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Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management and Business

Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences

discipline: "Life safety"

Theme: "Flood"

Completed: 2nd year student

Faculty of Economics

Thrush Evgenia Victorovna

Checked:

assistant professor Lukonin Alexei Nikolaevich

Nizhny Novgorod

Content

Introduction
6. Actions after the flood
Conclusion

Introduction

Water is the source and basis of life on the planet, it is the most common substance that covers most of the planet. In its normal state, water lives in the ocean, rivers, lakes, gradually changing the relief of the earth's surface. This process has been going on steadily for thousands of years. However, at times, water also falls into extremely painful states, when it becomes a real formidable weapon, bringing destruction and death to all living things in its path. Destructive force water is in natural disasters associated with the loss of control over the situation in rivers, seas and oceans.

Topic of this essay: "Flood". Relevance The problem of floods is due to the fact that flooding is the most frequent attack of the water element, which happens almost every year. This is a very dangerous natural phenomenon, which is a possible source of an emergency if the flooding of the area causes material damage, damages the health of the population or leads to the death of people, farm animals and plants. At the same time, the number of victims in severe floods largely depends not only on the provision of scientific and technical means for monitoring, warning, and evacuation of the population, but also on the ability of the population to act in emergency situations. This is especially important for areas with a high population density, and those that do not have the necessary funds to implement preventive measures and save people.

Target This essay is to study the flood, as one of the most frequent and dangerous emergencies, as well as the actions of the population before, during and after the flood. Based on the intended goal, the author is given the following tasks:

describe the flood, its types and causes,

characterize the Nizhny Novgorod region in terms of the risk of floods,

consider a set of necessary measures to protect the population and objects from flooding,

give clear recommendations on how to act before, during and after the flood for salvation, as well as the provision of self- and mutual assistance in the current conditions.

object research of this essay is flooding as an emergency. As subject research will be the actions of the population and measures to prevent or reduce negative effects on the individual.

The information base for writing the work will be scientific, educational and special literature, instructions, scientific publications and articles, materials from Internet resources.

flood emergency

1. General characteristics of the flood as an emergency

Flooding is the intense flooding of a large area with water above annual levels, and is one of the most common natural disasters. It is noted during high waters, floods, breakthroughs of dams and dams. At the same time, among all natural disasters, in terms of frequency, area of distribution and total material damage, floods in our country are in first place, and in terms of human casualties and damage per unit area of distribution, they are in second place behind earthquakes. At the same time, floods threaten almost 3/4 of the earth's land. In Russia, floods represent the greatest danger - 35% of all types of emergencies, more than 746 settlements are prone to floods. Lukonin A.N., S.V. Tumanov Life safety: Tutorial. - Nizhny Novgorod: NIMB, 2010. - 103 p. Vast territories are flooded in Russia every year. The area of flooded zones in the country as a whole is about 15 million hectares. During a flood, the water quickly rises and the surrounding area is flooded.

Flooding - covering the surrounding area with a layer of water flooding courtyards, streets of settlements and the lower floors of buildings.

Flooding - the penetration of water into the basements of buildings through the sewer network (when the sewer is connected to the river), through various ditches and trenches, and also due to significant groundwater backwater.

During floods, depending on the level of water rise, the basements of buildings, courtyards located below the streets are flooded first, then the streets and the first floors of buildings. The area is covered with a continuous layer of water. In case of large floods, transport communication is disrupted in the very first hours, the power supply system and telephone communications fail.

The scale and consequences of floods depend on their duration, the terrain, the nature of the soil layer, the degree of development of the settlement and the density of the population, the time of year and weather, the speed of movement and the height of the water rise, the composition of the water flow, the state of hydraulic and reclamation structures, the accuracy of the forecast and efficiency of search and rescue activities in the flood zone. In addition, the scale of consequences is influenced by the level of preparation for action in flood conditions of the management staff, personnel of enterprises and organizations, emergency rescue forces, as well as the population.

According to their strength and scale, all floods are divided by hydrologists into four types (Table 1):

Table 1

	occur on lowland rivers and occur about once every 5-10 years, practically without disturbing the rhythm of life with the necessary preparation
	are capable of flooding fairly large sections of river valleys and sometimes significantly disrupt the rhythm of life, evacuation of the population may be required, occur approximately once every 20-25 years.
OUTSTANDING	flood at least 50% of agricultural land, cities and towns, require mass evacuation of the population, occur approximately once every 50-100 years
CATASTROPHIC	there is a strong flooding of several river systems at once, the rhythm of life of the population of entire regions is completely disrupted, they can occur approximately once every 100-200 years:

According to the causes of occurrence and the nature of the manifestation, the following types of floods are distinguished (Table 2): Akimov V.A. Life safety. Safety in emergency situations of natural and man-made nature: Textbook / V.A. Akimov, Yu.L. Vorobyov, M.I. Faleev and others. 2nd edition, revised - M .: graduate School, 2007. - 592 p.

