Ivan Zarutsky hosted Active participation in troubled times.
Zarutsky has contradictory qualities. He is smart and purposeful, at the same time greedy, ready to "go over the heads" in order to achieve his goal.
In Russia, it began with the death of Ivan the Terrible's son, Fyodor Ioanovich. Impostors come to the government and try to hold on to power with all their might.
Origin of Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky
Ivan Zarutsky was born in 1550. Place of birth - the city of Tarnopol in Western Russia. V early childhood he is captured by the Crimean Tatars, from where he manages to escape to the Don. There, thanks to his outstanding abilities, he became the chieftain of the Cossacks.
Biography
Being the ataman of the Cossacks, Zarutsky took the side and moved with him to Moscow. He did not yet play a significant role in politics, therefore, after the death of False Dmitry I, he was forced to return to the Don. But soon Zarutsky found himself in the army and again stood near Moscow, against the tsar. Having suffered a defeat, he rushed to the camp of False Dmitry II. Zarutsky sought out False Dmitry II in Starodub and helped him assemble an army of five thousand. For his services he received the rank of boyar and became an adviser.
False Dmitry II settled in Tushino in 1608. In 1609, the troops of False Dmitry moved to Moscow and were defeated. Only thanks to Zarutsky, they managed to stay on the Khimki River. False Dmitry was forced to flee to Kaluga. Zarutsky decided to go over to the side of King Sigismund III. Relations between Zarutsky and the Polish king did not work out. He returned to False Dmitry II and remained faithful to him until his death (1610).
In 1611, the Zemstvo militia rose up to liberate Moscow from the Poles. Zarutsky became a member of the national movement and led the Cossacks to Moscow. At that time he already had serious influence, his detachment was numerous. This allowed him to take a seat in the Soviet of all the land near Moscow, along with Trubetskoy and Lyapunov. There was no unity in their work.
Wanting to get all the power for himself, Zarutsky gets rid of a strong rival, Lyapunov. Ivan Martynovich decides to strengthen his power - to become a regent. To do this, he needs to seat the little son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek on the throne. But this idea is not supported. The Novgorod uprising begins, led by Ny and Pozharsky. Zarutsky unsuccessfully tries to stop him.
In order to maintain his position, Zarutsky takes an oath to False Dmitry III, who was recognized in Pskov. This does not bring success, since power has passed to the Yaroslavl Zemsky Sobor. Zarutsky is trying to reconcile with Pozharsky: he repents of the oath to False Dmitry III, asks for help in the fight against the Poles. But relentless. Zarutsky then plans an assassination attempt on Pozharsky, the plot was revealed. Zarutsky on the run with Marina Mnishek and her son.
In December 1612 they stop in the Ryazan city of Mikhailov. And in February 1613, the Zemsky Sobor proclaimed him king. Ivan Zarutsky still hopes to place the son of False Dmitry II on the throne. Looking for help: sends ambassadors to the Shah of Persia, calls the Cossacks. It does not bring results.
The Zemstvo Council sends an army against Zarutsky led by Prince Odolevsky. Zarutsky is forced to retreat and lose cities. As a result, in the spring of 1614 he was forced to lock himself up in the Astrakhan fortress, and then he ran and took refuge on Bear Island. On July 6, Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek were brought to Astrakhan, then to Moscow. July 12, 1614 Ivan Zarutsky was executed.
Ivan Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek
Marina Mniszek is of Polish origin, born in 1588. In 1604, she became the wife of False Dmitry I. She was the first crowned queen in Russia. The marriage did not last long, a week later the husband dies. She is ordered to return to Poland and no longer refer to herself as "Russian Tsaritsa". On the way, she is intercepted and sent to the "Tushino camp". Marina becomes a wife. Their camp is broken, they flee to Kaluga, where Mnishek meets Zarutsky. He becomes her favourite.
Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II have a son, Ivan (there is a version that Ivan is the son of Marina and Zarutsky). After the death of her second husband, she remains under the patronage of Ivan Zarutsky. Together they plan to place her son Ivan on the throne, and they are preparing an assassination attempt on Pozharsky. But their plans were not destined to come true, they are exposed and executed.
Results
Ivan Zarutsky is an ambiguous personality in history. He took part in almost all the events of the troubled times. For which he was declared a traitor and brutally executed.
“Zarutsky Ivan Martynovich (? - 1614) - Cossack chieftain.
His active political and military activity associated with the Troubles. In 1606 - 1607. Zarutsky, together with the Cossacks, participated in the movement of I. I. Bolotnikov, and after his defeat he went to the service of False Dmitry 2. Zarutsky played important role in the creation of the troops of False Dmitry II. He participated in all major battles; was not only the leader of the detachment of the Don Cossacks, but was also granted an impostor in the boyars.
With the beginning of the collapse of the Tushino camp, Zarutsky went over to the side of the Polish king Sigismund III, but in the fall of 1610 he returned to Kaluga to False Dmitry P.
After the death of False Dmitry II, Zarutsky married his widow Marina Mnishek and set himself the goal of placing her son on the Russian throne. In 1611, Zarutsky joined the first Zemsky militia, which opposed the Polish interventionists in Moscow, headed by P.P. Lyapunov.
