvature of the lens, depending on the brightness of the light)

17. What functions does the diencephalon perform?

(Conducts impulses to the cerebral cortex from the receptors of the skin and sensory organs, is responsible for the feeling of thirst and hunger, the constancy of the internal environment, for the work of the endocrine glands and autonomic nervous system)

5-8min

Learning new material.

(textbook pp. 66-67, presentation)

The hemispheres of the cerebrum are the largest evolutionarily young division of the brain, in humans it is better developed than in other representatives of vertebrates.

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected calloused body and are composed of white and gray matter. The gray matter forms the cortex of the hemispheres, located on top, and subcortical nuclei within the white matter. white matter is under the bark. (Fig. pp. 66-67 in the textbook)

Bark g.m. has a thickness of 3-4 mm, an area of 220000 mm 2, consists of 12-18 billion nerve cells, furrows (depressions) and gyrus (folds) are visible on the surface of the cortex.

Large furrows divide the hemispheres into lobes - there are 4 of them:

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital.

parietal frontal

occipital. temporal

Areas of the cerebral cortex perform various functions, so they are divided into zones

In 1836, Marc Dax, an unknown French physician, read a report in which he described 40 of his patients who suffered from speech disorders. All showed signs of damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.

In 1865, Paul Broca, the famous French anthropologist and pathologist, presented a description of the clinical history of a patient who lost the ability to speak, but, nevertheless, could read and write normally, as well as understand everything that was said to him. Broca believed that the cause of the disorder was a lesion in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. This area of the cortex, adjacent to the motor zone and controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, jaws and pharynx, was called Broca's area. Specific difficulties that patients experience when pronouncing speech sounds, although the ability to use the language itself remains normal, is called aphasia. At the autopsy of two patients with speech disorders, Broca found a lesion in the same area of the left hemisphere - the posterior frontal. After several years of reflection and observation by Brock in an article published in the sixth volume. "Bulletin of the Anthropological Society" for 1865, stated: "We speak with the left hemisphere."

In 1874, Klodt (Carl) Wernicke, a French physician, found that with hemorrhages in the temporal region of the left hemisphere, the patient ceases to understand speech, although he can speak: speech turns into meaningless noise for him. Wernicke's aphasia occurs when there is damage to the upper-posterior portion of the left temporal lobe, called Wernicke's area.

Many of our students are right-handed and left-handed.

In family, kindergarten, the school should not prohibit, but, on the contrary, encourage the child's desire to do something with his left hand. Children are allowed to write as they please, regardless of slant and calligraphy. If only there were no mistakes, if only they did not lag behind their classmates. (Ministry of Health, June 23, 1985).

right-handers

95% speak with the left hemisphere

5% - right

lefties

According to Russian scientists:

65% - speak with the right hemisphere

35% - left

According to US scientists:

70% speak left

15% - both

15% - right hemisphere

Presumably, the causes of left-handedness are associated with changes

(not violations!) in the genetic code caused by:

Excessive anxiety during pregnancy;

colds;

Poisoning with poor-quality food (A. P. Chuprikov).

Great Lefties:

Michelangelo, Charlie Chaplin, Vladimir Dal, Ivan Pavlov.

There are about 6-8 million left-handers in our country. Left-handedness is much more common in men (the cause of left-handedness: in the left hemisphere of the developing brain, the process of migration of neurons to the places of their final localization slows down).

№

Lefty: gravitates toward theory, has a large lexicon, actively uses it, he is characterized by high motor activity, purposefulness, and the ability to predict events.

Right-handed: tends to specific activities, slow and taciturn, but endowed with the ability to subtly feel and experience, prone to contemplation and memories. 8-10 min

Vision and asymmetry

Apple experience. An apple is shown and children are invited to describe it with various adjectives.

Students name adjectives and sort them into groups.

Left hemisphere Right hemisphere

round bright

voluminous red

appetizing

delicious, etc.

Hearing and asymmetry

Video - 4min

Question: What is the right and left side of the brain responsible for? What happens when there is a malfunction of the right or left hemisphere?