table 2

Types of floods	Causes	The nature of the manifestation
high water	Abundant spring snowmelt in the plains or snowmelt and rainfall in the mountains in spring and summer	Occur periodically in the same season. Characterized by a significant (2-3 meters on small rivers, 15-20 or more on large rivers) and a long rise in water level (up to 15-20 days on small rivers, 2-3 months on large rivers)
	Intensive precipitation and snowmelt during winter thaws	It is characterized by an intensive, relatively short-lived rise in the water level (15-20 days on small rivers, several days on mountain rivers). There is no clearly defined frequency of occurrence.
Jam floods	Strong resistance to water flow, in some sections of the riverbed, arising from the accumulation of ice in narrow places of rivers or on bends during freezing (jamming) or ice drift (jamming)	Floods caused by congestion on the rivers occur in late winter - early spring. They are characterized by high (3-4 meters, rarely up to 6-8) and relatively short-lived (up to 4-5 days) rise in water level. Flooding caused by ice jams occurs at the beginning of winter, is characterized by a less severe rise in water level than during a jam and a longer duration.
Surge floods	Wind surges of water in the mouths of rivers flowing into the seas and on windy sections of the coast of the seas. May also occur on large lakes, reservoirs	They are characterized by a significant rise in the water level (from 2-3 to 10-12 meters) and the absence of any periodicity of occurrence. Likely throughout the year.
Floods as a result of breaking dams and dams	Spillage of water from a reservoir that occurs as a result of a breakthrough of a pressure front structure or during an emergency discharge of water from a reservoir, a breakthrough of natural natural dams	They are characterized by the formation of a breakthrough wave, leading to the flooding of large areas and the destruction or damage of objects encountered on the way of its movement (buildings, structures, etc.)

The specific features of the situation arising from floods are: the rapid increase in the parameters of damaging factors, the destructive nature of the emergency, the difficulty of access to the victims, the limited survival time of the victims, the need to use special floating facilities, sometimes also very false weather conditions. Flood damage is associated with various primary and secondary damaging factors, among which are the following:

a rapid rise in water and a sharp increase in the speed of the current, leading to flooding of the territory, death of people and livestock, destruction of property, raw materials, food, crops, vegetable gardens, etc.;

low water temperature, where people can lead to illness and death;

loss of strength of structures, residential and industrial buildings;

traffic accidents,

fires (due to breaks and short circuits in electrical cables and wires);

diseases of humans and farm animals (due to pollution drinking water and food)

flushing of fertile soil and siltation of crops,

landslides and collapses,

area pollution.

The danger of floods for human life is expressed in the flooding of dwellings, industrial and agricultural facilities, the destruction of buildings and structures. During floods in cities and towns, depending on the level of water rise, the basements of buildings, courtyards located below the streets are first flooded, then the streets and first floors of buildings. The area is covered with a continuous layer of water. In case of large floods, transport communication is disrupted in the very first hours, the power supply system and telephone communications fail. Many wooden structures fall apart and are swept away by the current. Life safety: Textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, V.A. Devisilov, A.V. Ilnitskaya. - 8th edition, stereotypical - M.: Higher School, 2009. - 616 p.

Flooding of settlements, agricultural lands and natural complexes is accompanied by negative consequences: as a result of the impact of water and its rapid flow, people, agricultural and wild animals die; buildings, structures, communications are destroyed or damaged; material and cultural values are lost; agricultural activities are interrupted; the crop dies, fertile soils are washed away or flooded; the landscape changes.

Secondary consequences of floods: reduction in the strength of structures as a result of erosion and undermining; water transfer of hazardous substances spilled from damaged storage facilities and pollution of vast territories by them; complication of the sanitary-epidemic situation; swamping of the area.

Due to the uneven subsidence of the soil during the flood, numerous ruptures of sewer and water pipes, gas mains, electric, telegraph and telephone cables, damage to buildings, highways. Therefore, as a rule, the smaller the city, the less material damage from the flood. Summer floods and their consequences are more easily tolerated by the population than spring floods, and even more so winter floods.

In rural areas, the time (season) and duration of flooding are crucial. This is primarily due to the seasonality of agricultural work. But any flooding of areas intended for growing crops with water leads to the displacement of air from the soil. At the same time, normal gas exchange stops in the soil and carbon dioxide enters the water from the roots of plants, which adversely affects the plants. This circumstance is main reason the fall in crop yields or the death of crops as a result of flooding.

Serious consequences of floods of rare frequency are sometimes changes in river beds: new channels appear or old ones deepen. Partially, and sometimes completely, the fertile topsoil is washed away or covered with silt in the plowed areas of the floodplain, which significantly worsens land use and reduces productivity.

2. Characteristics of the flood hazard in the Nizhny Novgorod region

The Nizhny Novgorod region is at risk of floods, and according to some experts, it still remains defenseless against this element. Especially in areas that are historically located in areas of constant flooding and whose economic activity is highly dependent on a set of protective measures. There is a threat that the Nizhny Novgorod Region could be severely damaged in the event of a severe flood, intense or prolonged precipitation, or a dam break at the Gorkovskaya hydroelectric power station. 60 km north of Nizhny Novgorod there is a reservoir of the Gorkovskaya hydroelectric power station. The area of the mirror is 159 sq. km, the water supply is 8.790 cubic meters. m. When the dams are destroyed, a zone of catastrophic flooding with an area of 1424 sq. km is formed, where three categorized cities with a population of 160 thousand people and more than 850 settlements with 80 thousand inhabitants are located.

The passage of high water in the region is observed from the end of March to May. According to the degree of danger, the flood in the region belongs to moderate dangerous type, when the maximum levels of water rise by 0.8 - 1.5 m exceed the levels of the beginning of flooding, flooding of coastal areas (emergency situations at the municipal level). The floodplain area of the river is 40 - 60%.