However, the struggle for leadership, disagreements in the leadership of the militia led to the fact that Zarutsky, together with Trubetskoy, provoked the murder of Lyapunov. After that, Zarutsky became the first person in the militia, but in fact he remained near Moscow only with the Cossacks, who, due to their small numbers, could not conduct successful military operations. In an effort to realize his ambitious plans, in 1612 Zarutsky opposed the second people's militia and tried to organize an assassination attempt on Prince D.M. Pozharsky, who called for national unity and urged not to recognize Marina Mnishek, her son and Zarutsky. The advance of the second militia towards Moscow forced Zarutsky to flee to Astrakhan. In 1614, with the approach of government troops and fleeing a popular uprising that broke out in Astrakhan, Zarutsky fled to the Ural steppes, where the Cossacks handed him over to the government. Zarutsky, brought to Moscow, was executed.
“Ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky did not accept the decision of the February Zemsky Sobor of 1613, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was called to the kingdom. The new government, in turn, declared Zarutsky an enemy of the state, to which he responded by destroying the cities of Epifan, Dedalov, and Krapivna in the Tula region. To fight the Cossacks of Zarutsky in Moscow, an army was formed under the command of the governor Ivan Odoevsky. Companions of I. M. Zarutsky began to hesitate. A number of cities that Zarutsky had previously controlled swore allegiance to the elected Tsar Michael. Seeing no opportunity to enthrone his protege, the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek Ivan, Ivan Zarutsky with his Cossacks in April 1613 went even further south to Voronezh. Here Odoevsky overtook him and fought with him for two days. After this battle, Zarutsky crossed the Don and reached Astrakhan by the end of 1613. I. M. Zarutsky did not lose his presence of mind. There is news that at that time he married Marina Mnishek. In general, the Don Cossacks did not support him, but did not oppose him either. The possibility of connecting Zarutsky with the Volga Cossacks frightened the government. Exhortations from the tsar, the clergy and the council of all ranks of people flew to the Don and the Volga, the tsar even sent gifts to the Volga Cossacks. Letters were sent from the tsar and the cathedral and to Zarutsky himself with the promise of a full pardon. In an effort to isolate and suppress as quickly as possible a new focus of action, the tsarist administration appealed to the free Cossacks with exhortations so that they would not stick to "thieves', evil turmoil." At the same time, the former ataman did not lose hope to raise the free Cossacks again, sent "charming" letters to the Don, but was not successful. However, among these Cossacks there were about 500-600 people who were seduced by the campaign started by Ivan Zarutsky against Samara and Kazan and the “earning of zipuns” during this enterprise. The Terek Cossacks, who also received “charming” letters from the ataman, did not support Ivan Zarutsky and his supporters, referring to the fact that “our great sovereign has had a lot of service and zeal and they don’t want to stick to theft.”
The date of birth of this adventurer, who possessed great organizational skills and undoubted courage, is unknown. It is known that he was a native of Ternopil, that is, a citizen of Poland, when he was very young he was captured by the Crimean Tatars, fled and was received by the Don Cossacks.
The first False Dmitry, Grigory Otrepiev, financed and supported by all of Catholic Europe and especially by the king of the Commonwealth Sigismund III, a few months before he crossed the Russian-Polish border, entering the territory of the modern Chernigov region (October 18, 1604), sent to to the Don chieftains of Litvin Svirsky with a letter; wrote that he was the son of the first king of the White, to whom these free Christian knights swore allegiance; called them to a glorious deed: to overthrow the slave and villain Boris Godunov from the throne of John IV.
Two Don chieftains, Andrei Korela and Mikhailo Nezhakozh, came to Poland, saw False Dmitry, honored by Sigismund III and the pans, returned to their comrades with a certificate that the true Tsarevich Dmitry, who had miraculously escaped, was waiting for them. The daring people of the Don mounted horses to join the impostor, and Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky was among the many thousands of Cossacks.
On May 17, 1606, in Moscow, as a result of an armed uprising led by Prince Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry I (Grishka Otrepyev) was killed, and his closest associates and almost all foreigners who arrived with the impostor in Russia were slaughtered with him. Few survived, including the impostor's wife, the daughter of the Sandomierz voivode, the Pole Marina Mniszek with her relatives, who was sent under guard to Yaroslavl, and the rest to Kostroma, Rostov and Tver.
On May 19, 1606, on Red Square at Lobnoye Mesto, Prince Vasily Shuisky was elected king, and everyone who came to Moscow with the impostor's army had to flee the capital to the south of Russia, where the rebellion did not subside.
Soon a rumor was spread that False Dmitry was alive and a few hours before the uprising, at night, he rode off with two close associates to no one knows where. Suddenly, in Poland, they started talking about the fact that "Tsar" Dmitry escaped and lives either in Sandomierz, or in Sambir. This new deceiver turned out to be the Moscow nobleman Mikhailo Molchanov, one of the four vile murderers who strangled the young Tsar Fyodor Borisovich Godunov. Molchanov himself was afraid to come to Russia, where many knew him by sight, and the former serf of Prince Telyatevsky, Ivan Bolotnikov, agreed to lead the rebellion on his behalf. This man, taken prisoner by the Tatars, sold into captivity to the Turks and ransomed by the Germans in Constantinople, lived for some time in Venice, learned about the imaginary Tsar Dmitry, appeared in Poland to Molchanov and arrived with a letter from him in Putivl, to one of the breeders of the rebellion, Prince Shakhovsky.