(the right half of the brain is responsible for understanding object noises - the sound of broken glass, the gurgling of water, applause, sneezing, snoring, etc. When the hemisphere is not working, these sounds will not cause any pictures, they will not mean anything at all, there is no way to name the song and remember the words).

(the left half of the brain is responsible for music recognition. With the right hemisphere blocked, there is no way to recognize even a very familiar melody)

Conducting a test to determine the right and left hemisphere of students

(Kiselev A.M., Bakushev A.B. Know your character)

The test is based on four signs that appear in a person from the moment of birth and do not change throughout life.

Leading hand. Interlace your fingers. If the thumb of the left hand is on top - you are an emotional person, with the right - you have an analytical mind.

Napoleon's pose. Cross your arms over your chest. If at the top left hand- you are prone to coquetry, the right one - to simplicity and innocence.

Leading eye. The right leading eye speaks of a persistent, aggressive character, the left - of a soft and compliant.

Applause. If it's more convenient to clap right hand, you can talk about a decisive character, left - you often hesitate before making a decision, think about how best to act so as not to offend others.

CONFIGURATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Laboratory work "Scope of attention".

The purpose of the work: to determine the amount of attention of the student.

Equipment: a watch with a second hand, a table of numbers, a pencil.

Working process

Prepare a table of numbers. To do this, draw a sheet of paper into 36 squares and write down the numbers from 101 to 136 in each of them in an arbitrary sequence.

Students working in pairs should exchange prepared tables.

For a while, find the numbers in ascending order - 101,102,103, etc. Cross out each number with a pencil. Work begins at the command of the student acting as the experimenter.

Determine the amount of attention according to the formula - B \u003d 648: t, where B is the amount of attention, t is the time for which the numbers were found in ascending order from 101 to 136.

Compare the received data with the table "Indicator of attention":

To conclude.

Oral survey on the material covered:

Name the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.

Name the functions of the main areas of the cerebral hemispheres.

Are the functions performed by the right and left hemispheres the same?

Study the text on pages 66-69. Those wishing to prepare a message based on the material of the textbook on pages 68-69 "Brain and abilities", "Life and work of I.M. Sechenov."

Einstein and Lomonosov - who was right hemisphere and who was left hemisphere?

Despite the fact that Albert Einstein was a great physicist, everyone knows his passion for the violin, and famous physicist, chemist, mathematician Mikhailo Lomonosov was also a poet.

Therefore, only both hemispheres in continuous communication with each other can give us a complete picture of the world.

M. M. Speransky writes in the book “Rules of Higher Eloquence” of 1795: “The linkage of concepts in the mind is sometimes so subtle, so tender, that the slightest attempt to discover this connection with words breaks and destroys.”

№ Summing up, evaluation.

On this topic:

"The significance of the cerebral cortex"

If there were no reason, we would be overwhelmed by sensuality.

That's what the mind is to curb its absurdities.

W. Shakespeare.

A person is born, grows, learns, matures; laughs and cries, loves and hates, solves complex mathematical problems and composes music, poetry, lives in real life without ceasing to dream. And all this is so natural that we do not think about where the beginning of all these processes began. But there comes a time when you ask yourself: what is the secret of my "I"? In the classification of living beings, man is given the honorary name Homo sapiens sapiens (reasonable reasonable man). It is natural to assume that our mind is due to a special structure of the brain. Scientists believed that a person has the largest surface of the cerebral cortex, it has more convolutions, it contains more nerve cells, nerve cells are located in it more densely.

In today's lesson, we will delve into the mystery of the human brain, we will try to understand the connection between the functions of the brain and the perception of the world around us.

In the meantime, let's check the knowledge about the structure of the brain.

Why is a wound in the medulla oblongata fatal?

Answer: In the medulla oblongata there are vital centers: respiration, blood circulation, digestion. In addition, arcs of protective reflexes pass: blinking, coughing, etc.

