When I remember the previous years, for some reason, in my memory there is such a period of each year as ... SUMMER.
Maybe it's from childhood, when you wait for graduation, after which it's a great time .... only three months, which you wait for nine months ....
Or maybe it's not from school childhood? Maybe this is from the past of my ancestors, who, generation after generation, accumulated the expectation of this period, and most importantly, its living ....

And after all, there is something to wait for and love this wonderful time ... It seems to me that the word in Russian is "So much YEARS", (which is a synonym for the word "YEAR")... not by chance. It seems that our ancestors counted the years as YEARS. And if this is so, then this means that our ancestors built their lives precisely around the cycle - autumn-winter-spring-SUMMER. In which SUMMER was, as it were, the end result. Then the cycle was repeated. This was life in harmony with NATURE.

It was a hint. And now imagine that suddenly, your usual cycle around which your whole life is built, the change of seasons, has failed. And not on the fact that SUMMER suddenly did not change into autumn ....

Quite the contrary .... Winter was delayed .. for 12 months

And as a result, a terrible period begins, in history called "YEAR WITHOUT SUMMER"

So far, nothing interesting and new??
This is for now.

Above is a table of temperature anomalies over the past few hundred years. I will not discuss her appearance and how true she is, I cited her as an example solely for the sake of the year 1816, indicated in history as a YEAR WITHOUT SUMMER ...

A bit of history:
In 1816, unusually cold weather reigned in Europe and North America. It was so cold that the Americans also called him "one thousand eight hundred frozen." Until today, it remains the coldest year since the beginning of documenting meteorological observations.

Still would! It snowed even in summer this year. Only in 1920, the American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation for the "year without summer". He linked climate change to volcanic eruptions. In 1809 there was a strong eruption of one of the volcanoes in the tropics. And a few years later - Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa,

the most violent volcanic eruption ever observed. It cost the lives of 71 thousand people, which is largest number deaths from a volcanic eruption in the history of mankind. Its eruption in April 1815 was a magnitude seven on the Volcanic Eruption Scale (VEI), and a massive 150 km³ of ash into the atmosphere caused a volcanic winter effect in the northern hemisphere that lasted for several years. It took several months for the ash to spread through the earth's atmosphere, so in 1815 the effects of the eruption in Europe had not yet been felt so strongly.

However, in March 1816 the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail. There were frosts in America in June and July. Snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. At the same time, in Eastern Europe, the average annual temperature in 1816 was even higher than the average. Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In Switzerland, it snowed every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices rose tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America. But, as they say, there is no evil without good. The English writer Mary Shelley spent the summer of 1816 with friends in her villa on Lake Geneva....

I am not yet discussing the fact that in Russian history you will not find a mention of this unfortunate fact .. (I will explain why a little later)
Those. it turns out that in North America and Europe - there is no summer, WINTER IS FERROUS, and in Russia - peace and quiet ... Directly "Sannikov Land" is an oasis of good weather in the northern hemisphere, which is raging in winter.
I am already silent about the fact that, according to all the laws of physics, the volcanic ash of the volcanoes of the Northern Hemisphere is distributed in a belt along the latitude of origin only in the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE (because the Earth is spinning), which was proved by the last eruption in Ireland. For some reason, the ashes did NOT get into the Southern Hemisphere !!!.
So the fact is that in the past the laws were different, and the ashes of the Southern Hemisphere, for some reason, got into the Northern Hemisphere, so much so that it overcame a high-pressure area at the equator, hundreds of kilometers wide, in which even air masses should not mix ... , but then people knew physics poorly, therefore the laws did not work .... Ash then covered the entire stratosphere, and did not let the sun's rays through for a couple of years ... (Straight, some kind of nuclear winter ...)

Nuuuuu, also a secret of Polichenel, found an ax under the bench, almost everyone knows this from the school bench.
I agree. But now let's get back to what I pointed out above ... The strange thing is that in Russian history, it is very difficult to find the consequences of the volcanic eruption of 1816.
This strangeness confused me for a very long time, until I found this fact....

In the history of a volcano with a very ugly ear for today's Russian citizen

Huaynaputina volcano eruption

On February 19, 1600, Huaynaputina exploded with a large-scale explosion, which received the VEI-6 index on an 8-point explosive scale. Up to 30 km³ of tephra was thrown into the air, which is comparable to the Plinian eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Volcanic activity continued until March 6 and was accompanied by powerful explosions that literally tore Huaynaputina to pieces. The eruption completely destroyed the volcanic dome at an altitude of 1600 meters, and its ash plume covered vast areas at a distance of up to 80 km.

The first signs of the impending disaster appeared a few days before it began. On February 15, residents of the region began to feel small tremors, which by February 18 occurred every 5 or 6 minutes. By 10:00 pm on that day, the earthquakes had become so powerful that they woke people from their sleep. The next day, February 19, between 11:00 and 13:00, 2 large aftershocks hit the region, causing panic in the nearest settlements. Most of the houses were destroyed and large cracks appeared in the ground.

At 17:00 local time Huaynaputina exploded. It was real hell! Powerful explosions were heard even in the city of Lima, more than 1000 km away from the volcano. Tidal waves of tephra and gas descended from the angry peak, a column of ash rose to a height of 35 km, reaching the stratosphere, the mountain roared with fire and spat volcanic bombs.
An hour later, ash began to fall throughout the Andean region. However, earthquakes continued and destroyed houses in the cities of Arequipa and Moquegua. Over time, pyroclastic flows descended on all sides of Huaynaputina. The villages of Tasata and Calicanta were buried under a 3-meter layer of ash. A giant mudflow (lahar) rolled down the eastern side of the volcano, destroying several villages along with all the inhabitants.

So far, no connection to our history?

It turns out that in Russian history, this eruption caused almost the same consequences as in the Americas and Europe in 1816.

As a result, during the reign of Boris Godunov, famine began in Russia.

In addition to local destruction, the eruption led to global consequences. The summer following the disaster was the coldest in 500 years. In a study published in 2008, experts from the University of California suggested that it was the explosion of Huaynaputina that led to the famine in Russia in 1601-1603. At that time, over 127,000 people were buried in Moscow alone. Suffering and social disorganization have become part of the political instability called " Time of Troubles”, which led to the fall of Tsar Boris Godunov ...

.... The great famine covered most of the European territory of the Muscovite state during the reign of Boris Godunov and lasted from 1601 to 1603.
The famine contributed to the popular unrest of the Time of Troubles and had far-reaching consequences for the demographic development of the Russian kingdom. A significant part of the population rushed to the sparsely populated southern and eastern regions of the country - the lower reaches of the Don, Volga, Yaik and Siberia ....

In general, the topic of a single calendar, until the middle of the 19th century, in Eurasia, was discussed more than once, and so far I have not seen a consensus on this matter. Moreover, no one is embarrassed by the existence even in the 21st century of the Chinese, Jewish, European, and other calendars. And if you consider that back in the 19th century (i.e., allegedly 200 years after the time of Godunov, the calendar 7000 was used to the fullest, which year from the creation of the world .... Then the dating of 1603-1612 raises doubts about reliability. ..

Thus, one more piece of evidence is obtained for the presence of very strong parallels in history between the 17th and 19th centuries...

Looking forward to some interesting ideas...

Good luck and wisdom to all.

Reading the article will take: 8 min.

Summer is a period of holidays, midday heat, fruit abundance, ice cream and soft drinks. Time for T-shirts, shorts, miniskirts and beach bikinis. Only in the middle of the second decade of the 19th century there was no summer. Severe winters gave way to snow-covered springs and turned into snow-cold "summer" months. Three years without summer, three years without harvest, three years without hope... Three years that changed humanity forever.

Irish families try to escape the flood

It all started in 1812 - two volcanoes “turned on”, La Soufriere (St. Vincent Island, Leeward Islands) and Avu (Sangir Island, Indonesia). The volcanic relay was continued in 1813 by Suwanosejima (Tokara island, Japan) and, in 1814, by Mayon (Luzon island, Philippines). According to scientists, the activity of four volcanoes reduced the average annual temperature on the planet by 0.5-0.7 o C and caused serious, albeit local (in the region of their location) damage to the population. However, the ultimate cause of the mini version of the 1816-1818 Ice Age was the Indonesian Tambora.

Tambora volcano eruption 1815

On April 10, 1815, the Tambora volcano began to erupt on the island of Sumbawa (Indonesia) - in a few hours the island with an area of ​​​​15,448 km 2 was completely covered with a layer of volcanic ash one and a half meters thick. At least 100 km 3 of ash was ejected into the Earth's atmosphere by the volcano. The activity of Tambor (7 points out of the maximum 8 according to the volcanic explosive index) led to a decrease in the average annual temperature by another 1-1.5 ° C - the ash rose into the upper layer of the atmosphere and began to reflect the sun's rays, acting like a dense gray curtain on a window in sunny day. Modern scientists call the eruption of the Indonesian stratovolcano Tambor the largest in the last 2000 years.

However, high volcanic activity is not all. "Oil to the fire" added our star - the Sun. The years of intense saturation of the Earth's atmosphere with volcanic ash coincided with the period of minimum solar activity (Dalton minimum), which began around 1796 and ended in 1820. At the beginning of the 19th century, our planet received less solar energy than before or after. The lack of solar heat has reduced the average annual temperature on the Earth's surface by another 1-1.5 o C.

Average annual temperatures in 1816-1818 (based on materials from the site cru.uea.ac.uk)

Due to the small amount of solar thermal energy, the waters of the seas and oceans cooled down by about 2 o C, which completely changed the usual water cycle in nature and the wind rose on the continents of the Northern Hemisphere. Also, according to the testimonies of English captains, a lot of ice hummocks appeared off the east coast of Greenland, which had never happened before. The conclusion suggests itself - in 1816 (perhaps even earlier - in the middle of 1815) there was a deviation of the warm ocean current of the Gulf Stream, which warms Europe.

Active volcanoes, a weakly active Sun, as well as cooling of ocean and sea ​​waters lowered the temperature of each month, each day in 1816 by 2.5-3 o C. It would seem - nonsense, some three degrees. But in an industrially undeveloped human society, these three "cold" degrees caused a terrifying catastrophe on a global scale.

Flooding in the outskirts of Paris

Europe. In 1816 and two subsequent years, European countries, still not recovered from Napoleonic Wars, became the worst place on Earth - they were hit by cold, hunger, epidemics and an acute shortage of fuel. There was no harvest at all for two years. In England, Germany and France, feverishly buying up grain all over the world (mainly from the Russian Empire), food riots took place one after another. Crowds of French, Germans and British broke into warehouses with grain and carried out all the supplies. Grain prices soared tenfold. Against the backdrop of constant riots, massive arson and looting, the Swiss authorities have introduced a state of emergency and a curfew in the country.