From all over, both the Russian state and the Commonwealth, rebels, adventurers, vagrants, and bandits began to gather at Bolotnikov. The princes, the Mosalsky brothers, Prince Telyatevsky, Prince Mikhailo Dolgoruky, and the Don Cossacks, including Ivan Zarutsky, also appeared. Orel, Tula, Kaluga, Venev, Kashira, the whole land of Ryazan stuck to the rebellion. They also elected other chiefs: the son of the boyar Istoma Pashkov, the Venevsky centurion; Grigory Sunbulov, former governor in Ryazan, and the local nobleman Procopy Lyapunov.
In October 1607, the rebellious army was already standing near Moscow in the village of Kolomenskoye. However, when many began to demand from Bolotnikov to present the "tsar" Dmitry and, having made sure of the deceit, they turned themselves in to Vasily Shuisky. He forgave them, and when Bolotnikov's troops tried to storm Moscow, they were defeated by Vasily Shuisky's nephew, Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Bolotnikov, with the remnants of his army, settled in Kaluga, but he could not resist there and went to Tula, and the revolt was in full swing from the borders with Siberia, in the Nizhny Novgorod region, in Astrakhan, everywhere south of Moscow.
From Shuisky Tula, besieged by troops, with a letter from Bolotnikov and Prince Shakhovsky to the Poles, friends Mnishkov, which ended with the words: “From the border to Moscow, everything is ours: come and take it; just save us from Shuisky, ”Ivan Zarutsky managed to pass through the Moscow camp at night. But he did not reach Poland, but led a riot in Starodub (in the Bryansk region). Then another messenger was sent, who managed to get to the neighbors of Mnishka, who found a replacement for Molchanov. It turned out to be a tramp, the priest's son Matvey Veryovkin, as the chroniclers assure, or a Jew, as stated in state papers.
A new army from Poland and Lithuania, led by Pan Mezovetsky and False Dmitry III, appeared in Starodub, where Zarutsky fell at the feet of another impostor, assuring that he would serve him with the same jealousy. Several thousand Donets came to Zarutsky and the united army moved through Bryansk to Tula. The troops of the impostor took Belev, Kozelsk, but suddenly they learned that the troops of Vasily Shuisky occupied Tula on October 10, 1607, False Dmitry turned back and went to Trubchevsk. By order of Shuisky, Bolotnikov, Ataman Fyodor Nagiba and several other main rebels were taken to Kargopol and drowned; Prince Shakhovsky was exiled to the Stone Desert of Kubenskoye Lake; 52 Germans taken in Tula were exiled to Siberia; another impostor, Ileyka, who allegedly presented himself as the grandson of Ivan the Terrible, Pyotr Fedorovich, was hanged on the Serpukhov road.
While Tsar Vasily Shuisky was celebrating his own wedding by marrying Maria, the daughter of the boyar Prince Peter Ivanovich Buynosov-Rostovsky, False Dmitry strengthened himself by receiving military assistance from Poland and Lithuania. This was horse and infantry assistance, with noble leaders: among them the Mozyr cornet Joseph Budzilo, pans Tyshkevich and Lisovsky, as well as new crowds of Don Cossacks, who introduced the imaginary Tsarevich Fyodor, supposedly the second son of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and Irina Godunova; but False Dmitry did not want to recognize him as his nephew and ordered him to be killed.
With battles, False Dmitry III moved to Moscow, wintered in Orel, and on June 1, 1608 settled down in the village of Tushino on the Volokolamsk road, 12 miles from the capital.
At this time, negotiations were underway between Tsar Vasily Shuisky and the ambassadors of King Sizgismund III - Pan Vitovsky and Prince Drutsky-Sokolinsky. On July 25, 1608, an agreement was concluded between them: 1) During three years and 11 months there will be no war between Russia and Lithuania. 2) At this time, agree on an eternal peace or a 12-year truce. 3) Both states to own what they own. 4) The king should not help the king's enemies, the king the enemies of the king, neither in people nor in money. 5) Release the voivode of Sandomierz with his daughter and give them what they need to travel to the border. 6) Princes Rozhinsky, Vishnevetsky and other Poles, without the knowledge of the royal, who entered the service of the villain False Dmitry, immediately leave him and not pester vagabonds who decide to call themselves Russian princes. 7) Governor of Sandomierz not to call this new deceiver his son-in-law and not to marry his daughter to him. 8) Marina should not be called or spelled the Moscow queen.
The treaty was not fulfilled by the treacherous Poles. Moreover, with 7,000 horsemen, the Usvyat elder Jan Piotr Sapieha arrived at the Tushino camp, and Marina Mniszek, released from custody, on September 1, 1608, solemnly arrived at the Tushino camp and embraced her imaginary spouse with joyful tears.
The rebellion grew and then Vasily Shuisky turned to the Swedish king Charles IX for help, sending the nephew of Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky to negotiate and conclude an alliance.
The Pretender's troops captured Suzdal, Vladimir, Uglich, Kostroma, Galich, Vologda, Shuya, Kineshma, Tver, Belozersk, Pskov, Yaroslavl. The siege of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, and during the capture of Rostov, Metropolitan Filaret was captured (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov - the father of Mikhail Romanov, who would be elected king in 1613). He was brought to the Tushino camp as a prisoner, barefoot, in Lithuanian clothes, in a Tatar hat. The traitors of the Tatars arrived there with the Kasimov owner Uraz-Magmet and the baptized Nogai prince Araslan-Peter, the son of Urusov.