For example, one of the most flooded areas of the Volga region is the Zarechnaya part of Nizhny Novgorod. It occupies almost 60% of the city's territory, five of the eight districts of the metropolis are located here and the bulk of the inhabitants of the city with a population of 1 million 300 thousand people live here, the largest industrial enterprises, the railway station, and the subway are located here. And this entire territory is at risk, as our ancestors well remembered. Settlements are usually subject to partial flooding. The frequency of exceeding the water level above the critical level is every 10 - 20 years. Excesses of critical levels on most of the region's rivers were registered in 1994, 2005. In varying degrees, 38 districts of the region are subject to the action of hydrological processes during the spring flood. The results of the processes are flooding and flooding of residential buildings, livestock and agricultural complexes, destruction of road sections, bridges, dams, dams, damage to power lines, and activation of landslides. According to recent years, the areas most prone to flood events were Arzamassky, Bolsheboldinsky, Buturlinsky, Vorotynsky, Gaginsky, Kstovsky, Perevozsky, Pavlovsky, Pochinkovsky, Pilninsky, Semenovsky, Sosnovsky, Urensky and Shatkovsky.

Increased ice thickness can cause congestion on rivers during the opening period. The number of ice jams on the rivers of the region reaches an average of 3-4 per year. The flooding (flooding) caused by them is most likely in settlements located along the banks of rivers flowing from south to north, the opening of which occurs in the direction from the source to the mouth.

The last most severe floods occurred in 1908 and 1926, a significant part of the urban area of Nizhny Novgorod was then flooded, wooden houses just floated down the river, there were dead. So, in 1926, the water rose to a mark of 76.1 m and even reached the Upland part of the city, residents were transported through the streets in boats. The riverside part of the city went under water almost completely, with all the buildings. Hydrologists believe that under certain adverse factors such a flood could happen again. Such floods occur about once every hundred years. The territory of Nizhny Novgorod with an area of 400 sq. km may be in the risk zone, and 700 thousand people may be in the flood zone.

The consequences of this will be much more serious than those that we observed in the summer of 2013 in the Far East. High-rise residential buildings, industrial enterprises, metro will be flooded. For comparison, in the spring of 2012, the water level in the Volga near the city rose to a maximum of 70.77 m - and at the same time several streets with private houses were flooded, which caused numerous complaints from residents. But in a flood with a frequency of once every 100 years, the water level will be almost 6 meters higher! Of course, the Rybinsk and Gorky reservoirs have significantly reduced the threat of floods on the Volga, but the danger posed by the Oka has not disappeared. There are no reservoirs on the Oka, and as the experience of the 1908 flood showed, there can be so much water in it that the Volga will flow back at its confluence.

Many experts are inclined to believe that the main problem of the Zarechnaya part of Nizhny Novgorod is the weak engineering protection of this territory. Most of the engineering protection structures in the areas of flooding were not completed in the 90s, and the one that exists is dilapidated and is in an abandoned state. There is no protection against flooding by strong floods at all.

In addition to the threat of flooding in severe floods, the city is constantly suffering from flooding - high level groundwater, which flood basements and destroy communications. On average, about a third of the Zarechnaya part is in a flooded state, in the spring - even more. The problem also lies in the fact that the most flooded areas are not in the Volga region, but further from it. Near the Volga there is a so-called near-channel rampart: this is when, immediately behind the channel, an increase in relief begins due to sediments washed by the river. But further the city stood in a swampy lowland. In the Zarechnaya part of the city since the 30s of the last century, many industrial enterprises, high-rise housing, as well as private houses have been built. Due to the fact that these areas are densely built up, it is difficult to filter groundwater into the river. At the same time, no attention was paid to the development of the drainage system in this part of the city; there is practically no storm sewer. In this regard, there is always a risk of flooding, and at times - flooding of these areas.

3. Measures to protect the population from flooding

Protection from emergencies is a set of organizational, economic, engineering, environmental and special measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of an emergency, overcoming the dangers caused by it and eliminating them in order to preserve the life and health of people, reduce damage to the national economy, personal property of citizens and the environment natural environment.

Protection of the population from the consequences of floods includes a whole range of different activities. Flood forecasting is carried out. When forecasting, they seek to identify possible areas of catastrophic flooding. To forecast the situation, data obtained with the help of ground-based and satellite means are used. Based on forecasts, long-term methods of protection against catastrophic floods are implemented and measures are taken to reduce their consequences. Along with general long-term methods of protecting the population from the consequences of floods, specific seasonal measures are also taken, which include spring flood control measures.

Measures to protect the population are an integral part of preventive measures and measures to eliminate emergency situations and, therefore, are carried out both in a preventive (precautionary) and operational manner, taking into account possible dangers and threats. This takes into account the peculiarities of human settlement, natural, climatic and other local conditions, as well as economic opportunities for the preparation and implementation of protective measures. Measures to prepare the country for the protection of the population are carried out according to the territorial production principle. Measures to protect the population from emergency situations are carried out by the forces and means of enterprises, institutions, organizations, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in whose territory an emergency situation is possible or has developed. Protection of the population from emergency situations. Internet resource. URL: http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/bezopasnost-zhiznedeyatelnosti/zashchita-naseleniya-ot-chs.html

Many settlements and economic objects are located in the floodplains, where the flood during the spring snowmelt occurs from year to year. To ensure the safety of the population living in these places, timely backfilling of dams is carried out, existing dams are maintained in working order, bank protection structures are strengthened, and preventive ice blasting is organized, especially at bridge locations. Hydraulic structures and locks are being checked, and preventive discharge of water from reservoirs is being carried out.

Every year at the end of February, the issue of organizing the protection of the population from spring floods is considered in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and at the federal level. At the beginning of the flood season, the EMERCOM of Russia hosts a meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies Associated with Floods. An Interdepartmental Operational Group is formed annually, whose tasks include forecasting and monitoring floods, monitoring the development of emerging emergencies and organizing emergency rescue operations. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, meetings of regional commissions for emergency situations are being held, the necessary material and technical means are being accumulated, stocks of explosives are being created to undermine ice jams on rivers. In connection with the constantly recurring floods caused by spring floods, measures are being taken for engineering protection against flooding.