The summer months instead of heat brought hurricanes, endless rains and snowstorms. The large rivers of Austria and Germany overflowed their banks and flooded large areas. A typhoid epidemic broke out. Over 100,000 people died in Ireland alone in three years without a summer. The desire to survive is the only thing that drove the population of Western Europe in 1816-1818. Tens of thousands of citizens of England, Ireland, Scotland, France and Holland sold their property for next to nothing, threw everything that was not sold and fled across the ocean to the American continent.

A farmer in a field with dead corn in the US state of Vermont

North America. In March 1816, winter did not end, snow was falling and frosts were standing. In April-May, America was covered with endless rains with hail, and in June-July - frosts. The corn crop in the northern states of the United States was hopelessly lost, and attempts to grow at least some grain in Canada were fruitless. Newspapers vying with each other promised famine, farmers massively slaughtered livestock. Canadian authorities have voluntarily opened grain warehouses to the public. Thousands of inhabitants of the American northern lands were drawn to the south - for example, the state of Vermont was practically depopulated.

China. The provinces of the country, especially Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Anhui and Jiangxi, were affected by a powerful cyclone. Endless rains fell for several weeks in a row, and on summer nights frost fettered the rice fields. For three years in a row, every summer in China was not summer at all - rains and frosts, snow and hail. In the northern provinces, buffaloes died from hunger and cold. The country, unable to grow rice due to the sudden harsh climate and floods in the Yangtze River valley, was gripped by famine.

Famine in the provinces Chinese Empire Qing

India(at the beginning of the 19th century - a colony of Great Britain (East India Company)). The territory of the country, for which monsoons (winds blowing from the ocean) and heavy rains are common in summer, was under the influence of a severe drought - there were no monsoons. For three years in a row, the drought at the end of the summer gave way to many weeks of downpours. A sharp change in climate contributed to the mutation of cholera vibrio - a severe cholera epidemic began in Bengal, covering half of India and quickly moving north.

Russia(Russian empire). Three devastating and difficult years for the countries of Europe, North America and Asia on the territory of Russia passed surprisingly smoothly - neither the authorities nor the population of the country simply noticed anything. On the contrary, all three years - 1816, 1817 and 1818 - the summer in Russia went much better than in other years. Warm, moderately dry weather contributed to good grain harvests, vied with each other purchased by the distressed states of Europe and North America. The cooling of the European seas, along with a possible change in the direction of the Gulf Stream, only improved the climatic conditions in Russia.

Emperor Nicholas I stops the cholera riot in Moscow

However, the echo of the events of three years without a summer still touched Russia. In 1830-1831, two waves of cholera epidemic swept across the Russian Empire, a new type of which arose in 1816 in Indian Bengal. Expeditionary troops returned to Russia, having participated in the Asian wars with the Persians and Turks for several years. Together with them came cholera, from which (official data) 197,069 citizens of the Russian Empire died in two years, and a total of 466,457 people fell ill.

Three years without a summer and the events that developed during this period have influenced many generations of earthlings, including you, readers of the svagor.com blog. See for yourself.

Dracula and Frankenstein. Holidays on Lake Geneva (Switzerland) in May-June 1816 with friends, among whom were George Gordon, Lord Byron and Mary Shelley, were completely spoiled by gloomy weather and constant rain. Due to bad weather, friends were forced to spend their evenings in the fireplace room of the Villa Diodati, rented for a vacation by Lord Byron.

Film adaptation of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"

They amused themselves by reading ghost stories aloud (the book was called Phantasmagorina or Stories of Ghosts, Phantoms, Spirits, etc.). Also discussed were the experiments of the poet Erasmus Darwin, who in the 18th century was rumored to have investigated the effect of a weak electric current on the organs of a dead human body. Byron invited everyone to write a short story on a supernatural topic - there was nothing to do anyway. It was then that Mary Shelley came up with the idea of ​​a novel about Dr. Frankenstein - she later admitted that she dreamed of the plot after one of the evenings at Villa Diodati.

Lord Byron told a short "supernatural" story about Augustus Darvell feeding on the blood of the women he loved. Dr. John Polidori, hired by the Baron to take care of his health, carefully memorized the plot of the vampire story. Later, when Byron fired Polidori, he wrote a short story about Lord Ruthven called "The Vampire". Polidori deceived English publishers - he said that the vampire story was written by Byron and the lord himself asked him to bring the manuscript to England for publication. The release of the story in 1819 became the subject of a lawsuit between Byron, who denied the authorship of The Vampire, and Polidori, who claimed the opposite. One way or another, it was the winter summer of 1816 that became the cause of all subsequent ones.

John Smith Jr.

Mormons. In 1816, John Smith Jr. was 11 years old. Due to summer frosts and the threat of famine, his family was forced to leave the farm in Vermont in 1817 and settled in the town of Palmyra, located in western New York State. Since this region was extremely popular with all kinds of preachers (mild climate, abundance of flocks and donations), young John Smith completely immersed himself in the study of religion and para-religious rites. Years later, at the age of 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon, later founding the Mormon religious sect in Illinois.

Superphosphate fertilizer. The Darmstadt son of an apothecary, Justus von Liebig, survived three hungry years without a summer when he was 13-16 years old. In his youth, he was interested in firecrackers and actively experimented with "explosive" mercury (mercury fulminate), and since 1831, remembering the harsh years of the "volcanic winter", he engaged in deep research in organic chemistry. Von Liebig developed superphosphate fertilizers that significantly increased grain yields. By the way, when Indian cholera came to Europe, it happened in the 50s of the XIX century, it was Justus von Liebig who developed the first effective cure for this disease (the name of the drug is Fleischinfusum).

English fleet attacks Chinese warships

Opium Wars. Three years without a summer has hit Chinese traditional rice farmers in the country's southern provinces hard. Threatened by famine, farmers in southern China decided to grow the opium poppy because it was easy to maintain and guaranteed to generate income. Although the emperors of the Qing Dynasty categorically forbade the cultivation of opium poppy, farmers ignored this ban (bribed officials). By 1820, the number of opium addicts in China had increased from the previous two million to seven million, and the Daoguang Emperor banned the import of opium into China, smuggled in exchange for silver from the colonies of Great Britain and the United States. In response, England, France and the United States launched a war in China, the purpose of which was the unlimited import of opium into the Qing Empire.

Railcar bicycle by Carl von Drez

A bike. Observing the difficult situation with oats for horses that developed in 1816, the German inventor Carl von Dres decided to build a new mode of transport. In 1817, he created the first prototype of modern bicycles and motorcycles - two wheels, a frame with a seat and a T-handle. True, von Drez's bicycle did not have pedals - the rider was asked to push off the ground and slow down on turns with his feet. Carl von Dres is best known as the inventor of the railcar, which is named after him.

Boldinskaya autumn A.S. Pushkin. Three autumn months of 1830, Alexander Sergeevich spent in the village of Boldino not of his own free will - because of the cholera quarantine established in Moscow by the authorities. It was the cholera vibrio, which mutated during an unusual drought, which abruptly gave way to continuous autumn rains and caused the Ganges to overflow, and 14 years later brought to the Russian Empire, the descendants "owe" the appearance of Pushkin's brightest works - "Eugene Onegin", "The Tale of the Priest and His worker Balda”, etc.

Such is the story of three years without a summer that occurred at the beginning of the 19th century and was caused by a number of factors, including the eruption of the stratovolcano Tambora. It remains to remind you that the seven-point Tambora is far from the most significant volcanic problem of earthlings. There are, unfortunately, much more dangerous volcanic objects on Earth -.

I propose to watch a popular science film of the Discovery Channel about the eruption of the Tambora stratovolcano and the three-year winter that followed this catastrophe, which happened at the beginning of the 19th century (the film is 46 minutes long, calculate the time for viewing and it is better without scrolling):

Many “black myths” were created about the Soviet Union, especially about the Stalinist period, which were supposed to create a negative impression of the Soviet civilization in people and forever deprive the people of this wonderful experience, which can and should be relied upon at the present time. One of these "black myths" is the myth of the "total nationalization of the economy" under Stalin. However, this is a clear lie or simple ignorance of history. It was under Stalin that it was possible to engage in legal business.

During Stalin's time, during the lifetime of one generation, our country created a unique civilization based on the principles of freedom, equality and brotherhood of people.

Thanks to this, Russia literally rose from the ruins twice and showed the whole world a real alternative to the capitalist world, based on the thirst for profit and self-interest, the exploitation of the base vices of people.

One of the key elements of the new Stalinist economic model was the development of the domestic market through the development of entrepreneurship, which, in the form of industrial and commercial artels, was supported in every possible way. Already in the first five-year plan, a 2.6-fold increase in the number of members of artels was planned.

In fact, it was Stalin who formed and raised an efficiently operating system of entrepreneurship - honest, industrial, and not speculative-usurious.

By 1953, there were 114,000 private artels, workshops and enterprises in the USSR in various fields - from the food industry to metalworking and from jewelry to the chemical industry.

They employed about 2 million people, who produced almost 6% of the gross industrial output of the USSR. Artels and industrial cooperation produced 40% of furniture, 70% of metal utensils, more than a third of all knitwear, almost all children's toys.

In the entrepreneurial sector of the economy under Stalin, there were about a hundred design bureaus, 22 experimental laboratories and 2 research institutes.

Within the framework of this sector, its own, non-state, pension system operated. Artels provided loans to their members for the purchase of livestock, tools and equipment, and housing construction.

Production artels produced both the simplest, most necessary things in everyday life, as well as high-tech products.

The first Soviet tube receivers (1930), the first radiograms in the USSR (1935), the first television sets with a cathode ray tube (1939) were produced by the Moscow artel "Radist".

Before the war, the artel "Radist" released about 2000 models TV "17TN-1".

TV T1 of the Leningrad artel "Progress-Radio"

TV T2 of the Leningrad artel "Progress-Radio"

Artel "Foto-Trud" (branch "firma EFTE", later a separate artel "Arfo") produced the first Soviet serial cameras.

Detector receiver "Komsomolets" artel "RadioFront"

The trade cooperation of Leningrad and the region has mastered the production of dozens of new products. "Artel named after the 10th anniversary of industrial cooperation" began to produce folding women's umbrellas. When folded, this umbrella fits in a briefcase.

Artels Haberdasher, Prompugovitsa and Galalit produced buttons, buckles, brooches made of unbreakable glass, acrylate, production of "tank geysers" (a device for mechanically washing clothes at home).

Artel "Gramophone" designed and manufactured portable gramophones.

Collective-farm markets also played a special role under Stalin. They were also under the jurisdiction of the local authorities. And fees for trade were established by local councils of people's deputies. For example, in Pervouralsk in the last pre-war months, if a person traded from an equipped place (that is, there was a table), then no tax was taken from him at all. No tax was levied if citizens sold eggs, milk, butter, etc. not even from an equipped place, but directly from the cart.

Moreover, there were still a lot of handicraftsmen and peasants - individual farmers - in the country by the beginning of the war. On the eve of the war in the USSR, there were more than 3.5 million households of individual farmers.