On February 28, 1609, in Vyborg, an agreement was concluded between the Swedish and Russian ambassadors on military assistance from Sweden to Tsar Vasily Shuisky, and already on March 26, 1609, the Swedish army with commander Jacob Delagardie entered the Russian lands, met by Russian troops with Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and voivode Ododurov . Winning victories one after another, Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardie cleared almost the entire north of Russia from the enemy. They became especially famous for the victory at the Makarievsky Kalyazinsky Monastery on August 28, 1609 over the superior forces of the best military leaders of False Dmitry - pans Zborovsky, Sapega, Lisovsky and Ataman Zarutsky.
The decisive assault on Moscow by the entire Tushino rati did not work either. False Dmitry himself, Hetman Rozhinsky, Pan Bobovsky, Ataman Zarutsky and all noble traitors on the day of the Trinity were defeated and fled to Khodynka.
On September 26, 1609, King Sigismund III, with 12,000 selected horsemen, German infantry, Lithuanian Tatars and 10,000 Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, besieged Smolensk, the garrison of which was commanded by the boyar Shein and Prince Gorchakov. The news of the direct invasion of the troops of the Commonwealth into Russia alarmed not so much Moscow as Tushino, as a split began in the army of the Pretender. Prince Rozhinsky, who was a hetman in the army of False Dmitry, with many friends swore to die for him, called themselves confederates (that is, they declared disobedience to the king) and sent Sigismund to say: “If force and lawlessness are ready to steal from our hands the property of the sword and heroism, then we do not recognize no king for king, no fatherland for fatherland, no brothers for brothers.”
Sigismund sent ambassadors to Tushino: lords Stadnitsky, Prince Zborovsky, Tishkevich, who told the Poles and Litvins to leave False Dmitry, that the king was waiting for the good sons of the fatherland under his banners. After listening to the embassy's speech, many expressed their readiness to fulfill the will of Sigismund. The ambassadors presented the Russian Tushians with a letter from the king, where it was said that the king entered Russia with weapons, but only for its peace and prosperity, wanting to calm the rebellion, exterminate the shameless Pretender, overthrow the treacherous tyrant (Shuisky), free the people, establish faith and the church . Many wept with emotion, pressed the letter to their hearts, exclaiming: "We cannot have a better sovereign."
Fearing for his life, False Dmitry at night (December 29, 1609), wearing a peasant dress, fled in a sleigh with his jester Peter Koshelev to Kaluga, where the murders of Sigismund's supporters began, spreading to other cities controlled by the Pretender. From Kaluga, he sent his ambassadors to Tushino, the Lyakh Kazimirsky and Glazun-Pleshcheev, with an exhortation to go to him. Many obeyed and left, including the Don people. Marina Mnishek, in the clothes of a warrior, with a bow and a tool behind her shoulders, at night, in the bitter cold, galloped on horseback to her husband, escorted only by a servant and maid, lost her way and ended up in Dmitrov, occupied by Sapieha's troops. Having taken the German squad from him for protection, she finally got to her husband.
Other Russian Tushians appeared near Smolensk (including Molchanov, who pretended to be False Dmitry II in Poland) and, through the boyar Saltykov, offered the Monomakh crown not to Sigismund, but to his son Vladislav.
At this time, the troops of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardie cleared the entire north of the country, on March 12, 1610 they solemnly entered Moscow, and the detachment sent by them under the command of Prince Kurakin defeated Sapieha's army near Dmitrov, who fled to join the king or False Dmitry.
Pursued by the squads of Prince Mikhail, the Tushino Confederates of Hetman Prince Rozhinsky (a descendant of Gediminas), defeated by the voivode Voluev, dispersed and fled to Sigismund, and Rozhinsky himself ended his life in Volokolamsk on April 4, 1610.
The people believed that the savior of Russia and respected by the army more than the king, the young prince, 23-year-old Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, should rule in Moscow, if not as a joint, then successor in the board after Vasily Shuisky. All this led to a terrible tragedy that prolonged the Time of Troubles. On April 23, 1610, at a dinner with Prince Dmitry Shuisky (the tsar's brother), who aspired to become king after the death of his childless elder brother, Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky was poisoned. Dmitry's wife, Princess Ekaterina, the daughter of Prince Malyuta Skuratov-Belsky, the favorite of Ivan IV the Terrible, "famous" for the murders, herself gave him a bowl of poison to Mikhail. Moscow was horrified. The people hated Vasily Shuisky and his days of rule were numbered.
On June 24, 1610, near the village of Klushino, the Russian army, which did not want to fight for Vasily Shuisky, was defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian troops of Sigismund III, and the allied Swedes changed, capturing the shores of the Baltic Sea and the region of Veliky Novgorod.
Vasily Shuisky was dethroned and forcibly tonsured along with his wife, Princess Maria. The boyar Duma, which appropriated the supreme power, concluded on August 17, 1610, with the crown hetman Zholkievsky, a 20-point agreement on the call to the Moscow throne of Vladislav, Sigismund's son. With this agreement, the Polish-Lithuanian army of Hetman Zolkiewski and 15,000 Russian troops of Prince Mstislavsky met with the Pretender's troops at the Nikolo-Ugreshskaya monastery (southeast of Moscow). The result of the negotiations was that at first Sapega, and after him the majority of foreigners and Russians left False Dmitry. The first declared themselves servants of Sigismund; the latter kissed Vladislav's cross. The impostor and Marina Mniszek at night (August 26, 1610) galloped off on horseback to Kaluga with Ataman Zarutsky, with a gang of Cossacks, Tatars and a few Russians.