However, it should be noted that the system of preventive measures for various reasons does not always guarantee the complete exclusion of an emergency situation in a particular area associated with flooding. In this case, the system for carrying out rescue and other urgent work in the emergency area comes into effect.

Thus, in order to protect the population from the consequences of floods within the framework of the Unified state system prevention and liquidation of emergency situations (RSChS) preventive and operational measures are provided and implemented (forecast of the occurrence of floods and its consequences for the population, warning the population about the threat of flooding, evacuation of the population, engineering protection, rescue and other urgent work in the flood area and a number of other measures ).

The solution of problems in case of a threat of occurrence and in the event of emergency situations on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Region is handled by the Crisis Management Center of the Main Directorate of the EMERCOM of Russia for the Nizhny Novgorod Region. It also performs the functions of an information and analytical body that provides operational management of the forces and means of the Nizhny Novgorod regional subsystem for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations of the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations of the Russian Federation. TsUKS: collects, processes, summarizes and analyzes operational information about emergency situations in the region and predicts their possible development; collects data on measures to localize and eliminate emergencies, and the state of the forces and means involved; collects data on the state of potentially dangerous objects, the environmental situation, the availability and state of stocks of material and financial resources of the region, intended for the elimination of emergencies; carries out the processing of the received recommendations and options for decisions on prevention and actions in emergency situations from specialists of the departments of the Main Directorate and submits them to the headquarters of the leadership of the liquidation of emergency situations; prepares draft decisions of the chairman of the CoES and OPB for the elimination of emergency situations.

The set of measures to prevent and mitigate the consequences of floods by the authorities, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and special forces includes:

strengthening of railways and roads that fall into areas of possible flooding; preparation of temporary detours;

strengthening of bank protection structures, backfilling of dams, dams and other hydraulic structures in order to prevent accidents of a hydrodynamic nature;

creation, improvement and maintenance of the functioning of a system of continuous monitoring of the hydrological situation on rivers and reservoirs, early and prompt warning of the danger of flooding;

formation of stocks of funds to eliminate the consequences of floods;

forecasting the possible situation in case of an expected flood and notification of the results of the forecast to authorities, organizations, emergency services;

preparation for the provision of medical assistance to affected people, for priority life support, as well as for the protection of farm animals in the event of a threat of flooding and flooding;

preparation and planning of actions to establish temporary crossings using the crossing facilities available on the ground;

preparatory measures for the evacuation of the population and material assets from areas of possible flooding and its early implementation in the event of a threat of flooding;

preparatory measures for the restoration of flood-damaged water, heat, power supply and communications systems, railways and roads;

preparatory measures for emergency drainage of flood waters, dredging and channel straightening works on river rifts and shallows in order to counteract the formation of ice jams and ice jams;

inspection and strengthening of bridges, creation of stocks of materials and means for their restoration;

monitoring the state of the meteorological service bodies on the rivers and reservoirs of the territory and taking measures to strengthen and improve them;

control over the functioning of reservoirs for the acceptance of flood waters and flow regulation;

weakening of the ice cover, preventing the formation of congestion and blockages, combating blockages and blockages.

At the same time, it must be emphasized that each person must take care of his own safety in the event of a threat of occurrence and during a flood. To do this, it is necessary to know well the recommendations of the specialists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia on the rules of conduct in case of flooding.

4. Actions in the event of a flood threat

If your area is prone to flooding, you should study and remember the boundaries of possible flooding, places on higher ground that are usually not flooded during a flood, and also shortcuts movement towards them. These places should be in close proximity to the place of residence. It is also necessary to find out and remember the places where boats, rafts and building materials for their manufacture. It is also necessary to familiarize all family members with the rules of conduct during organized and individual evacuation, as well as in the event of a sudden and rapidly developing flood.

It is advisable to make a list of everything you need (documents, things, food, valuables, property and medicines) that you will need to take with you during the evacuation. All this must be packed in a special suitcase or backpack. Prepare also fully charged mobile phone and a camping lantern (or other items for giving light signals).

Next, you need to listen to the forecasts and information of the city's emergency management for civil defense on TV channels and radio stations. The forecast, as a rule, should contain information about the expected time and boundaries of flooding, and in addition - recommendations to the population or the evacuation procedure. Life safety: Textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, V.A. Devisilov, A.V. Ilnitskaya. - 8th edition, stereotypical - M.: Higher School, 2009. - 616 p.

In case of receiving a signal (message) about the threat of flooding and evacuation of the population, it is necessary:

turn on the TV or radio, they may receive important information;

inform neighbors and close people who are in the area of the phenomenon about the threat;

turn off gas, water and electricity;

put out the fire in the furnaces;

move valuable items to things to the upper floors and attics;

let the animals out of the premises, untie the dogs;

close windows and doors, if necessary, board up the windows and doors of the first floors with boards or plywood.

prepare warm comfortable clothes, boots, blankets, money and valuables;

collect a three-day supply of food;

prepare a first aid kit and medicines that you usually use;

wrap your passport and other documents in a waterproof bag;

bring toiletries and bed linen;

calmly and immediately leave the dangerous area in accordance with the established procedure and arrive by the established date at the collection points for registration and temporary accommodation. Gostyushin A.V. Encyclopedia extreme situations. - M.: Mirror, 1996.