Handicrafts and artels in Pervouralsk alone produced a wide variety of items: they sewed sheepskin coats, rolled felt boots, weaved scarves, made beds, tables, kvass, canned vegetables, carts, skis, shovels, turpentine, nails, clay pots, files, spoons, forks , gingerbread, sausage, cold smoked and much more.

At the very beginning of 1941, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, by a special decree, “handed over” zealous bosses interfering in the activities of artels, emphasized the mandatory election of the leadership of industrial cooperation at all levels, for two years enterprises were exempted from most taxes and state control over retail pricing - the only and obligatory condition was that retail prices should not exceed state prices for similar products by more than 10-13% (and this despite the fact that state-owned enterprises were in more difficult conditions: they did not have benefits).

And so that officials would not be tempted to “squeeze” artels, the state also determined the prices at which raw materials, equipment, storage space, transport, and commercial facilities were provided for artels: corruption was basically impossible.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War the whole industry was reorganized on a war footing.

For example, the artel named after Volodarsky began to assemble guns from components manufactured by TOZ. Artel "Iskra" from steel wire begins to make aerial anti-aircraft barrage nets, which are raised by balloons over Moscow and Leningrad. Sawmill workers build temporary wooden premises, they install machines that came from sawmills evacuated from Ukraine. Produce boxes for cartridges and shells. When the Komsomol members of the Sharkan and Votkinsk districts called for the creation of a Komsomol anti-tank artillery division using the collected and earned funds, the Sarapul Komsomol members in the Guarantee artel prepared all the horse harness for it, the garment workers sewed uniforms, the shoemakers supplied the soldiers with good boots.

In besieged Leningrad, for example, Sudayev's famous submachine guns were made in artels. And this means that the artels had a machine park, machine tools and presses, welding equipment, and sufficiently high technology.

In a multi-volume edition of NKVD documents during the Great Patriotic War, one can find a report by a senior major (there was such a title) of the NKVD on the state of affairs at a factory that produces artillery shells. The report is purely statistical, so many thousands of finished shells in warehouses, so many thousands - in the production process, materials for the production of shells - so many, for such and such a period of work. Everything is clear, routine, but what is unexpected is who owned the production - the production artel! But it was about the release of tens of thousands of shells, powerful production!

And even during the war years, half of the tax benefits were retained for the artels, and after the war they were granted more than in 1941, especially to the artels of the disabled, who became numerous after the war. In the difficult post-war years, the development of artels was considered the most important state task.

For example, the Leningrad artel "Joiner-Builder", having started in 1923 with sledges, wheels, clamps and coffins, by 1955 changes its name to "Radio Operator" - it already has a large-scale production of furniture and radio equipment.

Radio receiver RIS-35 of the artel "Radist"

Radiola R-3 Artel "Radist"

The Yakut artel "Metallist", created in 1941, had a powerful factory production base by the mid-1950s.

The Vologda artel "Red Partizan", having started the production of resin-resin in 1934, by the same time produced three and a half thousand tons of it, becoming a large-scale production.

The Gatchina artel "Jupiter", which has been producing haberdashery trifles since 1924, in 1944, immediately after the liberation of Gatchina, made nails, locks, lanterns, shovels, by the beginning of the 50s it produced aluminum utensils, washing machines, drilling machines and presses.

And there were tens of thousands of such artel enterprises.

One of the most notable features of Brezhnev's socialism was the constant shortage of consumer goods. The reason for the shortage in the Brezhnev years is well known: the Soviet industry of that time was state-owned, planned, and was not able to respond flexibly to changes in demand. All manufactured goods that were sold in the USSR were manufactured either by the state industry of the USSR or imported from abroad.

In the Stalin period, the situation was completely different. Tens of thousands of industrial cooperatives, hundreds of thousands of handicraftsmen worked in the country. All production artels and handicraftsmen did not belong to the state, but to the so-called "local industry".

If in the Brezhnev era, for example, there was not enough candy in a certain town, then in order to meet the demand, it was necessary to make changes to the five-year plans. In the Stalinist USSR, the issue was resolved independently, at the local level. In a month, the city would be filled with merchants making sweets in a handicraft way, and in two months they would be joined by production artels.

During the post-war reconstruction of the country, the development of artels was considered the most important state task. Many leaders, especially front-line soldiers, were instructed to organize artels in various settlements. In the memoirs of his father, the head of a large and successful artel, a communist, a front-line soldier, it is written as follows:

He was instructed to organize an artel in the small village where he lived. He went to the district center, resolved all organizational issues in a day and returned home with several sheets of documents and the seal of the newborn artel. So, without red tape and delay, under Stalin, the issues of creating a new enterprise were resolved. Then he began to gather friends and acquaintances, to decide what and how they would do. It turned out that one had a cart with a horse - he became the "head of the transport department." Another unearthed a saturator under the ruins - a device for carbonating water - and repaired it with his own hands. The third could provide the artel with a room in his yard. That's how, with the world on a thread, began the production of lemonade. We discussed, agreed on production, marketing, distribution of shares - in accordance with the contribution to the common cause and qualifications - and set to work. And things went on. After some time, they began to make candies, then sausage, then they learned how to produce canned food - the artel grew and developed.

And a few years later, its chairman was awarded an order for hard work and flaunted on the district honors board - it turns out that under Stalin there was no difference between those who worked at state and artel enterprises, any work was honorable, and in the legislation on rights, on labor seniority and other things, the wording "... or a member of the artel of commercial cooperation" was necessarily.

This is how entrepreneurship developed under Stalin. Entrepreneurship is real, productive, not speculative. Entrepreneurship with a bright head and laboring hands, which opened up full scope for initiative and creativity, and which made the economy stronger, benefited the country and people. Entrepreneurship, which was under the tutelage and protection of the state - such realities of "democracy" as racketeering, "protection", corruption, in Stalin's time, no one heard.

Stalin and his team opposed attempts to nationalize the business sector. In the all-Union economic discussion in 1951, D.T. Shepilov and A.N. Kosygin also defended the household plot of collective farmers, which reached the size of 1 hectare, and the freedom of artel entrepreneurship. Stalin wrote about this in his last - 1952 - work "Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR".

The defeat of artel entrepreneurship was cruel and unfair.

In 1956, Khrushchev decided by 1960 to completely transfer to the state all artel enterprises. The only exceptions were small artels of consumer services, art crafts, and artels of the disabled, and they were forbidden to carry out regular retail trade in their products.

The above-mentioned "Radist" became a state-owned plant. "Metallist" - Repair and Mechanical Plant, "Red Partisan" - Rosin Plant. "Jupiter" turned into the state plant "Burevestnik". Artel property was alienated free of charge. Shareholders lost all contributions, except for those that were subject to return based on the results of 1956. Loans issued by artels to their members were credited to the budget. Trading network and enterprises Catering in the cities they were alienated free of charge, and in the countryside - for a nominal fee.

The property of artels, created and accumulated in the Soviet era, in full compliance with fair laws, property is material, labor, not paper "vouchers", "shares" and other pieces of paper, which are means and instruments of deception and appropriation, but property in the form of machine tools, machines and premises, which were often built by artel workers with their own hands - this is honest property. This is property that serves not the exploitation of one person by others, but the creation of benefits for all - and it was impossible to take it away, as Khrushchev took it away.

And now let us ask ourselves the question of the reason for the development of artels in the USSR.

Stalin was well aware that in the USSR there was state capitalism, in which the state apparatus was the only employer, and it was forbidden for everyone else to engage in hiring labor for production purposes.

He also perfectly understood that the moral level of the population is quite low, and if people are given the opportunity to exploit other people in production, then everything will return to normal, as it was before 1917 (which we got later, in 1991). For the same reason, it was necessary to limit the salaries of managers at all levels so that they would not exceed the level of wages of workers by tens and even hundreds of times (as we see now).

Also, a negative phenomenon of pyramidal management structures with disenfranchised participants is hidden sabotage according to the principle “Why work if you can get money and not work?”. In this case, the leader turns into a “like”, who is forced to drive his subordinates in order to get the necessary result from them.

There is nothing pleasant in the work of "like". In addition to the low productivity of such work (and a person “under kicks” does not work well), the alienation of the “lower classes” from the “top” and the tension of their relationship are growing. You have probably noticed that the heads of different levels of firms and factories try not to go to the common toilet with the workers? But because “purely by chance” you can get hit on the head there. “They are terribly far from the people” - this phrase by V.I. Lenin can be safely applied to the managers of pyramidal structures.

For this reason, I.V. Stalin demanded that at state-owned enterprises, to the maximum, transfer everyone who was possible to piece work. In the annual reports, the directors of enterprises invariably indicated the percentage of workers working on a piecework wage system.

An excellent way to avoid these shortcomings of state-owned enterprises, and then gradually spread the new morality to the whole society, was to create structures in which there are no disenfranchised participants - artels.

In fact, this continued the most ancient production tradition of Russian civilization: after all, production artels (communities) have been the most important part of the economic life of the Russian state since ancient times.

The artel principle of labor organization existed in Russia even under the first Rurikovich, apparently, it was before. It is known under different names - gang, brethren, brotherhood, team. The essence is always the same - the work is carried out by a group of people who are equal to each other, each of whom can vouch for everyone and everything for one, and organizational issues are decided by the ataman, the master, chosen by the gathering.

All members of the artel do their job, actively interact with each other.

There is no principle of exploitation of one member of the artel by another. That is, from time immemorial, the communal principle, characteristic of the Russian mentality, has prevailed.

Sometimes entire villages or communities organized a common artel.

Thus, under Stalin, this ancient Russian cell of society retained its significance and occupied a certain and important place in Soviet civilization.

In contrast to the rigid pyramidal management structures under capitalism, in the artel management structures are created and destroyed depending on the need. In capitalist enterprises, a person is a resource for a pyramid that is alien to him, and in artels, the management pyramid is just a tool for people to interact. Feel the difference?

Unfortunately, the process of moral recovery of our society was interrupted by Khrushchev, but we will continue this good deed.

Artels - to life!
Do not buy people - work with them in a brotherly way!

R Consider the question of internally stressed systems:

"Internally tense system" is a pyramidal management system formed with the use of negative external and internal factors that force the main part of the participants to accept unfair conditions dictated by the organizers of the system.

The most common examples of such a system are any plant, city and regional administrations, and so on, which are built on the principle of buying by a higher level of a lower one.

This allows the upper levels of the management pyramid to organize any processes in society and at the same time successfully hide from the attention of the general population and from responsibility for what they have done.

For example, workers in our plant are sure that the main person in the plant is the director, but they do not have access to the legal documents of the enterprise and do not know that the owner of the plant is a completely different person, unknown to them.

All such systems are extremely unstable to external influences, since almost every disenfranchised participant in such a system is its potential traitor.