On September 21, 1610, at night, the boyars secretly let the Polish-Lithuanian army and many noble foreign officials into Moscow, who occupied all the fortifications, towers, and gates.
For the murder of the Kasimov king Uraz-Magmet, on December 11, 1610, while hunting, the Nogai baptized prince Pyotr Araslan Urusov shot the Pretender while hunting, saying: “I will teach you to drown the khans and put the murz in prison”, cut off his head and went to Tauris with his legs.
In Kaluga, having learned about the murder, they sounded the alarm. Marina, half-naked with a torch, ran through the streets, demanding revenge - and by morning there was not a single Tatar left: they were all mercilessly killed by the Cossacks and citizens. The headless corpse of False Dmitry was interred in the Cathedral Church, and Marina declared herself pregnant and immediately gave birth to ... a son, solemnly baptized and named Tsarevich John. But the noble Russians who were still in Kaluga: Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, Prince Cherkassky, Buturlin, Mikulin and others no longer wanted to serve the new deception and took Marina into custody.
The death of the Pretender turned the minds of the Russians. The cities began to communicate with each other, wanting to get rid of the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists, who continued the siege of Smolensk and entrenched themselves in Moscow. The soul of this movement was Patriarch Hermogenes, who was in Moscow under the supervision of the Poles, and the noble Ryazan warrior Prokopiy Lyapunov. But there were also traitors; the boyar duma urged the governor Shein to let the Poles into Smolensk and even sent an army with Prince Ivan Kurakin to pacify the "rebellion" in Vladimir, which was defeated by the allied army of cities.
The Poles also tried to suppress this movement. Pan Gosevsky sent gangs of Dnieper Cossacks and the Moscow traitor Isai Sunbulov to fight in the Ryazan places. They besieged Lyapunov in Pronsk, but Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who approached, drove them away from the city, and then utterly defeated them near Zaraysk, freeing the entire Ryazan land from robbery.
This militia was preparing for about 3 months and in March 1611 they marched to Moscow: Lyapunov from Ryazan, Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy from Kaluga, Zarutsky from Tula, Prince Litvinov-Mosalsky and Artemy Izmailov from Vladimir.
On March 19, 1611, on Tuesday of Holy Week of the year, the assault on Moscow began. Blood was shed everywhere, they were slaughtered in the streets with the enemy with terrible bitterness. The Poles, Lithuanians and Germans withdrew to the Kremlin, White and China city under the protection of the fortress walls. The next morning, Gosevsky ordered 2,000 Germans under the command of Captain Margeret to leave the fortress and set fire to Moscow. A fire broke out that lasted two days, and the militia had to retreat.
By March 28, 1611, the militia again gathered at the walls of Moscow. They decided to elect their own boss, but instead of one they chose three: the faithful - Procopy Lyapunov, the bureaucratic rebels - Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, the Cossacks - Zarutsky. Sapega also came with his gangs, occupied Poklonnaya Gora and declared himself a friend of Russia. They didn't believe him. Then Sapega hit the camp of the militia at the Tver Gates, could not overcome it, and on the instructions of Gosevsky, taking with him another 1,500 Poles, he went to rob Pereyaslavl-Zalessky.
An hour before dawn on May 22, 1611, the militia proceeded to Kitay-Gorod, took one tower, where 400 Poles settled, but Gosevsky's troops managed to recapture it with heavy losses. Lyapunov and Trubetskoy cleared the entire White City, took the fortifications on the Goat swamp, the towers of Nikitskaya, Alekseevskaya, the Tresvyatsky, Chertolsky, Arbatsky gates, and five days later the Maiden Monastery surrendered with two companies of Poles and 500 Germans.
Despite the fact that Smolensk was taken by the troops of King Sigismund III on June 3, 1611, and the Lithuanian hetman Khodkevich was called from Livonia to help Gosevsky from Livonia to go to Moscow, the governors of the Moscow camp could take the capital and clear it of foreigners. But Ataman Zarutsky, strong in the number of Cossack robbers, grabbed everything he could, let the Cossacks devastate the villages, live by robbery. Marina Mniszek was in his hands, and this shameless woman threw herself into the arms of a Cossack, with the condition that Zarutsky enthrone the False Dmitry’s infant son and rule with her as a ruler. Hypocritically sticking to Trubetskoy and Lyapunov, taking Marina under supervision, transferred to Kolomna, having friendly relations with Gosevsky, deceiving both Russians and Poles, Zarutsky multiplied the number of his gangs.
At the request of Lyapunov and to the displeasure of Zarutsky and even Prince Trubetskoy, the Zemstvo Duma was formed from the elected from the army, which approved the charter of 10 points, which describes the rules of conduct and, in general, all very important land and money issues of income, fees, seizure, inheritance and punishment before the elections new king.
Then Zarutsky, who had a connection with the commander of the Polish-Lithuanian troops besieged in the Kremlin, Gosevsky, received from him an anonymous letter through his ataman Zavarzin, in which it is written that allegedly Lyapunov wrote a decree to the governors on the immediate extermination of all Cossacks. They called Lyapunov to the meeting: he hesitated; finally, with two officials, Tolstoy and Potemkin, he entered the Cossack circle; listened to the accusations, saw the letter and seal; said: "Written not by me, but by the enemies of Russia"; testified before God, but a violent crowd attacked him and stabbed him with knives. The only one who tried to protect Lyapunov was his personal enemy Ivan Rzhevsky, who also died from monsters. Because of this murder, confusion began in the army, Zarutsky triumphed, and his Cossacks began to rob and killed many nobles and boyar children.