Having received a warning signal about the threat of flooding and evacuation, it is necessary to immediately, without panic, in accordance with the established procedure, leave or leave the danger zone of a possible catastrophic flooding to a designated safe area or to elevated areas, terrain, taking with you documents, valuables, necessary things and a two-day supply of non-perishable food. Upon arrival at the evacuation point, you must register.

5. Actions during a flood

In the event of a sudden flood, it is necessary to immediately take the nearest safe elevated place and prepare for an organized evacuation by water using various floating facilities or on foot along the fords. In such an environment, in no case should one lose self-control and succumb to panic. Until help arrives, people who find themselves in the flood zone should remain on the upper floors and roofs of buildings, trees and other elevated places. Usually, staying in a flood zone lasts until the water subsides or help arrives. Measures should also be taken to help rescuers find people cut off by water and in need of help in a timely manner. In the daytime, this is achieved by hanging a white or colored cloth on a high place, and at night - by giving light signals and periodically by voice.

When the rescuers arrive calmly, without fuss and panic, in compliance with safety precautions, you should go to the swimming facility. At the same time, it is important to comply with all the requirements of rescuers, as well as to prevent overloading of floating facilities. When moving, you should not leave the established places, board the sides, strictly following the requirements of the crew. An important rule for people who find themselves in a flooded area is not to eat food that has come into contact with the incoming water, and not to drink unboiled water. Use wet electrical appliances only after thorough drying. People standing in water or in a damp room are prohibited from touching electrical wiring or electrical appliances.

It is recommended to get out of the flooded area yourself only if there are such serious reasons as the need to provide medical assistance to the victims, the continued rise in the water level, and the threat of flooding of the upper floors (attic). The decision on independent evacuation should be carefully thought out and well prepared: floating equipment, protection from the cold, route and consideration of the situation (current, rise or fall of water, no signs of rescue activity, etc.). When moving independently, you must continue to give a distress signal. It is imperative to provide assistance to people floating in the water and drowning. Mastryukov B.S. Safety in emergency situations. - Ed. 5th, revised. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 334 p.

If you are in the water as a result of a flood, it is important not to panic or lose your temper. The sequence of actions in this case should be as follows:

you need to hold on to various floating objects,

about the possibilities, you can tie a raft from floating objects and climb on it.

if the legs do not reach the bottom, you must remove all heavy clothing and shoes,

while in the water, you should push away dangerous objects that have sharp protruding parts,

you should try to swim to the nearest realistically achievable unflooded place, taking into account the drift by the current, moving at an angle to it.

It is important to know the allowable time spent in the water:

Water temperature (deg. С)	Stay time (min.)

A drowning man needs help. You need to react and act very quickly. It is necessary to throw him a floating object, encourage him, call for help. Getting to the victim by swimming, it is necessary to take into account the direction and strength of the current. In the event that a drowning person does not control his actions, it is necessary to swim up to him from behind and, grabbing him by the hair, tow him to the shore. It must be remembered that a drowning person does not control himself and can easily interfere with swimming and even drag him under water, and it will be very difficult to get rid of his convulsive grip. If the drowning person has already managed to submerge completely in the water, you need to swim up to him along the bottom and at the same time take into account the direction of the current and its speed. When a drowning person is within reach, you need to take him under the armpits, by the hand or by the hair and pull him out of the water. In this case, it is important to push off the bottom strongly enough and actively work with your free hand and feet. After surfacing, it is important to keep the drowning person's head above the surface of the water. After this, it is necessary to try as quickly as possible to deliver the victim to an unflooded place or a floating facility for first aid.

Renderingfirsthelp. In case of drowning, even if the victim is conscious and feels relatively well, it is imperative to try to call rescuers. But before they arrive, you need to try to provide first aid to the victim, and the first thing to do for this is to check his vital signs. If breathing and pulse are present, then it is necessary to lay the person on a hard, dry surface and lower his head. Be sure to rid him of wet clothes, rub and warm, if he can drink, give him a warm drink. If the victim is unconscious, then after removing from the water, you can try to clean his mouth and nose, pull his tongue out of his mouth and start doing artificial respiration. You can often hear recommendations for removing water from the lungs, but this is not necessary, in most cases there is either very little or no water there at all, since it has managed to be absorbed into the blood.

Usually, artificial respiration begins with an exhalation. If rib cage rises, then everything is fine and the air passes, you can take several breaths, pressing after each breath on the stomach to help the air out. If the victim does not have a heartbeat, it is important to do an indirect heart massage in parallel with artificial respiration. To do this, put your palm at a distance of two fingers from the base of the sternum and cover the second. Then, strongly enough, using the weight of your body, press 4-5 times and inhale. The speed of pressing should depend on the age of the victim. For infants, pressing is done with two fingers at a speed of 120 pressures per minute, for children under 8 years old at a speed of 100 times per minute, and for adults - 60-70 times per minute. At the same time, the sternum of an adult should bend by 4-5 centimeters, and in a child under 8 years old - 3-4 cm, in an infant - 1.5-2 cm.

Resuscitation should be continued until respiration and pulse return spontaneously or until undeniable signs of death appear, such as rigor mortis or cadaveric spots. One of the most common mistakes in the provision of first aid is the premature termination of resuscitation.

Usually, during artificial respiration, water is released from the respiratory tract, which got there during drowning. In such a situation, it is necessary to turn the head of the victim to the side, so as to allow the water to flow out and continue resuscitation. With a properly performed resuscitation, water will flow out of the lungs on its own, so squeezing it out or lifting the victim upside down does not make any sense.