When the owner of the company hires an employee, the following monologue of the owner should be heard, which, however, is not voiced, since the speaker and listener know this without words:

“We will work together, but we will share what we have earned, and also decide when only I will throw you out of here. Understood?"

The owner of the company clearly knows that in most cases he automatically receives a potential saboteur, thief and traitor, who will betray him at the first opportunity, if he does not face serious consequences for this. What else can you expect from a person who has been treated unfairly? SOW INJUSTICE - YOU WILL REAP FALSE, BETRAYAL AND HYPOCRICITY. To reduce the possibilities of sabotage, theft and betrayal, the owner forms his entourage from lured Cerberus, who will look after disenfranchised workers, and also ensure that informal groups are not formed from workers - every slave must be alone! Unfortunately, we have to observe that some of the slaves follow the “divide and rule” rule so strictly that after working in one enterprise for 30-40 years they have neither friends nor even buddies in the latter. In military terminology, this is called "perfect schmuck"(person morally lowered). Apparently, the existing system of slavery is doing its dirty deed and successfully breaking the psyche of such people who do not even think about a different fate. Submissive slaves are highly valued by slave owners.

Despite this, there are always people who successfully overcome these difficulties and form mutual assistance groups.

Let me give you an example from life:

Many people in production are familiar with such a concept, called a "shlyga". This word refers to the organization of parallel production activities at the plant, bypassing the management of the enterprise.

That is, I go up to the worker Peter, ask him to make such and such a product for money, then hand it over to the worker Vasily.

I ask this second worker (also for money) to polish this product and hand it over to ������������������������������������ �������������é worker, which for certain money will take it outside the plant. Simply put, the plant's resources are being plundered "to the extent of the abilities" of each of the participants. "Shlyga" is organized, as a rule, by a group of several people, between whom not allowed unfair relationship. This group immediately “floats up” in the material plane, as it puts fair relationships among themselves in the first place, and not money (i.e., it builds an internally unstressed system, so there is no betrayal in this structure).

Immediately make a reservation, the concept is internal not tense systems is not a synonym for the word mess. In these systems, discipline is much stronger than in tense systems.

But hired workers are in the position of slaves because they put numbers (money) in the first place in their heads, and not people. Whoever puts numbers in the first place will not have them. What is most interesting is the enthusiasm with which the slaves betray their slave owner, downright creative approach to this issue. With the skillful organization of bribery, it is possible to involve the Cerberus of the plant owner in this activity and work quite calmly, without fear of persecution. This example well shows the weakness of pyramidal structures based on money.

Artels, in which there are no disenfranchised participants, are deprived of all the above shortcomings. Consider one of the possible ways to create them.

ARTEL SHOP

To begin with, all employees of the artel store sign something like this paper:

RECEIPT

I, Ivanov Ivan Petrovich, when carrying out joint activities with other people, undertake:

1. Not to use the material, financial, informational and other difficulties of other people in order to obtain additional rights, income, benefits and other advantages to the detriment of other people.

2. Bear equal material, financial and other responsibility based on the results of joint activities.

3. In case of violation of the above paragraphs, I grant the right to any person who signed a receipt with the same text to deprive me of my property, which was used in violation of paragraphs 1, 2 of this receipt. I grant the right to use this property only in the form specified in this receipt.

Signature.Date.

Brief and simplified explanation of the proposed:

1. In an ordinary grocery store, you pay 100 rubles for the goods, get it and - goodbye (you gave part of the retail margin, for example, 20 rubles, that is, profit, to the store owner forever). Since we go to the grocery store often, we gradually accumulate VERY GOOD AMOUNT.

When moving deeper from the retail link - to the wholesale, from the wholesale - to the direct manufacturer, the cost of the margin, drawn up in the form of a share contribution, increases. That is, if at the beginning we issued 20 rubles from every hundred rubles spent, then at the next stage - 30 rubles, and so on. Thus, the rate of growth of material resources of artel (community) structures is constantly increasing.

At the initial stage (with a lack of funds to organize a full-fledged store), it is possible to create an informal “order table”. After accumulating a sufficient amount, a new store is created or an already operating store is bought and transferred to artel working conditions.

Description of the artel consumer society.

Suggested solution:

2. Members of the consumer society determine the range of food products that will be sold to them.

3. A consumer society collects orders and money from its members.

4. The consumer society buys food products in bulk, if possible, from the manufacturer.

5. Goods in a consumer society are sold to members of the consumer society at cost, since the consumer society, according to the Charter, does not aim to make a profit.

6. The difference in the price of goods between the retail price in an ordinary store and the price in a consumer society shall be paid by members of the consumer society to the consumer society. The introduction of these funds is carried out in the form of contributions for the implementation of the statutory activities of the consumer society (creation and development of artel structures).

7. For the amount of share contributions, the artel consumer society expands its trading activities, and, if possible, buys up supplying enterprises in order to transfer them to the participants of the artel consumer society (its buyers and employees) and transfer them to artel (community) working conditions.

Where does the compass of the Russian soul point?

I have long noticed that Russian grandmothers who trade in the market (who do this not professionally and sell the fruits of their gardens and kitchen gardens) are clearly losing to our southern guests in the speed of selling their goods and the number of buyers. The reason, in my opinion, is simple - they are ashamed of the price tags, because in their hearts they consider market trading to be a low occupation, as based on speculation, and this occupation is for people without conscience. The absence of price tags on goods leads to the fact that the buyer most often passes by. At the southern guests in the market, no matter what product - a figure is immediately written,

and Russian grandmothers have no price tags.

In general, the digital world is “a floor below” the morality of a Russian person.

Remember the elation during the Soviet subbotniks, when you work for everyone, without any pay.

And you can’t deceive the soul - this is a true compass and clearly shows the right direction. We lingered something in this "digital basement".

But the practical measures of I.V. Stalin on the annual reduction in prices since 1947 really led the matter to the elimination of money as such, and this is confirmed by the words of Molotov V.M. Felix Chuev's book One Hundred and Forty Conversations with Molotov:

“Before the first post-war session of the Supreme Council, one of the marshals, it seems Vasilevsky, asked him how he imagines communism? “I believe,” Stalin said, “the initial phase or the first stage of communism will practically begin when we start distributing bread to the population for free.” And now, in my opinion, Voronov asks: “Comrade Stalin, how but - for free bread, this is an impossible thing! Stalin led us to the window: “What is there?”

- The river, Comrade Stalin.

- Water?

- Water.

Why is there no queue for water? You see, you didn’t even think that we could have such a situation in the state with bread.

He looked like, looked like and said: “You know what, if there are no international complications, and by them I mean only war, I think that this will come in 1960.”

The movement towards the abolition of money and the transition to a society of a new, humane morality was interrupted with the death of I.V. Stalin, but we will resume this process. After the economy has been redeemed into communal (artel) property, we will also deal closely with the question of the abolition of money as such.

Fig.1 Expansion of the territory of Russia from 1613 to 1914 (official version)

Great Tartaria disappeared from the political map of the world about two hundred years ago.

More precisely, it was erased from this map (Fig. 1).

Erased so thoroughly that for almost two hundred years no one had heard of her. And I didn't know. Until the works of Academician Fomenko appeared on the New Chronology, which returned to scientific circulation a lot of evidence of the existence of this state. The largest ever to exist on our planet.

The natural boundaries of Great Tartaria, which occupied the entire Northern Hemisphere in the Middle Ages, were ocean shores (Fig. 2, 3).

Rice. 2. Map of Eurasia (mid-18th century)

Rice. 3. Great Tartaria (mid-XV century)

Moreover, three of the four oceans available - the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic - were, in fact, its internal reservoirs.

By the end of the eighteenth century (according to modern reckoning), having succumbed to the pernicious influence of monotheism (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), the population of the European part of Great Tartaria plunged into the bloody horror of religious and aggressive wars, political intrigues, rebellions and revolutions. And broke away from Asia. The one who managed to resist the evil onslaught of the new world religions and preserved the moral purity and faith of her Ancestors. The border between the Metropolis and the western, plague-ridden lands ran from the Arctic to the Indian Ocean. Along the Ural Mountains, the shores of the Caspian Sea and the peaks of Zagros (Fig. 4, 5).

Rice. 4. Great Tartaria (1680)

Rice. 5. Russian Empire (1755)

The last border war with Britain and Muscovy was unsuccessful for Great Tartary. Having suffered a series of serious defeats, she was forced to admit the loss of some of her territories. In the Southern Urals, in the Northern Caspian and South-Western Siberia, in Central and North-Eastern India and on the east coast of North America. At present, various episodes of this war, truly a World War in its scope and consequences, are known as the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion and the development of Siberia, the colonization of India and the war for the independence of the British colonies in America (Fig. 6, 7, 8).

Rice. 6. The uprising led by E.I. Pugachev 1773-1775.

Rice. 7. India in 1784

Rice. 8. The war for the independence of the English colonies in North America and the creation of the United States

Given the pathological tendency of professional historians to falsify, it can be assumed that this was not entirely the case. But, even in the event of the victory of the Anglo-Russian coalition, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, Great Tartaria remained the largest and most powerful state in the world anyway.

Suppose (as an exception) that this time, for some reason unknown to us, the official historiography describes the events that actually happened.

Great Tartaria suffered a military defeat and suffered territorial losses. So what? Such insignificant losses could not lead to the death of such a great power! Even if the defeat caused a serious internal political crisis. For no internal political crisis could lead to the collapse of the Great Tartaria. Because the people who inhabited Asia two hundred years ago were united and completely homogeneous. And by nationality, and by language, and by religion.

Two hundred years ago, in Great Tartaria, on the land of Tarkh and Tara, only Tartars lived (Fig. 9). Tall, fair-haired, white-skinned people with cornflower blue, green, fiery or silver eyes. Slavs-Aryans. Russ. Friendly and kind-hearted in times of peace, brave and merciless in battle, fair and merciful in days of victory, and steadfast in times of adversity. Because they preserved the moral purity and faith of their Ancestors. From the Urals to Alaska. From Novaya Zemlya to Tibet.

Rice. 9. Tarkh and Tara

In order to destroy the Great Tartaria, it was necessary first to destroy its people. Whole! Before last person! And that was still not enough. Neither Britain nor Muscovy. Not their coalition. Even if the rest of Europe joined this nasty coalition.

The famous commander Alexander Suvorov (Fig. 10), who took part in the defeat of Pugachev (Fig. 11) and personally escorted him to Moscow (Fig. 12), could inflict a major defeat on the Tartar troops.

Rice. 10. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov, Prince of Italy, Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and sea forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, grandee of the Sardinian kingdom and prince of royal blood, holder of all Russian military and foreign orders. And apparently he did. For which he was awarded a golden sword with diamonds (the cost of such a sword was equal to the sum of the annual salary of a whole regiment). And he received several highest orders of the Russian Empire (the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the Order of George and Vladimir, first class). Although the official historical science and keeps quiet about it. Like a fish on ice. More precisely, it hides the history of the Tartar wars of Muscovy among its wars with the Ottoman Turks. And other Crimean khans.