At this time, Sapega appeared from Pereyaslavl with his detachment, and Gosevsky made a sortie: they attacked together and again took everything from the Alekseevsky Tower to the Tver Gates. The militia dispersed and also ceded the Maiden Monastery to the enemy, and Sapega entered the Kremlin with victory and large reserves.
Patriarch Hermogenes, who was in custody in the Kremlin, did not have the opportunity to appeal to the people of Russia, therefore, instead of the patriarchal letters, there were draft letters for an uprising against the invaders from Archimandrite Dionysius, who became famous for a 16-month siege, but defeated the Trinity Sergius Monastery, and the cellarer Avraamy Palitsyn. The gathering place for the new militia was Nizhny Novgorod. They persuaded a disinterested and crystal-clearly honest man, a meat merchant, Zemstvo headman Kozma Minin-Sukhoruky, to keep an eye on the treasury; a man of unblemished honor, a skilled warrior, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, was also invited to command the army.
In the first days of April 1612, this new militia arrived in Yaroslavl, driving out the gang of Zarutsky Cossacks from there, and on August 14, 1612, to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. They barely had time to approach Moscow and join up with another militia of Prince Trubetskoy and detachments of Cossack chieftains Filat Mezhakov, Athanasius Kolomna, Romanov’s squads and Mark Kozlov, when on August 21, 1612, they saw the Polish-Lithuanian army under the command of Hetman Khodkevich on Poklonnaya Hill, marching to the aid of the Poles settled in Moscow. A three-day bloody battle, which became on a par with others famous battles Russian history, ended with the defeat of Khodkevich's troops. On October 22, 1612, the Cossacks took the White City by storm, and on October 26 they surrendered under the promise to save the lives of the Poles who had settled in the Kremlin.
Arriving representatives from all cities of the Russian land on February 21, 1613 elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as tsar, after which, on Red Square at Execution Ground, the cellarer Avraamiy Palitsyn, Archimandrite Joseph of Novospassky and boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov asked the Muscovites who they want to be tsar? "Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov" - was the answer.
On July 11, 1613, the crowning of Mikhail Romanov took place, and even earlier the new government began to take measures against both external and internal enemies that tormented Russia.
Zarutsky, who devastated Mikhailov, went to Epifan, leaving his governor in Mikhailov, but on April 2, 1613, the inhabitants of Mikhailov themselves seized this governor, intercepted his Cossacks, imprisoned them and let them know about it in Zaraysk and Pereyaslavl Ryazansky.
On April 13, 1613, an army left Moscow under the command of Prince Mstislavsky on Zarutsky; Prince Ivan Odoevsky with governors - from Mikhailov, Zaraysk, Vladimir, Suzdal and other cities. They learned that Zarutsky had run away from Epifan, robbed Dedilov, burned Krapivna and wanted to go to Tula. Prince Odoevsky left Tula, overtook him at Voronezh, fought with him for two days without rest and beat him to the ground, took a lot of booty. Zarutsky with a few people fled beyond the Don to Medveditsa, and from there to the Volga.
The tsar, clergy, governors, boyars wrote letters to the Volga Cossacks and the inhabitants of Astrakhan with an exhortation not to unite with Zarutsky, but to stand against him. Two letters were sent to Zarutsky himself from the tsar and the clergy; the king promised pardon if the rebellion ended, and the clergy threatened to curse if they disobeyed.
But Zarutsky attracted the Nogays with their prince Ishterek to his side; threatened from Astrakhan to go up the Volga, take the Samara fortress and Kazan, and also enlisted the support of the Terek Cossacks. He robbed all foreign merchants in this city, pretended to be Tsar Dmitry in Astrakhan, as evidenced by the petition of 1614 that has come down to us with an appeal to Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich, Tsarina Maria Yurievna and Tsarevich Ivan Dmitrievich. …
Most of the Volga Cossacks did not support Zarutsky, and at the general meeting of the Don Cossacks Zarutsky, Marina and her son were cursed; the Cossacks said: “From our theft, so much Christian blood has already been shed, many holy monasteries and churches of God have been ruined, so we no longer steal, but bow down to the sovereign Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and to the whole earth.” …
In the meantime, news came that the Terek had also broken away from Zarutsky, they kissed the cross of Tsar Mikhail and sent the head of Vasily Khokhlov with 700 people to Astrakhan, and in response to all Zarutsky’s calls, only 560 young Cossacks from the Don came to him.
Approaching Astrakhan, Khokhlov discovered the war between the Astrakhans and Zarutsky; 2,000 men, 6,000 women and children immediately fled to his camp.
May 12, 1614 at night Zarutsky with all his army went up the Volga; Khokhlov rushed after him, overtook him and inflicted a severe defeat; Zarutsky and Marina and their son managed to escape to the sea, but Khokhlov sent a chase after them.
Approaching Astrakhan, Prince Odoevsky, having learned that Zarutsky had fled to Yaik (Ural), on June 6, 1614, sent two heads of streltsy, Palchikov and Onuchin, there. On June 23, 1614, the messengers overtook the fugitives and began the battle not with Zarutsky, but with his masters - the Cossacks, Ataman Us and his comrades. Palchikov and Onuchin besieged the Cossacks in their town, and they were forced to finish off with their foreheads, kiss the cross to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and hand over Zarutsky with Marina and his son. It was June 25th.