After the victim comes to his senses and breathing is restored, it is necessary to take him to the hospital, since the deterioration after improvement is practically the norm for drowning. You should not leave the victim unattended for a single minute, as swelling of the brain or lungs, respiratory and cardiac arrest can begin at any minute. There are quite a lot of prejudices and rumors associated with the rescue of drowning people. Therefore, you should remember some rules and features of resuscitation for drowning, which must be used in a real situation.

Resuscitation measures must be carried out, even if a person has been under water for a long time. Cases of revival with complete recovery of the patient's condition are described even after an hour of being under water. Therefore, if a person has been under water for 10-20 minutes, this does not mean that he died and there is no need to save him, this is especially important when resuscitating children.

If, during resuscitation, the contents of the stomach are ejected into the oropharynx, it is necessary to carefully turn the victim to one side, trying to ensure that the relative position of the head, neck and torso does not change, then clean the mouth and, turning to its original position, continue resuscitation.

If there is a suspicion of damage to the spine, especially its cervical region, then the patency of the respiratory tract must be ensured without tilting the head of the victim, but simply by using the “pull forward of the lower jaw” technique. If this action does not help, then it is possible to throw back the head, despite the suspicion of spinal injuries, since securing an airway is a priority action in rescuing patients in an unconscious state.

It is possible to stop resuscitation only if the signs of respiratory failure have completely disappeared. If there is a violation of the rhythm of breathing, rapid breathing or severe cyanosis, it is necessary to continue resuscitation. First aid for drowning people. Internet resource. URL: http://medvoice.ru/pervaya-pomoshh-upayushhim/

6. Actions after the flood

After the water subsides, you should beware of torn and sagging electrical wires. Products and supplies of drinking water that have fallen into the water must be checked by representatives of the sanitary inspection before use, and the existing wells with water must be drained by pumping. Before entering a house (or building) after a flood, you should make sure that its structures have not undergone obvious damage and do not pose a danger. Then it needs to be ventilated for several minutes by opening entrance doors or windows. When inspecting interior rooms, it is not recommended to use matches or lamps as a light source due to the possible presence of gas in the air; for this purpose, battery-powered electric lights should be used. Before checking condition by specialists electrical network It is forbidden to use sources of electricity for lighting or other needs. After opening all doors and windows, removing debris and excess moisture, it is necessary to dry the building. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water.

After the flood:

listen to the radio and follow the instructions of the rescue services,

if necessary, get a first aid kit and help the wounded.

when approaching a dwelling, beware of torn and sagging electrical wires.

before checking the state of the electrical network by specialists, do not use electrical appliances.

be careful when entering the house, check the reliability of all its structures (walls, floors),

when inspecting the interior rooms, do not use open fire as a light source: matches, candles, etc. due to the possible presence of gas in the air, and use battery-powered electric lights.

products and supplies of drinking water that have fallen into the water must be checked by representatives of the sanitary inspection before use,

pump out water from the basement, but not all at once (this can damage the foundation) - about a third of the total volume of water should be pumped out every day.

existing wells must be drained by pumping,

living quarters must be ventilated and dried,

dirty dishes and furniture surfaces must be disinfected with boiling water or a special agent,

you should not raise the air temperature in the house above +4 0 C, if all standing water is not diverted,

remove the remaining silt and dirt, throw away soiled bedding, clothes, furniture and other items,

must be taken Active participation in public works on sanitary cleaning of the territory, restoration of roads.

For the first visit to the house, it is advisable to wait until the water has completely drained, but you can make an initial assessment of the consequences even when its level drops to 50-60 cm. The main thing is not to forget about your own safety. After all, floods and high waters have repeated peaks. Therefore, you need to take a portable radio with you to keep abreast of all events and alerts. You will also need a flashlight and a set of necessary tools (crowbar, hammer, saw, keys and screwdrivers). You need to check if the mobile phone is well charged. You should wear protective overalls or a raincoat, put on waterproof boots, take a respirator or mask with you (it is possible to spread an unpleasant and even dangerous odor in the premises). It is advisable to take a construction helmet. Finally, a set of garbage bags will come in handy. Mastryukov B.S. Safety in emergency situations. - Ed. 5th, revised. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 334 p.

First of all, the condition of the walls and the plinth is assessed from the outside, and the roof overhangs are examined. Attention is paid even to the slightest cracks, and in the presence of serious damage, they do not go inside on their own. First, they invite a professional builder, foreman or designer. The specialist must assess the degree of danger of being in the building, its stability. Everything is potentially dangerous places overlap with boards at least 2 cm thick.

Conclusion

So, water is not always a source of life and an ally to man. At the same time, among all natural disasters, in terms of frequency, area of distribution and total material damage, flooding in our country is the leader among disasters. Therefore, residents of many regions, including Nizhny Novgorod, should be prepared for a possible confrontation with the water element. To do this, you need to know how to act in an emergency caused by flooding.

In this abstract, general characteristics floods, its causes are listed and possible consequences. The importance and urgency of the problem was noted directly in the Nizhny Novgorod region - as a region with a fairly high probability of flooding. A set of necessary measures taken to protect the population and objects from floods was described. In addition, the work contains general and specific recommendations - how to act for the population in the event of a flood threat, during a flood and after it, as well as recommendations for providing self- and mutual assistance in the current conditions.