Rice. 11. Emelyan Pugachev

Fig.12. Suvorov puts Pugachev in a cage

However, note that Russia has been at war with the Brilliant Port for more than one century. But she couldn't completely defeat it. Despite the glorious victories of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Orlov-Chesmensky, Potemkin-Tavrichesky, Suvorov-Rymniksky, Kutuzov-Smolensky, Dibich-Zabalkansky and Paskevich-Erivansky. Although the Turkish Empire, even at the time of its heyday, was ten times smaller than Tartaria (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Ottoman Empire (official version)

Turkey suffered defeats in battles many times, lost wars and lost territories, but it never disappeared from the political map of the world.

Unlike the Great Tartaria. Which was erased not only from the map. Tartaria was wiped off the face of the Earth. Together with the people who inhabited it ...

***
This happened in February 1816. Which later became known as "The Year Without Summer". In the United States, it is still called "Eighteen hundred and frozen to death", that is, "one thousand eight hundred and frozen to death." And official science considers the beginning of the "Little Ice Age", which lasted three years.

In March, the temperature in North America continued to be wintry. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail, a sudden frost destroyed most of the crops, in June two giant snowstorms caused deaths, in July and August the rivers froze even in Pennsylvania. It was frosty every night, and up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. Germany was tormented by strong storms. Many rivers, including the Rhine, burst their banks. The weather in Switzerland was terrible, it snowed every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices in Europe increased tenfold, and famine began among the population.

Darkness fell on the world. In the literal sense of the word. The sun could not break through the cloud cover and did not warm the earth. Lord Byron wrote in 1816: “The bright sun went out, and the stars / Wandered aimlessly, without rays / In eternal space; icy land/ It swept blindly in the moonless air./ The hour of the morning rose and passed,/ But it did not bring the day behind it.../ Dwellings of all those who have dwellings -/ Into bonfires were built... cities burned.../ Terrible famine/ tormented people.../ And quickly perished people".

The key to the three-year cold was "found" a hundred years later. American researcher W. Humphreys linked climate change in 1816-1819. with the eruption of the volcano Tambora on the island of Sumbawa. Currently, this hypothesis is considered generally accepted in the scientific world. Although it is not clear why the explosion of a volcano south of the equator so affected the climate of the Northern Hemisphere? Having no effect on the climate of the South. Eruptions of the same power (about eight hundred megatons), which occurred in 1883 in Indonesia (Krakatau), in 1912 in Alaska (Katmai) and in 1991 in the Philippines (Pinatubo), led to a decrease in temperature by no more than half a degree (Fig. 14, 15, 16). Without causing no midday darkness, no snow storms in the middle of summer, no massive overflow of rivers.

Rice. 14. Krakatoa volcano eruption (1883)

Rice. 15. Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, (1991)

Rice. 16. Pinatubo volcano eruption (1991)

It is interesting to note that while Europe and America were freezing and starving, in Russia in 1816-1819. nothing unusual was noted. No cold, no hunger. "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and goodwill toward men." I mean, it's the same as always. And frosts, and crops.

It's in Russia! Yes, even after the recent invasion of twelve languages ​​and the complete ruin of the western provinces! As they say, the legend is fresh, but hard to believe! Even in ordinary years, winter in Russia lasts half a year, the trunks of centuries-old trees crack from frost, and by spring you can’t even sweep a handful of flour through the barrels. So the point here is not the Russian people's habit of cold and fasting, but the absence of rotten Western democracy. And the presence of reliable censorship.

Meanwhile, Russia, most likely, was the source of climate problems in both Europe and America. This is indirectly evidenced by the age of modern forests in Russia and Belarus. Which are no more than two hundred years old. All forests! And Siberian, and Russian, and Belarusian.

This fact can only be explained by the fact that two hundred years ago all Russian forests disappeared. Chorus. And the ancient ones (elm lives three hundred years, linden - four hundred, pine and larch - five hundred, spruce - six hundred, cedar - a thousand, oak - one and a half thousand), and young ones. Apparently, they burned down (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Fires are burning, burning ... (art. K. Vasiliev)

And the current ones have grown in their place. On the central Russian plain, the forest was restored in the middle of the nineteenth century by mass planting in verst squares. And the Siberian taiga rose by itself. Because there was no one to plant trees here. But more on that later.

And now a few words about the so-called "karst" lakes. Very common in Russia. Especially near populated areas. Especially in Siberia. Perfectly round (Fig. 18, 19, 20, 21).

Rice. 18. Lake Dead, Penza district, Penza region.

Rice. 19. Lake Krugloye, Fokinsky district, Bryansk region.

Rice. 20. Lake Dead, Penza district of the Penza region.

Rice. 21. lake Shaitan, Muromtsevsky district, Omsk region.

Often having more high level water (because of the dense bowl) than the surrounding bodies of water. Lakes that have arisen not only above karsts (cavities formed under the action of saturated carbon dioxide water in the thickness of soluble rock - gypsum or limestone), but even where there were no karsts. And some of them never filled with water (Fig. 22, 23).

Rice. 22. Funnels of unknown origin near the city of Sarapul

Rice. 23. Funnels of unknown origin near the city of Sarapul

The names of these lakes are Hell's Lake, Shaitan Lake, Devil's Lake, Dead Lake, etc. - are completely meaningless. From the point of view of official science, of course. Who found nothing out of the ordinary in them. Unlike the local population.

And further. It's strange, but the diameter of these lakes correlates well with the diameter of the craters from air nuclear explosions. Capacity from one to ten megatons. But it is so. By the way.

To complete the picture, we note that, by an amazing coincidence, it was in the nineteenth century that mankind became acquainted with cancer. Where they came from is still unknown to science. Although today none of the doctors doubts that one of the main causes of cancer is radioactive radiation.

In any case, in the middle of the twentieth century, the outbreak of cancer was caused precisely by an increase in the radioactive background. Due to nuclear tests - 2422 nuclear and thermonuclear, incl. 525 atmospheric (Fig. 24, 25). But it is not important.

Rice. 24. Thermonuclear explosion

Rice. 25. Thermonuclear explosion

Indeed, in the nineteenth century, neither Muscovy, nor Britain, nor nuclear, nor thermonuclear weapons had yet been available. Therefore, neither one nor the other could apply it.

What if they had it?

Given the level of philanthropy of the British colonialists (Fig. 26) and the royal satraps, there is no reason to doubt their determination to use the atomic bomb (if it were available). Even in the absence of modern means of delivery and detonation.

Rice. 26. Execution of the leaders of the sepoy uprising with the help of the "Devil's Wind" (thin V. Verishchagin)

But. One way or another, neither Muscovy nor Britain had an atomic bomb yet. But there seems to be a reason for its use. And very weighty...

***
Napoleon (Fig. 27) entered Moscow on September 2. After a terrible battle near the village of Borodino, the Russian troops, having successfully repelled all the attacks of the French, retaining reserves and having excellent positions and strong rears at their disposal, unexpectedly withdrew. And they didn’t just retreat, but gave the largest city in the country to the enemy for desecration. Its historical center. Which Emperor Alexander I (Fig. 28) publicly proclaimed "the head of other Russian cities", as soon as Napoleon crossed the border. So that he is not mistaken with the direction of the main blow, probably (Fig. 29).

Rice. 27. Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine and Mediator Swiss Confederation

Rice. 28. Alexander I Blessed, magnanimous restorer of powers, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke Smolensky, Lithuanian, Volynsky and Podolsky, Prince of Estonia. Liflyandsky, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod Nizovsky land, Chernigov. Ryazan, Polotsk. Rostov. Yaroslavl, Beloozersky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislavsky and all Northern countries Sovereign and Sovereign of Iversky, Kartalinsky, Georgian and Kabardian lands, Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other hereditary Sovereign and Possessor, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Golstinsky, Stormarn, Ditmarsensky and Oldenburgsky and Sovereign Eversky and others, and others, and others

Rice. 29. The invasion of the Napoleonic army in Russia in 1812

Rice. 30. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky, Field Marshal General of the Russian Forces

The day before the shameful surrender of the “head of all other cities”, the Commander-in-Chief of all Russian armies and militias, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky (Fig. 30), the other day, by the highest decree, was promoted to field marshal general of the Russian Empire and received one hundred thousand rubles for expenses, held the infamous military council in Filiakh (Fig. 31). And he insisted on leaving Moscow. Despite the fierce resistance of some of their generals. Young and stupid. He cut off all the screams and ordered to retreat. Although yesterday, in an order dated August 31, he swore to give the adversary a new decisive battle under the walls of Moscow.

Rice. 31. Military Council in Fili (art. A. Kivshenko)

During the retreat in Moscow, more than thirty thousand wounded and a huge amount of weapons were thrown (one hundred and fifty-six guns and twenty-seven thousand cores, seventy-five thousand guns and forty thousand sabers, six hundred banners and a thousand standards).

This decision of the field marshal has not yet found an unambiguous interpretation. Someone justifies it. Based on the end result. Someone considers a traitor. Who sold out to the Jewish Masons. In the face of the French. Or the English. Not for a pinch. At his age! Having everything you want. Including money, fame, orders and titles...

Why did Napoleon, famous for his determination, sit on Poklonnaya Hill and wait for who knows what? Not daring to enter Moscow. Even though I already knew it was empty. And no one is going to arrange street fights in it. Despite the old Russian habit of fighting for every house. As it was in Smolensk. And many other places.

Or maybe he finally smelled the trap? Maybe something told him that such experienced military leaders as Kutuzov, whom he knew well from previous wars, did not just give up the historical centers of their homeland. Especially, covered with well-fortified positions. Provided with strong rears. Also reserves.

However, there was nowhere to go. So I still had to enter Moscow. At least in order to have something to bargain in the peace negotiations. By this time, Napoleon had already lost the numerical advantage. And most importantly - the confidence in victory. “Of all my battles, the most terrible is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory in it, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible ... ”he said after the battle (Fig. 32).

Rice. 32. Battle of Borodino (artist L. Lezhene)

This unfortunate Buonaparte had no idea that no one was going to enter into any negotiations with him. Because there is no need. For everything is already predetermined. Mene, Tekel, Perez. “Me — God has numbered your kingdom and put an end to it; Tekel - you are weighed in the balance and found very light; Peres, your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians” (Daniel 5:26-28).

Therefore, Kutuzov received an order to leave Moscow. Because his army has fully completed the task - lured the Corsican monster into a trap. Now the army had to be saved. The Lord of Light saved her. Why should he be eternally remembered. Because it was precisely this army that led the remnants of foreign troops back to the border (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Expulsion of Napoleon's army from Russia

As for the Muscovites, they all knew that Moscow would be abandoned. And you have to take off your feet. To avoid getting Buonaparte. Which will not stand on ceremony. And will rob, kill and rape. So, as they say, who did not hide ...