Imagine the following situation: a person wants to take a glass, but misses, after several attempts he takes it, but drops it. When trying to write, makes unnecessary movements. Locate the tumor in the brain and explain the patient's condition?

Answer: A tumor in the cerebellum, as it controls the coordination of movements and connects individual movements together. The patient has obvious violations of coordination of movements.

evolution of the chordate brain.

Which of the parts of the brain has undergone the greatest change in the process of evolution?

(models of the brain of a bird, fish, mammal and reptile on the teacher's table.)

(Forebrain).

What is it now in mammals?

(Cerebral hemispheres).

And what new things appeared in animals in the process of evolution? (bark)

It is true that this is the bark that first appears in reptiles (old), and the new one appears in mammals, increasing in size, it acquires a folded structure.

: The cortex is composed of gray matter.

What's this? (Neuron).

What are the characteristics of cortical neurons?

(Cells have a lot of processes. The cortex consists of 6 layers of cells, forming a thickness of 1.3 to 5 mm. The cortex is responsible for the perception of all information entering the brain (visual, temperature, taste, etc.) and for managing complex movements. The function of the cortex is associated with mental, speech activity, memory. The areas of the cortex perform different functions, so they are divided into zones.

Why do cells have many processes? This is necessary for the formation of multilateral ties. But how is this carried out?

We will try to answer this question. So,

topic of our lesson

Question to the class:

What are the characteristics of the human brain?

(The human brain is large and heavy.).

But there are animals whose brains are larger and heavier ( Humans have a large relative weight of the brain.) But in this respect, we are inferior to some animals, cetaceans are leading in the relative weight of the brain. For a very long time, scientists believed that a person has the largest surface of the cerebral cortex, there are more convolutions in it, it contains more nerve cells, nerve cells are denser in it. But it turned out that the dolphins overtook us in these indicators. But, if not the size and weight, then what is distinctive feature the brain of a “reasonable person”? Today, one unique feature of the brain of animals and humans can be pointed out - it is symmetrical. Its right and left halves are built of the same type both in terms of the composition and number of neurons, and in terms of overall structure. In animals, the right and left halves of the brain do the same work. In humans, the right and left hemispheres of the brain perform different functions, they control different types of activity, i.e. they functionally asymmetrical.

I will add that the brain does not feel pain or pleasure, but is only an appraiser - this is pleasant, but this is not, this is good, and that is bad.

The brain only feeds clean energy glucose and oxygen (which is why when we do mental work, we are drawn to a chocolate bar): having a mass of only about 2% of body weight, the brain consumes 20% of the oxygen of the total amount needed by the body. Its main task is the consumption and processing of information. It takes 1010 bits, i.e. binary ones, in 1 second. only visual information. If you deprive him of communication and information, he will begin to degrade, and his mass will decrease. That's why when information is not interesting, people fall asleep. The brain also shuts down when information is not new.

Educational experiment No. 1.

Students are invited to arm themselves with paper and a pen and complete four tasks of the Leading Hemisphere test. Write down the answers P (right type of reaction) or L (left reaction type).

Exercise 1. Place your hands in front of you and interlace your fingers.

See which of the two thumbs is on top - the right finger, then this is the right type of reaction, mark it on your sheet. If the left finger is on top, then your reaction type is left.

Task 2. Your eyes are open. Fold your index fingers in front of your eyes as if you were aiming a gun, while catching and fixing with your eyes the point you are shooting at (do not close your eyes). Close first one and then the other eye. See in which of these two cases the point of sight will shift. If the point has moved closed eye, then the type of your reaction is right, if the point has shifted when you close your left eye - the type of reaction is left.

So, we made sure that at the end of the tasks everyone got different answers, which was to be expected. This is the simplest and most direct evidence of the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. At the same time, the right hemisphere, responsible for creativity, controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere, responsible for logic, causation, and speech, controls the right side of the body. That is why there are so many left-handers among geniuses, such as, for example, Leonardo da Vinci and Pablo Picasso, Michelangelo and Raphael, Alexander the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte, Joan of Arc and Benjamin Franklin, Mozart and Beethoven, Albert Einstein and Karel Bach, Charlie Chaplin and Greta Garbo, Sylvester Stallone and Julia Roberts, Tom Cruise and Paul McCartney, etc.