Ensuring human security, its protection from emergency situations is a problem and task not only of the state, but also of the individual himself. Therefore, everyone should know how to act in extreme conditions, while maintaining self-control and composure, and this requires some practical experience and theoretical knowledge. At the same time, I would like to note that in any emergency situation, it is not what should be done, but what should not be done that is of paramount importance. The main danger for lies in our own hasty rash actions. Therefore, first of all, it is important to remain calm and composure in any extreme situation in order to effectively and quickly analyze the current situation and determine further actions and tactics. Everyone knows that nature can bring many troubles, surprises and trials, sometimes maim and destroy. Everyone needs to prepare for survival in case of accidents, disasters and other emergencies. It is never too late to learn and train, to learn and master the basics of survival in emergency situations, and sometimes it is useful and necessary.

List of used literature

Literature

1. Akimov V.A. Life safety. Safety in emergency situations of natural and man-made nature: Textbook / V.A. Akimov, Yu.L. Vorobyov, M.I. Faleev and others. 2nd edition, revised - M .: Higher school, 2007. - 592 p.

2. Life safety: Textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, V.A. Devisilov, A.V. Ilnitskaya. - 8th edition, stereotypical - M.: Higher School, 2009. - 616 p.

3. Gavrilenko V.N., Skrypnichenko O.A., Sheremetova O.V. Protection of the population and economic facilities in emergency situations. A manual for students of economic specialties, - M .: Meaning, 2004.

4. Gostyushin A.V. Encyclopedia of extreme situations. - M.: Mirror, 1996. - 260 p.

5. Lukonin A.N., S.V. Tumanov Life Safety: Textbook. - Nizhny Novgorod: NIMB, 2010. - 103 p.

6. Mastryukov B.S. Safety in emergency situations. - Ed.5th, revised. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 334 p.

Internet resources

7. Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for the Nizhny Novgorod region. Internet resource. URL: http://52. mchs.gov.ru/folder/1576746

8. Protection of the population from emergency situations. Internet resource. URL: http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/bezopasnost-zhiznedeyatelnosti/zashchita-naseleniya-ot-chs.html

9. First aid for drowning people. Internet resource. URL: http://medvoice.ru/pervaya-pomoshh-upayushhim

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Floods of a natural nature

Depending on the causes floods natural character divided into five types:

1. Floods caused by resistance to flow in the riverbed during autumn freeze-up (jammings).

2. Floods formed by snowmelt during winter thaws.

3. Floods caused by flow resistance in the riverbed during opening of rivers (congestion)

4. Floods associated with maximum runoff from spring thaw (high water).

5. Floods formed by prolonged summer rains (floods).

The order in this classification is determined chronologically according to the hydrological year, which starts in September and ends in August of the following year.

Man-made floods

1. Emergencies during the breakthrough of the dams of hydraulic structures. The period of spring snow melting is typical, when the loads on dams and dams increase many times due to the increased water content of reservoirs during this period.

The spillways of dams cannot always let the flow of water through, which leads to a breakthrough of the dam body. In this case, a powerful flood wave is formed, which propagates downstream the watercourse at high speed. Floods subside only in the case of complete (partial) descent of the reservoir.

Poorly fortified dams are subject to erosion during floods, lose their protective properties, and water floods the residential areas of the floodplain. In the region, more than 100 hydraulic structures are in emergency and unsatisfactory condition and are sources of risk.

A general description of the types of hydraulic structures in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Table 2.

Table 2 - Hydraulic structures on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (for 2002)

p/p	Name	Quantity
	hydroelectric power plants
	Reservoirs with a capacity of more than 1 million cubic meters
	Reservoirs with a capacity of 100 thousand to 1 million cubic meters
	Reservoirs with a capacity of up to 100 thousand cubic meters
	Dam
6	Treatment facilities
	Pollutants surface water
	Ponds - traps for oil products

2. Floods due to increased discharges from HPPs. Since there are no approved Rules for the use of water resources in the reservoirs of HPPs of the Angara-Yenisei cascade so far, these regimes are established by a special interdepartmental working group. Its task is to establish such modes of operation of HPPs, under which the provision of consumers with electricity is achieved in the absence of flooding of settlements and economic facilities in the downstream of HPPs in winter and spring periods.

In 2001, due to an extremely cold winter, a freeze-up edge formed in the Atamanovo-Khudonogovo region, which was observed for the first time since 1970. The period from 01/07/2001 to 02/15/2001, when the air temperature was below -30º C, was the most stressful both in terms of capacity shortage in the Krasnoyarsk energy system and ice conditions. Only thanks to the optimization of HPP discharges, emergency situations were avoided.

In 2002, due to an abnormally warm winter, a situation arose when, by the beginning of the flood, the reservoirs of the HPPs were overfilled due to various reasons, including the limited consumption of electricity for space heating. At the same time, a sharp increase in HPP discharges would lead to ice breaking and winter flooding of settlements in the downstream. Under these conditions, a regime of gradual increase in discharges based on a scientifically based methodology was developed.

3. Catastrophic floods caused by hydroelectric dams. Of particular importance is the threat of catastrophic flooding in the event of the destruction and breakthrough of hydroelectric dams: the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, the Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power stations. The total area of catastrophic flooding can reach 31.0 thousand square meters. km. This zone will include 7 cities (Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sosnovoborsk, Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Zheleznogorsk), 17 rural areas and up to 145 settlements, with a population of about 1334.9 thousand people, up to 243 economic facilities and up to 813.2 thousand hectares of arable land. The total material damage can reach 300 billion rubles.

In the flood zone with the complete destruction of the dam of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, 6 cities and 112 settlements, with a population of 906 thousand people, fall. The total area of flooding will be 6.8 thousand km 2 including 1.3 thousand km 2 of agricultural land.