However, few remained. Only twenty thousand citizens.

Napoleon's Chief Master of the Horse, Marquis Armand de Caulaincourt, later recalled: “A city without inhabitants was enveloped in gloomy silence. During our long journey, we did not meet a single local resident ... ".

The trap closed. The game got caught.

On the same night, a fire broke out in Moscow (Fig. 34, 35).

Rice. 34. The fire of Moscow in 1812 (artist I. Aivazovsky)

Rice. 35. Moscow fire (unknown German artist)

Brigadier General Count Philippe de Segur wrote in his memoirs: “Two officers were located in one of the Kremlin buildings, from where they had a view of the northern and eastern parts of the city. Around midnight, they were awakened by an extraordinary light, and they saw that the flames had engulfed the palaces: at first it illuminated the graceful and noble outlines of their architecture, and then it all collapsed ... The information brought by the officers who had gathered from all sides coincided with each other. On the very first night, on the 14th to the 15th, a fireball descended over the palace of Prince Trubetskoy and set fire to this building.

A very strange fire. To put it mildly.

Unusual (!) light. Fire ball. Flames that bring down (!) Palaces. Not adobe huts, but multi-storey buildings! Not igniting, but illuminating. First. And then crushing! As for the ball - no comment at all. I mean, guess for yourself. From one time. What is this ball. And if you don’t guess, watch the newsreel of nuclear tests (Fig. 36, 37) ...

Rice. 36. Nuclear testing

Rice. 37. Nuclear testing

The city center was hit the hardest. Despite the fact that it was built up exclusively with stone and brick buildings. Even the Kremlin is almost nothing left. Although it was separated from the surrounding buildings by wide squares and ditches. Such, for example, as the Alevizov moat (thirty-four meters wide and thirteen deep). Which passed from the Arsenal tower to Beklemishevskaya. This huge ditch after the fire was completely littered with debris and debris. After that, it became easier to level it than to clear it.

By the way, Napoleon, who is accused of setting fire to Moscow and blowing up the Kremlin, barely survived the fire himself.

Comte de Segur says: “Then, after a long search, our people found an underground passage near a pile of stones that led to the Moscow River. Through this narrow passage, Napoleon with his officers and guards managed to get out of the Kremlin.

All who survived were in a state of shock.

De Segur recalls: “Those of our people who used to walk around the city, now, stunned by the storm of fire, blinded by ashes, did not recognize the area, and besides, the streets themselves disappeared in smoke and turned into piles of ruins ... All that remained of great Moscow was a few surviving houses scattered among the ruins. This slain and burned colossus, like a corpse, emitted a heavy smell. Heaps of ash, and in places the ruins of walls and fragments of rafters that came across, alone indicated that there had once been streets here. On the outskirts one came across Russian men and women covered in charred clothes. They, like ghosts, wandered among the ruins ... Only one third of the French army, as well as from Moscow, survived.

A Moscow resident says: “The barracks were littered with sick soldiers, deprived of any care, and the hospitals were wounded, dying by the hundreds from a lack of medicines and even food ... the streets and squares were littered with dead, bloodied human bodies and horses ... The wounded fighting death wailed, of which others the soldiers passing by, out of compassion, pinned them with the exact composure with which we kill a fly in the summer ... The whole city was turned into a cemetery.

In total, more than eighty thousand people died (for reference: seventy thousand people died during the atomic explosion in Hiroshima, and sixty in Nagasaki). Of the nine thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight buildings, six thousand, five hundred and thirty-two were destroyed.

Doesn't this remind you of anything? From modern history?

Not surprising. After all, the Moscow fire occurred a hundred and fifty years before Hiroshima (Fig. 38, 39, 40, 41)! When no one had ever heard of tactical nuclear weapons or radiation sickness. And I didn't know. Because they didn't exist yet. Or have they already been?

Rice. 38. Atomic explosion in Hiroshima 08/06/1945

Rice. 39. Atomic explosion in Nagasaki 08/09/1945.

Rice. 40. Hiroshima after the atomic bombing

Rice. 41. Nagasaki before and after the atomic bombing

By the way, an increased level of background radiation in the center of Moscow forms a characteristic spot, with a “torch” stretched towards the south (Fig. 42).

Rice. 42. Map of the radiation background of Moscow

The epicenter of the spot is located just in the place where the windows of the two officers mentioned in the memoirs of the Comte de Segur looked out. The very ones in whose eyes graceful and noble palaces were first illuminated, and then collapsed. Caught in the epicenter…

***
Official historical science has not yet figured out who set fire to Moscow.

The French believed that the Muscovites themselves did it. And they even shot four hundred "arsonists" (Fig. 43). So that it would be disrespectful to others.

Rice. 43. The execution of the Moscow "arsonists" (artist V. Verishchagin)

The Russians believed that the Corsican monster was to blame for everything. Vengeful and vicious. Out of natural bloodthirstiness, it destroyed a huge city and tens of thousands of people, including thirty thousand of its own soldiers and officers.

But is it? The French had no reason to set fire to Moscow. Ahead is winter. And from Moscow to Paris - six hundred and sixty-six leagues. I mean, very far away! Among other things, Napoleon needed Moscow as a bargaining chip in the upcoming peace negotiations.

Muscovites also did not need to burn themselves. Ahead is winter. And you have to survive somehow. regardless of the occupation. In addition, thirty thousand wounded were left in Moscow. Which almost all perished in the fire of the fire. Together with twenty thousand citizens who did not have time to leave the doomed city.

As for Emperor Alexander I, there are very serious doubts about his innocence in this crime!

On April 5, 1813, the emperor arrived to say goodbye to Kutuzov, who was dying. Behind the screens, near the bed of the Most Serene Prince, was the official Krupennikov, who was with him. He preserved for posterity the last conversation between Kutuzov and Alexander I:

“Forgive me, Mikhail Illarionovich! - said the Sovereign and Autocrat of All Russia.

“I forgive you, sir, but Russia will never forgive you for this,” the field marshal replied.

Why did the emperor ask for forgiveness from Kutuzov? Maybe for his top secret order to leave Moscow? Or for what happened to her after she left?

Shortly before the invasion, Alexander I told the Austrian ambassador: “I suppose that at the beginning of the war we will be defeated, but I am ready for this; retreating, I will leave the desert behind me. The bloody nightmare of the Austerlitz catastrophe forever instilled fear in the emperor's soul and assured Buonaparte of invincibility. I mean, the impossibility of defeating the Corsican monster by conventional means. And could push to search for unusual ...

One way or another, at least the emperor must have known about it. Therefore, he ordered to hand over the capital to Napoleon. Blaming all responsibility for this on Kutuzov.

The latter, by the way, is quite understandable. If the offer to surrender Moscow had come from the lips of the tsar, he would not have reigned for very long. Even the enormous prestige and glory of Kutuzov could hardly bear the weight of this decision. “The ruler is weak and crafty, / A bald dandy, an enemy of labor, / Unintentionally warmed by glory” would simply be crushed by this weight. In the literal sense of the word. I mean, an officer's scarf. Like it happened to his father. Ten years ago.

So who did organize such a terrible trap for Napoleon?

Cui prodest - look for who benefits - said the ancient Romans. Who would benefit from destroying the Corsican villain? Who was the most sworn enemy of the usurper?

Modern historians laugh at the stupid Buonaparte, who, after the Battle of Borodino, sat on Poklonnaya Hill and waited for the boyars to bring him the keys to Moscow (Fig. 44).

Rice. 44. Napoleon at Moscow. In anticipation of the deputation of the boyars. (artist V. Vereshchagin)

And really, it's funny. After all, there were no boyars in the Russian Empire for a hundred years!

In Russia, indeed, there were no longer any boyars or governors. And in the Great Tartaria?

The enemy of my enemy is my friend. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that Napoleon sought an alliance with a power that had recently been at war with Britain and Russia. Expecting with its help to defeat both. And to fulfill his cherished dream - to remove her best pearl from the British crown. I mean, India.

If the military alliance of France and Tartaria took place, the possessions of the East India Company in India would very soon change owners.

The Prime Minister of England, the Earl of Liverpool (Fig. 45), formed his cabinet in June 1812. And taxied for almost fifteen years. In the previous government, he was Minister of War and Minister of the Colonies. Prior to that, he was Minister of the Interior. It was he who managed to solve the most important foreign policy problems of England - to weaken France and Russia as much as possible. And destroy the Great Tartaria - the most terrible threat to the Indian colonies.

Rice. 45. Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of Great Britain 1812-1827

The observance of British interests in Russia was monitored by the envoy Count Cathcart (Fig. 46). Which became famous for the bombardment of Copenhagen in September 1807, outstanding in its cruelty and senselessness. When, in just three nights, fifty English ships of the line made fourteen thousand broadside salvos and razed a third of the Danish capital to the ground. Prior to this, Cathcart managed to distinguish himself in the war with the British colonies in North America, fought in Spain and Flanders and cracked down on anti-British speeches in Ireland, for which he was promoted to full general and knighted in the Order of the Thistle.

Rice. 46. ​​William Shaw, Earl of Cathcart, Baron Greenock

During the invasion of Napoleon, Lord Cathcart was in the retinue of Alexander I and in September 1813 (on the first anniversary of the Moscow fire) he was granted the St. Andrew's Ribbon by the highest decree.

Field Marshal General Rumyantsev was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called for the capture of Kolberg during the Seven Years' War. Prince Potemkin - for the victory in the Russian-Turkish war and the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty. Suvorov - for the defense of Kinburn and for Focsani.

I wonder what such feats of the highest order of the Russian Empire was awarded to the English envoy?

Apparently, for the timely advice given. About the trap. And also for the organization of the procedure. More precisely, for mediation in its organization.

because leading role other forces played in the Moscow tragedy...

In addition to Britain, Napoleon had another powerful enemy. Much more vindictive and dangerous.
The Rothschild brothers (Fig. 47) were not awarded Russian orders. And nowhere in connection with Napoleon's campaign against Moscow were they mentioned. But his defeat could not do (and did not do!) Without their participation.

Rice. 47. Rothschild family

Considering the craftiness of this family. And the number of spies it contained. As well as the authority of the Rothschilds in the Jewish diaspora and proximity to the ruling circles of Europe. And also to those who stood behind these circles. And pulled their strings.

It is possible that the Rothschild family had contact with the top pyramids. In a sense, with those who are above and are watching what is happening.

How did Napoleon annoy the Rothschild family?