The specialization of the zones of the cerebral cortex is expressed in the fact that each section of these zones can be associated with a specific part of the body. In other words, most of the body can be represented as a diagram on the cortex; the result of this will be two distorted homunculi. Distortions are due to the fact that the area of the cortex allocated for a given part of the body is proportional not to the size of this part, but to the required control accuracy. A person has very large areas of motor and somatosensory zones corresponding to the face and hands. Shown here are only half of each of these cortical areas: the left somatosensory area (which receives signals primarily from the right side of the body) and the right motor area (which controls the movements of the left side of the body).

Educational experiment

1. Determine which areas of the cortex will perceive the word key. Set in which hemisphere this inscription will be recognized (the word will be perceived by the visual zones, the inscription in the hemispheres is recognized)

2. Determine which zones will accept the real key. Set in which hemisphere this object will be recognized.

Both hemispheres are independent of each other. There are complex and contradictory relationships between them. On the one hand, they take part in the work of the brain in a friendly manner, complementing the abilities of each, on the other hand, they compete, as if preventing each other from doing their own thing.

The hemispheres perform the function of cooperation. The poet, using deep feelings, images and metaphor, relies on the right hemisphere, and on the left - in search of words to express what the right hemisphere creates.

Painting Argimboldo "Gardener".

Look at the nose, lips, cheeks? Have you noticed that when looking for the next fetus, the image of the portrait disappears and the face turns into a still life. This happens because the speech signals that are recognized by the left hemisphere rebuilds the work of the right: by searching for objects and details in the picture.

(Sounds "Bolero" by Ravel).

The author of this piece of music Maurice Ravel is a famous French composer. At the age of 57, he had an accident and suffered a serious injury to the left hemisphere of the brain. After the injury, the composer was still able to listen to music, attend concerts, criticize or enjoy the music he heard. But he never again was able to write down what sounded in his head. Ravel suffered aphasia Wernicke, was unable to play the piano, sing correctly, record music, or read music notation. Wernicke's area runs between the visual and auditory centers of the brain. This type of aphasia was described in 1874 by the German researcher C. Wernike (S. Wernike), hence it got its name. It is associated with damage to another area of the cortex, also located in the left hemisphere, but not in the frontal, but in the temporal lobe.

In Wernicke's aphasia, speech is phonetically and even grammatically normal, but its meaning is impaired. Words are usually connected without much difficulty and have the correct endings, so that statements have the character of well-formed sentences. However, the words often turn out to be inappropriate, and among them there are meaningless syllables and combinations of syllables. It is noteworthy that even in those cases where individual words are correct, the statement as a whole expresses the meaning in some roundabout way. Thus, a patient who was asked to describe a picture of two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back reported: "The mother is not here, she is doing her job to get it better, but when she looks, the two boys are looking elsewhere. She works another time."

In 1861, the famous French pathologist Paul Broca discovered that damage back frontal lobe of the left hemisphere brain in humans is accompanied by a speech disorder. He declared, what we say with the left brain. This area of the cortex, adjacent to the motor zone and controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, jaws and pharynx, was called Broca's area.

Broca's area borders the facial area of the motor cortex, which controls the muscles of the face, tongue, jaws, and pharynx. When Broca's area is damaged in a stroke, in almost all cases there is also severe damage to the facial area of the left hemisphere, and therefore one might think that the speech disorder is caused by partial paralysis of the muscles. In Broca's aphasia, muscles that do not perform their speech function otherwise function normally. And further, the simplest: a patient with Broca's aphasia, who finds it very difficult to speak, often sings beautifully and easily.

The value of the cerebral hemispheres

1. expedient communication with the external environment is carried out

2.cortex controls all body functions

3. connected with the cortex, a person has speech and thinking. A person is guided in his behavior by consciousness

4. gaining life experience