All the captives were brought to Astrakhan, then sent to Kazan. Zarutsky was sent separately from his wife; Marina was escorted by 600 archers, Zarutsky - 230. In the event of an attempt to recapture them, there was an order to kill the captives. They were taken from Kazan to Moscow, here Zarutsky was put on a stake, Marina's son was hanged: Marina herself died in prison, from grief - according to Moscow news, and according to Polish news she was drowned or strangled.
Undoubtedly, the murder of the baby and the death of Marina were due to the fact that in Moscow they were afraid of the appearance of another impostors and believed that the more people saw the dead son of False Dmitry, the less opportunities there would be for the Troubles to continue. And even after 29 years, in 1643, the Moscow ambassadors sent to Poland: the boyar Prince Alexei Mikhailovich Lvov, the Duma nobleman Grigory Pushkin and the clerk Volosheninov demanded the extradition of the Pretender, who lived in Brest Lithuania in a Jesuit monastery. This man was interrogated and it turned out that his name was Ivan Dmitriev Luba; his father, Dmitry Luba, was a gentry in Podlasie, together with his young son went to Moscow in the Time of Troubles and was killed there: Belinsky took the orphan and brought him to Poland, passing him off as the son of False Dmitry and Marina. When the boy grew up, Belinsky announced him to Sigismund and panamas at the Diet.
Sigismund and the pans gave the boy to Lev Sapega for savings, assigning him 6,000 zlotys for maintenance, and Sapega gave him to study in Brest Lithuanian Abbot Athanasius in the Semyonovsky Monastery. Then its content was reduced to 100 zlotys.
Belinsky also confirmed that he was the son of the gentry Luba, and they called him the Tsarevich of Moscow, because when he found out that they wanted to hang Marinin’s son in Moscow, he was Belinsky, instead of Marin’s son, he wanted to give him, Luba, to be hanged, and Marinin wanted to steal his son. So the fears of the Moscow government about the new impostors were justified. Moreover, we know from Russian history and other adventurers who pretended to be royalty. This is Pugachev, who pretended to be the miraculously saved husband of Catherine II, Emperor Peter III; this is Princess Tarakanova, an impostor who pretended to be the daughter of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and Alexei Razumovsky.
Glory Ross
Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky - Don ataman, an active figure of the troubled times in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century, a political adventurer. He comes from western Russia, from Tarnopol, as a child he was in Tatar captivity, from where he fled to the Don, where he was chosen as the ataman of the Upper Don squalor. These were the places included in the current Volgograd region. Zarutsky is a controversial figure, his main task was his personal interests in politics. A clever, stately handsome man, cruel and crafty, Zarutsky believed in the "miraculous salvation" of Tsarevich Dmitry, the son of Ivan the Terrible. He joined False Dmitry the first, but after his death, knowing about the deceit, he also joined the False Dmitry - the second - "Tushino thief", bringing to him from the Don in 1608 five thousand Don Cossacks.
Zarutsky became the favorite of the thief, received boyars from him and became the ataman of all the Cossack troops, who fought desperately with the Russian troops, defending him in the siege in Tushino. Polish blood, apparently, spoke in him, because he also communicated with the Polish king Sigismund.
Bishop Hermogenes called for the creation of a militia against the Poles, and this first militia was headed by the Duma nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov. Although Zarutsky joined the militia, at the first skirmish with Lyapunov he incited his Cossacks to kill him, and he was killed. Zarutsky conceived to put on the Russian throne a "Vorenka", that is, the son of Marina Mnishek from False Dmitry the First, in order to become the de facto ruler of Russia. But the second militia of Minin and Pozharsky defeated the Poles. When the detachments of Pan Khodkevich went to their rescue to Moscow, Zarutsky entered into negotiations with him. This was discovered, and Zarutsky, together with Marina Mnishek and the Cossacks loyal to him, fled to Kolomna.
In February 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected Russian Tsar. His government actively undertook to eradicate unrest in Russian state, and Zarutsky gave the new government a lot of trouble. Prince Odoevsky fought Zarutsky, who fled to Astrakhan. Here he married Marina Mnishek. But Zarutsky did not let up in his desire for the Russian throne. He tried to create an alliance against the Russian Tsar from the Cossacks together with Persia, sending out messengers with "charming" letters. But these appeals were not successful. However, more than half a thousand Don Cossacks supported Zarutsky.
Astrakhan residents are already tired of countless robberies of alien guests. And when Prince Odoevsky entered Astrakhan, Zarutsky was forced to flee with Marina Mnishek to Yaik. There they were overtaken by archers, and their own Cossacks handed them over to the authorities. On May 27, 1614, with the greatest secret, they were brought to Tsaritsyn, and from there to Moscow. There, in August 1614, Zarutsky was impaled. The fate of the contender for the Russian throne, the gentry-adventurer Marina Mniszek, is also sad.
The publishing house "Roman-gazeta" published a book by JL Borodin "The Queen of Troubles", which tells about the Astrakhan period of Zarutsky's wanderings.
Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky
I. M. Zarutsky was one of the most odious personalities in Russian history. There are no exact data about its origin in the sources. It is believed that he was either a native of Ternopil, who joined the Don Cossacks, or the son of a Lithuanian mercenary who served the Russian tsars. He did not have a systematic education, but he had a great penchant for military affairs.
Outwardly, Zarutsky was very handsome: tall, powerfully built, with a shock of black curls and a fiery look of large black eyes. In the Cossack environment, he easily managed to advance to the atamans. True, some contemporaries noted that Ivan was not so much brave as fierce, and was prone to cunning and change of belief. He easily took an oath of allegiance and immediately broke it. In addition, he had no religious beliefs. The goal of his whole life was money and power.
When in 1604 the news came to the Don about the campaign of "Tsarevich Dmitry" to Moscow, Zarutsky immediately decided to join his army. At that time he was no more than 18 years old. Together with the impostor, he triumphantly entered Moscow and, apparently, was included in his Cossack retinue. After the assassination of the false tsar, Ivan had to return to the Don, where he began to wait for an opportunity to return to the capital. The campaign of I. I. Bolotnikov provided such an opportunity, and Zarutsky joined him. During the siege of Moscow, he was sent to the Commonwealth to convince "Tsar Dmitry" that he should immediately go to the army. However, Ivan is unlikely to have found the impostor. He appeared in Starodub only in the summer of 1607. Since Bolotnikov was already in the blockade ring in Tula, Zarutsky remained with the new "king". Then he went to the Don to recruit Cossacks into his army. Returning with a 5,000-strong detachment, he became its chieftain.
Zarutsky managed to rise even more in the Tushino camp. For saving the army of the impostor from defeat during the battle on Khodynka, he received the boyar rank. After the flight of False Dmitry to Kaluga, Ivan Martynovich did not immediately follow his "king". At first he tried to enter the service of King Sigismund. But the Poles did not want to consider him an equal, so he returned to the Tushinsky thief, where he was greeted with great joy, since the impostor needed the help of the Cossacks.
After the death of False Dmitry Zarutsky decided to become the patron of Marina Mnishek and her son Ivan. He believed that they have all the rights to the royal throne. It was only necessary to help them get it and then take the highest place in the state next to them. Since the former ataman had few forces of his own, he decided to join Lyapunov's militia in order to later take advantage of the victory of the patriots for his own purposes.
At first, everything went according to plan. In early April, the militias captured the White City and gradually began to recapture other cities and territories from the Poles. But then it turned out that P.P. Lyapunov was categorically against the enthronement of Marina and her son. The Ryazan even sent an embassy to Novgorod, where the candidacy of the Swedish prince Karl-Philip was considered. In addition, he did not allow the Cossacks to rob civilians and severely punished them for this.
As a result, Zarutsky decided that his main enemy was not the Polish king, but the stubborn and meticulous Ryazan governor Procopius. To punish him, Ivan used a forged letter, which, on behalf of Lyapunov, contained an order to the city governors to kill any Cossacks. He threw this letter to the chieftains he knew. Those, naturally, were indignant and demanded that Prokopy Petrovich come to the Cossack circle. There, the Cossacks trained by Zarutsky attacked the governor and killed him.
After that, Ivan Martynovich became the autocratic head of the First Militia. He was not even bothered by the fact that many patriots left the camp near Moscow. There were enough Cossacks in his entourage to organize predatory raids on small towns and villages. In addition, he appropriated the estates and estates of the Moscow boyars and forced their peasants to work for him.
Zarutsky did not doubt the truth of another False Dmitry, who appeared in Pskov, and immediately swore allegiance to him. He was convinced that this impostor would be completely in his power. Only the creation of another people's militia bothered Ivan. In D.P. Pozharsky, he saw an opponent and tried to take his life with the help of hired killers. When they were captured and exposed, he left the camp near Moscow and went to rob the rich Ryazan region. He took Marina Mnishek with him.
However, the Ryazan governors, headed by M. Velyaminov, gave a fitting rebuff to the former Tushino boyar. They forced him to retreat to Voronezh. There he was overtaken by the troops of the new Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. After a bloody battle, Zarutsky and Marina managed to retreat to Astrakhan. There they deceived the locals, telling them that Moscow had been captured by the Poles. The Astrakhans agreed to secede from the country, which was under the rule of the Polish king (according to the fugitives), and ask for protection from the Persian Shah.
I. M. Zarutsky soon felt himself the full owner of the rich Astrakhan region. He began to rob not only local residents, but also temples. Marina demanded exorbitant honors for herself and her son. However, in the spring of 1614 news came to Astrakhan that the rightful sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich had been elected in Moscow and that his troops were moving towards the city. In fear, Marina and Zarutsky, with a small detachment of Cossacks, fled to the Bear Island of the Yaik River (Ural). But the royal archers found them there too. All the fugitives were taken into custody and sent to Moscow. There they were judged. I. M. Zarutsky was sentenced to a very cruel execution - he was impaled. Little Ivan was hanged because he could become the center of attraction for all anti-government forces. Marina Mnishek was imprisoned, where she soon died. On this, the adventure of all the False Dmitrievs ended. (Morozova L. E. Russia on the way from the Troubles. Decree. ed. S. 268–272.)
A fairly large united detachment arrived in Kolomna from Vladimir and Suzdal. It was headed by governors V.F. Mosalsky, A.V. Izmailov and Ataman A.Z. Prosovetsky. It included not only local nobles, archers and service people, but also Don Cossacks, who used to be in the Tushino camp.
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