Yes, actually nothing. Except for his appeal to the French Council of State in 1806 in connection with complaints about the usury of the Jews: “They are the main troublemakers in modern world... They are the vultures of mankind ... The evil in them does not come from individuals, but from the fundamental nature of this people ... The activity of the Jewish nation since the time of Moses, by virtue of all its predisposition, has consisted in usury and extortion ... The French government cannot look indifferently at how a low, degraded nation, capable of all sorts of crimes, seizes in its exclusive possession both beautiful provinces of old Alsace ... Entire villages have been robbed by the Jews, they have again introduced slavery; these are real flocks of ravens. The harm caused by the Jews does not come from individuals, but from this people as a whole. These are worms and locusts devastating France ... I do everything to prove my contempt for this meanest nation of the world. The Jews are a nation capable of the most terrible crimes... You cannot change the philosophical teachings of the Jewish character, they require exceptional special laws... The Jews are treated with disgust, but it must be admitted that they are really disgusting; they are also despised, but they are deserving of contempt.”

Prior to this appeal, Buonaparte did not show his vile anti-Semitic nature in any way. And even vice versa! For the first time, he met representatives of the most persecuted nation in the world only during the Italian campaign. When he was already twenty-eight years old. And immediately took them under protection. And since then, he has supported in every possible way wherever his army turned out to be. He even promised to restore the Sanhedrin and the Jewish state in Palestine. But it didn't last long.

After the Alsatian appeal, the fate of the presumptuous Corsican upstart, who had lost his scent after countless victories in Europe, was decided.

The victories ended abruptly. Glory rolled downhill. Not gone and three years how his empire was shaken by a severe economic crisis. The population was dissatisfied. Assassinations followed one after another. The Russian tsar, who recently swore eternal love in Tilsit, suddenly became insolent. And he refused to marry his sister to him. First one, then the second. Obviously running into a scandal. And yet he managed to achieve his goal - Buonaparte gathered troops, moved to Moscow and climbed into the trap prepared for him.
The Hasidic tzaddik Yisroel from Kozenits, having learned about Napoleon's invasion of Russia, answered the question about the prospects of his campaign: "Nafol tipol." Literally translated, this means: "will inevitably fall." It is curious that at the same time the mentioned Israel used a play on the words "nafol" and "napol", consonant with the name Napoleon.

The rest was a matter of technique.

In the literal sense of the word…

***
During the Napoleonic invasion and foreign campaign, the irretrievable losses of the Russian army amounted to about three hundred thousand people.

Despite the presence of a huge number of archival documents, memoirs and scientific works According to the history of the Patriotic War of 1812, the total losses suffered by Russia during the invasion are unknown. They can only be assessed indirectly. Based on the results of revisions carried out in 1811 and 1816. The decline in the population of Russia during this period amounted to more than three million people!! With a total number of thirty-six million. In other words, almost ten percent of the population perished. The same number as during the Great Patriotic War.

How to explain such a huge number of deaths and deaths from disease, cold and hunger? The Corsican monster, for all its bloodthirstiness, did not touch the local population. The retreating Russian troops, who, on the orders of Alexander I, "the Blessed, magnanimous Restorer of Powers," set up a scorched desert along the old Smolensk road, burned hundreds of towns and villages. But the inhabitants were still not shot. In any case, until the complete expulsion of Napoleon.

The official historical science somehow vaguely sets out the reasons for the cessation of the guerrilla war. Say, they drove the adversary away and everything ended immediately. Clubs went to kindling, and swords to plowshares. For uselessness.

Why did the peasants, who had just defended their land with weapons in their hands (Fig. 48), again surrender to the mercy of the feudal beasts?

It's in Russia! Not yet forgotten Razin and Pugachev, and always ready for the "last and decisive"! That is, to "senseless and merciless." Even in the most peaceful time! As it has happened so many times. both before and after 1812.

Rice. 48. Don't block, let me come! (artist V. Vereshchagin)

Historians attribute Russian civilian losses to harsh winter 1812-1813. Or maybe the people's war did not subside by itself? And ten percent of the population did not die from cold and hunger? I mean, not only from them?

"Eighteen hundred and frozen to death" claimed tens of thousands of lives in Europe and North America. In Russia, the account went into the millions!

But also more lives this year took away in Tartaria ...

Academician Fomenko in his works hypothesized that the Great Tartaria was defeated and divided between Russia and the United States immediately after the defeat of the "Pugachev rebellion". Assuming this to be the case, a number of questions arise:

Why, after the death of Great Tartaria, several smaller states did not arise on its territory, as usually happens after the collapse of empires (Roman, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, British) or during the collapse of large countries (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia)?

Why, having suffered a military defeat, the proud and freedom-loving Tartars submitted to the cruel conquerors, and did not raise the cudgel of a people's war, as the Slavs-Aryans always do in such situations?

Why did the real development of new lands in Russia and the USA begin only half a century later?
And finally, the most important thing:

Why did the boundless spaces from the Urals to Alaska turn out to be deserted? Where did more than a hundred million defeated tartars go?

In addition, Fomenko’s hypothesis leaves out a number of important facts that we have already mentioned earlier: “A year without summer”, two hundred year old forests and “karst” lakes, as well as an outbreak of cancer.

Even half a century later, the development of new lands was only cartographic in nature. Both in Russia and in the USA. Because neither the United States nor Russia simply had the resources to occupy them. Neither human nor material.

Not to mention the constant threat of popular unrest in the occupied territories. If not only the small ethnic groups of the North, but at least a little Slavic-Aryans survived in these territories.

By the way, why did the northern peoples become so small? In North America, the invaders mercilessly massacred the local population west of the Appalachians. However, the Russian Empire was not caught in the genocide. However, all the northern peoples of Asia, who survived after 1816, have since been on the verge of extinction ...

Now suppose that Great Tartary was not divided either in 1775 or later. Lost another war and suffered territorial losses. But it remained a single state. As before, the largest in the world. Still representing a great danger to both the Russian Empire and the British (the Romanovs were afraid of losing the usurped throne, and the Hanoverian dynasty trembled for their Indian colonies).

And here the chimera of the French Revolution gives rise to the Corsican monster. Who dreams of only one thing - to take away from Britain everything acquired by overwork! I mean, take the best pearl out of her crown.

Soon Napoleon agrees with Paul I (Fig. 49) on a joint Indian campaign. Which breaks down only because of the murder of the Russian emperor. As a result of a conspiracy organized and paid for by Britain.

Rice. 49. Paul I, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volyn and Podolsk, Prince of Estland, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others, the Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novagarod Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozersky, Udora, Obdorsky, Kondiysky, Vitebsk, Mstislavsky and all Northern countries Sovereign and Sovereign of the Iberian lands, Kartalinsky and Georgian Tsars and Kabardian lands, Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other hereditary Sovereign and Possessor, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Golstinsky, Stormarn, Ditmarsen and Oldenburg and Sovereign of Everskia, Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and other, and other, and other

But failure does not stop the stubborn Corsican. Disappointed in the new Russian tsar, Buonaparte is ready to make an alliance with the Great Tartaria. And he makes a trip to Moscow. After the capture of which a direct road to India opens for his legions.

Was it because Napoleon's Great Army was so great that it had to defeat not only Russia? And go almost half the world!

It is difficult to imagine a more terrible nightmare of the unfortunate Hanoverian dynasty! A huge French-Tartarian army under the overall command of the most brilliant commander of all times and peoples, whose rear is provided with all the military and economic potential of Great Tartaria and its dominions, Free and Chinese Tartaria! And unhindered advance to the Indian Ocean - their diplomatic support.

Is it not from this nightmare that King George III finally went crazy (Fig. 50)?

Rice. 50. George III, King of Great Britain, King of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

However, the main reason for what happened in 1816 was still not in this. The people of Great Tartaria withstood the vicious onslaught of the new world religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), preserved the moral purity and faith of their Ancestors and would never allow "worms and locusts" to engage in usury and extortion, rob villages and introduce slavery on their land. In a country that was the largest in the world...

By 1812, it became quite clear that it was impossible to defeat Buonaparte on land. The Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine and Mediator of the Swiss Confederation brought all of Europe (with the exception of Britain) to its knees. He attached someone to France, imposed his relatives on someone as rulers, forced someone to join the continental blockade.

Cui prodest - look for who benefits. Who, in the end, won as a result of the victory over Napoleon and the destruction of Great Tartary along with its entire population?

Without a doubt, Britain.

Or the Rothschild family?

However, paraphrasing the classic, one can say: “I say Britain, I mean the Rothschilds. I say Rothschilds, I mean Britain! Because by 1816 (after Nathan Rothschild's famous Waterloo stock exchange scam), the aforementioned family took over Britain.

From that moment on, for almost a hundred years, Britain ruled the seas (Fig. 51, 52). Britain was ruled by the Rothschilds. And no one told them! Great Tartaria was wiped off the face of the earth. France is defeated. Until the end of the nineteenth century, Russia could not recover from the invasion provoked by Alexander I. And when it recovered, the Rothschilds gave it new, no less destructive problems.

Rice. 51. Expansion of the British Empire after the destruction of Great Tartaria

Rice. 52. British Empire

As for Napoleon, after the Moscow fire he lived for another nine years. And he died, barely stepping over a half-century milestone (Fig. 53). V last years his health deteriorated greatly. Although before this fire, he did not complain about him. Official science has not established the cause of the premature death of the Emperor of the French. Someone thinks that the jailers poisoned him with arsenic. Some people think he died of cancer. Someone believes that both from one and the other.

Rice. 53. Death of Napoleon

However, it may very well be that Napoleon suffered the fate of hibakusha.

As mentioned above, seventy thousand people died during the atomic explosion in Hiroshima, and sixty in Nagasaki. But the list of victims of a nuclear strike is far from exhausted. The total number of hibakusha (exposure-affected people) who died over the next five years from radiation sickness and other long-term effects of the atomic bombings was over two hundred and fifty thousand.

***
The total power of nuclear charges used in the winter of 1816 across the territory of Great Tartaria, which burned out all Russian forests and caused a three-year "nuclear winter" in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the calculations of climatologists, amounted to about eight hundred megatons. In other words, forty thousand Hiroshima. Some of the craters left after the explosions and turned into "karst" lakes testify to the use of not only nuclear, but also thermonuclear weapons. Capacity from one to ten megatons. But even in this case, the mentioned number of bombs should have been enough for the guaranteed destruction of all settlements of Great Tartaria. And large cities, and small sketes. And large villages, and individual farms. And noble Kremlins, and small border fortresses.

That is why, after the death of Great Tartaria, several smaller states did not arise on its territory, as is usually the case after the collapse of empires or the collapse of large countries!

That is why the Tartars did not raise the cudgel of a people's war, as the Slavs-Aryans always do in the event of a military defeat!

That is why the boundless spaces from the Urals to Alaska in the middle of the nineteenth century, when their development began, turned out to be practically deserted (Fig. 54)!

Rice. 54. Valkyrie over a defeated warrior (artist K. Vasiliev)

The vast majority of the population of Great Tartaria burned down in the fire of atomic explosions. This explains the absence of the remains of millions of dead. The survivors suffocated in the smoke of the fires or died of cold and hunger. And also from radiation sickness and cancer. And they were betrayed by their comrades to the cleansing flame. For the commission of Kroda (departure to the Family with the help of a funeral pyre) is a sacred duty and a sacred duty of every Slav-Aria in relation to his dead or dead brothers!

At the same time, the very last of the survivors, realizing that there would be no one to arrange Kroda for him, could commit self-immolation ...

A huge flourishing country overnight was turned into radioactive ashes. And it remained so for many years. But the years went on. Taiga has risen in place of the burnt forests. Funnels turned into lakes. And most of radioactive isotopes broke up.

The radioactive background at the epicenter of a nuclear explosion does not remain high for long, because. the main isotopes decay fairly quickly. The activity of Cesium-137 falls by half in thirty years, Strontium-90 - in twenty-nine, Cobalt-60 - in five years, Iodine-131 - in eight days.

That is why the development of boundless spaces from the Urals to Alaska began only in the middle of the nineteenth century. When the radioactive background finally dropped to a safe level. But even half a century later, the settlers did not dare to approach the strange round lakes, which, for some unknown reason, formed in the most convenient places for settlement. And they gave these lakes completely meaningless names - Hell's Lake, Shaitan Lake, Devil's Lake, Dead Lake, etc.

By initiating the use of the atomic bomb against Napoleon, and convinced of the extraordinary effectiveness of this weapon, the initiators of its use were able to convince those who possessed it to use it again. Against his main enemy - the Great Slavic-Aryan state. Because there was no other way to crush it...

***
So. Let's put the disparate facts together.

In 1816, a "nuclear winter" began in the Northern Hemisphere, which lasted three years. Shortly before this, the largest state in the world disappeared from the face of the Earth along with its entire population. At the same time, all Russian forests burned down. And a lot of strange round depressions and "karst" lakes appeared. The re-population of the deserted lands began only half a century later. And any mention of the Great Tartaria and the Tartars were prohibited.

What happened?

If we discard all impossible hypotheses, then the remaining one, no matter how small its probability, is the truth.

The lands of Tarha and Tara were subjected to a massive atomic bombardment.

But in the nineteenth century, neither Russia nor Britain had yet nuclear weapons. And they couldn't use it. So who applied it?

No hits.

Annuit coeptis - enterprises agreed - as the ancient Romans would say (Fig. 55).

Rice. 55. Annuit coeptis

At the request of those who have contact with the uppermost part of the pyramid, the Great Slavic-Aryan state was destroyed by those who are above and are watching what is happening ...

As for 1812, a silver medal was established in memory of him. The same for everyone. And for the militias, and for the soldiers, and for the generals. At first, they wanted to place the profile of the reigning Sovereign and the Autocrat on the obverse, as was always done in such cases before, but Alexander I the Blessed ordered another image to be made (Fig. 56). And knock out the words from David's psalm: "Not to us, not to us, but to your name" ...

Rice. 56. Commemorative medal "1812"

P.S. A skeptical reader might think that the author outlined in this article the plot of his next novel in the genre of alternative history. Forced to disappoint him. Alternative history is now being taught in schools and universities. And broadcast on zomboyaschiku. And we are just beginning to learn about what was really happening in the world.

and:
Artemiev A. Who burned down Moscow in 1812? Artemiev A. I understand your age-old sadness ...
Artemiev A. I had a dream… Not everything in it was a dream.
Artemyev A. A nuclear strike on us has already happened.
Kulagin A. The split of Russia.
Klepov A. Alexander I and the fire of Moscow in 1812
Nosovsky G.V., Fomenko A.T. Pugachev and Suvorov. The mystery of Siberian-American history.

March 6, 2018, 12:56

The Year Without Summer is a nickname for 1816, during which Western Europe and North America experienced unusually cold weather. Until today, it remains the coldest year since the beginning of documenting meteorological observations. In the US, he was also nicknamed Eighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates as "thousand eight hundred frozen to death."

In March 1816, the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail. In June and July it was freezing every night in America. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In Switzerland, it snowed every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices rose tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America.

Frozen Thames, 1814

It all started in 1812 - two volcanoes “turned on”, La Soufriere (St. Vincent Island, Leeward Islands) and Avu (Sangir Island, Indonesia). The volcanic relay was continued in 1813 by Suwanosejima (Tokara island, Japan) and, in 1814, by Mayon (Luzon island, Philippines). According to scientists, the activity of four volcanoes reduced the average annual temperature on the planet by 0.5-0.7 ° C and caused serious, albeit local (in the region of their location) damage to the population. However, the ultimate cause of the mini version of the 1816-1818 Ice Age was the Indonesian Tambora.

Only in 1920, the American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation for the "year without summer". He linked climate change to the Tambora volcano eruption on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, the most violent volcanic eruption ever observed, directly costing the lives of 71,000 people, the largest volcanic death toll in human history. Its eruption in April 1815 was a magnitude seven on the Volcanic Eruption Scale (VEI), and a massive 150 km³ of ash into the atmosphere caused a volcanic winter effect in the northern hemisphere that lasted for several years.

Tambora volcano eruption 1815

But here is the weirdness. In 1816, the problem with the climate happened precisely "in the entire Northern Hemisphere." But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along the parallels. Dust ejected into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with the dust belt shifting to the southern hemisphere. And what about the US and Europe?

Egypt should have been frozen Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and finally Indonesia itself. But the weather there was very good. Interestingly, just at this time, in 1816, in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator, they began to grow coffee. The reason for this was: “... the perfect alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which favorably affects the development of coffee bushes ... "

That is, even to the north of the equator for several thousand kilometers there was prosperity. How is it, it is interesting to know that 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5 ... 8 thousand kilometers from southern hemisphere to the north, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, in defiance of all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather for the inhabitants of Central America in the slightest? But all its terrible, photon-scattering impenetrability, this dust brought down on Europe and North America.

Europe. In 1816 and the two following years, European countries, still reeling from the Napoleonic Wars, became the worst place on Earth - they were hit by cold, famine, epidemics and an acute shortage of fuel. There was no harvest at all for two years.

In England, Germany and France, feverishly buying up grain all over the world (mainly from the Russian Empire), food riots took place one after another. Crowds of French, Germans and British broke into warehouses with grain and carried out all the supplies. Grain prices soared tenfold. Against the backdrop of constant riots, massive arson and looting, the Swiss authorities have introduced a state of emergency and a curfew in the country.

The summer months instead of heat brought hurricanes, endless rains and snowstorms. The large rivers of Austria and Germany overflowed their banks and flooded large areas. A typhoid epidemic broke out. Over 100,000 people died in Ireland alone in three years without a summer. The desire to survive is the only thing that drove the population of Western Europe in 1816-1818. Tens of thousands of citizens of England, Ireland, Scotland, France and Holland sold their property for next to nothing, threw everything that was not sold and fled across the ocean to the American continent.

.

I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.
The bright sun went out, and the stars
Wandering aimlessly, without rays
In space eternal; icy ground
Worn blindly in the moonless air.
The hour of the morning came and went,
But he did not bring the day after him ...

... People lived in front of the fires; thrones,
Palaces of crowned kings, huts,
The dwellings of all those who have dwellings -
The fires were built ... the cities were burning ...

... Happy were the inhabitants of those countries
Where the torches of volcanoes blazed...
The whole world lived with one timid hope ...
The forests were set on fire; but with every passing hour
And the burnt forest fell; trees
Suddenly, with a formidable crash, they collapsed ...

... The war broke out again,
Extinguished for a while...
... Terrible hunger
Tortured people...
And people died quickly...

And the world was empty;
That crowded world, mighty world
Was a dead mass, without grass, trees
Without life, time, people, movement...
That was the chaos of death.

George Noel Gordon Byron, 1816

North America. In March 1816, winter did not end, snow was falling and frosts were standing. In April-May, America was covered with endless rains with hail, and in June-July - frosts. The corn crop in the northern states of the United States was hopelessly lost, and attempts to grow at least some grain in Canada were fruitless. Newspapers vying with each other promised famine, farmers massively slaughtered livestock. Canadian authorities have voluntarily opened grain warehouses to the public. Thousands of inhabitants of the American northern lands were drawn to the south - for example, the state of Vermont was practically depopulated.

A farmer in a field with dead corn in the US state of Vermont

China. The provinces of the country, especially Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Anhui and Jiangxi, were affected by a powerful cyclone. Endless rains fell for several weeks in a row, and on summer nights frost fettered the rice fields. For three years in a row, every summer in China was not summer at all - rains and frosts, snow and hail. In the northern provinces, buffaloes died from hunger and cold. The country, unable to grow rice due to the sudden harsh climate and floods in the Yangtze River valley, was gripped by famine.

Famine in the provinces of the Chinese Qing Empire

India(at the beginning of the 19th century - a colony of Great Britain (East India Company)). The territory of the country, for which monsoons (winds blowing from the ocean) and heavy rains are common in summer, was under the influence of a severe drought - there were no monsoons. For three years in a row, the drought at the end of the summer gave way to many weeks of downpours. A sharp change in climate contributed to the mutation of cholera vibrio - a severe cholera epidemic began in Bengal, covering half of India and quickly moving north.

Russian empire.

Three devastating and difficult years for the countries of Europe, North America and Asia on the territory of Russia passed surprisingly smoothly - neither the authorities nor the population of the country simply noticed anything. And this is very, very strange. Even if you spend half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. Allegedly, there was a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. Russia, probably, is neither in the Southern nor in the Northern hemisphere, but in some third one.

So, there was hunger and cold in Europe in 1816 ... 1819! This is a fact confirmed by many written sources. Could this bypass Russia? It could, if it concerned only the western regions of Europe. But in this case, one would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along the parallels around the entire planet.

And besides, no less fully than in Europe, the tragic events are covered in North America. But they are still separated by the Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality are we talking about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. A variant when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference.

Thus, from 1816 to 1819, the cold really reigned in the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone says. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century "small ice age". And here is an important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but Russia will suffer more. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the time of summer plant growth reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4 months. This means that in Russia it was not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient supplies for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to die of starvation during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality.

Moreover, it was the territory of Russia that was probably the source of climatic troubles for the entire hemisphere. And in order to hide this (someone needed it), all references to this were removed or reworked.

But if you think about it, how could it be? The entire northern hemisphere is suffering from climatic anomalies and does not know what it is. The first scientific version appears only after 100 years, and it does not hold water. But the cause of the events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if in America and Europe this reason is not observed, then where can it be if not in Russia? Nowhere else. And just then the Russian Empire pretends that it does not know what it is about at all. And we did not see, and did not hear, and in general everything is in order with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.

However, one should take into account the missing estimated population of Russia in the 19th century, numbering in the tens of millions. They could die both from the very unknown cause that caused climate change, and from severe consequences in the form of hunger, cold and disease. And also, let's not forget about the traces of widespread large-scale fires that destroyed the Siberian forests around that time. As a result, the expression "secular spruce" (centennial) bears the imprint of rare antiquity, although the normal life of this tree is 400 ... 600 years