Some types of floods that take place on the territory of the Russian Federation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory almost never meet for different reasons:

· floods caused by blockage of the riverbed by driftwood (creases) - due to the almost complete cessation of the use of rivers for transporting timber;

· floods caused by underwater earthquakes or underwater volcanic eruptions - due to the remoteness of water areas from seismically active zones;

· floods created by wind surges on the shores of large lakes and reservoirs, in the sea mouths of large rivers. The shores of the Arctic Ocean, the Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoirs are practically deserted, they are not characterized by strong winds accompanied by surges of water.

A wide range of sources of flood emergencies requires their comprehensive study and the fight against negative consequences. With the coordinating role of the Commission for Emergency Situations and Fire Safety of the Administration of the Territory, a number of organizations of various profiles are engaged in the study of floods and the development of anti-flood measures in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Among them are the Central Siberian Interregional Territorial Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations for the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Yenisei Basin Water Administration, and the administrations of municipalities of the region.

1. Transport accidents and disasters, including: derailment and accidents of freight and passenger trains, subway trains; accidents of cargo and passenger ships; aviation accidents outside airports and settlements; major car accidents; traffic accidents on bridges, railway crossings and tunnels; accidents on main pipelines.

2. Fires and explosions in buildings, on communications and technological equipment of industrial facilities; at the objects of extraction, processing and storage of flammable, combustible and explosive substances; on various modes of transport; in mines, underground and mine workings, subways; residential and public buildings; in places where unexploded ordnance and explosives fall; underground fires and explosions of fossil fuels.

3. Release accidents(threat of ejection) and the spread of a cloud potent toxic substances (SDN) during their production, processing or storage (burial), transportation, in the course of chemical reactions that began as a result of an accident; accidents with chemical munitions.

4. Release accidents(threatened ejection) radioactive substances in case of accidents at nuclear power plants, nuclear power plants for industrial and research purposes and other enterprises of the nuclear fuel cycle; accidents of vehicles and space vehicles with nuclear installations; accidents during industrial and test explosions of nuclear munitions with the release of radioactive substances; accidents with nuclear weapons during storage and maintenance.

5. Release accidents(threat of ejection ) biologically hazardous substances (BHS): at industrial enterprises and research institutions; in transport, as well as in the storage and maintenance of biological munitions.

6. Sudden collapse of residential, industrial and public buildings and structures of elements of transport communications.

7. Accidents at electric power facilities: power plants, power lines, transformer, distribution and converter substations with a long-term interruption of power supply to main consumers or large areas; failure of transport electrical contact networks.

8. Accidents on communal life support systems, including: on sewer systems with mass emission of pollutants; water supply systems for the population with drinking water; heating networks and on public gas pipelines.

9. Accidents at wastewater treatment plants wastewater from cities (districts) of industrial enterprises with massive emissions of pollutants and industrial gases.

10. Hydrodynamic accidents with the breakthrough of dams (dams, locks, dams, etc.), the formation of breakthrough waves and zones of catastrophic flooding and flooding, with the formation of a breakthrough flood and the washout of fertile soils or the formation of sediments over vast areas.

Rescue and other urgent work- actions to save people, material and cultural values, protect the natural environment in the emergency zone, localize, suppress or bring to the minimum possible level of dangerous factors characteristic of it. Typical for all types and classes of work are: reconnaissance and parametric survey of the emergency zone; engineering processing (preparation) of the emergency zone; elimination of primary sources and secondary factors of an emergency; reducing the risk of impact on people of the factors of the emergency environment; search for victims and their extraction from the emergency environment; primary medical care for victims and their evacuation; cleanup of the emergency area and neutralization of pollution (contamination) of objects.

safe area- the territory located outside the zones of action of the damaging factors of the source of a particular emergency.

Permissible emergency risk- the risk of an emergency, the level of which is acceptable and justified based on socio-economic conditions.

Life support of the population in emergency situations- a set of coordinated and interconnected in terms of purpose, tasks, place and time of actions of territorial and departmental authorities, forces, means and relevant services aimed at creating the conditions necessary to save life, maintain people's health in the emergency zone, on evacuation routes and in zones of temporary resettlement of the population.

Protection of the population and territories from emergency situations- a set of measures interconnected by place, time, purpose, resources and aimed at eliminating or limiting the level of threat to the life and health of citizens, property of individuals and legal entities, state and municipal property in the event of a real danger of occurrence or in the conditions of the implementation of damaging factors of emergency situations.

Zone of possible hazardous radioactive contamination- territory or water area adjacent to nuclear facilities, within which, in the event of an accident or their destruction, it is possible to exceed the established upper critical value of the exposure dose limit for the population.

Zone of possible strong radioactive contamination- territory or water area adjacent to the zone of dangerous radioactive contamination, within which contamination of soil, buildings, structures, atmosphere, water, food, food raw materials, etc. is possible above the established permissible limits.

Zone of possible hazardous chemical contamination- a territory with settlements located on it, separate objects, within which the spread of hazardous chemicals with concentrations that cause damage to people, animals and plants located in this territory is likely.

Zone of possible catastrophic flooding- the territory within which, as a result of possible flooding, mass losses of people, destruction of buildings and structures, damage or destruction of other material assets are likely.

Flood zone- a territory at risk of flooding as a result of an intensive increase in water content and an increase in water levels in rivers (lakes, reservoirs), which may be accompanied by a threat to human life and health and causing material damage.

Zone of possible dangerous earthquake- the territory within which the intensity of the seismic impact can be 7 or more points.

Zone of possible continuous fires- the territory within which the occurrence of massive fires that pose a threat to the life and health of people is possible.

Zonepossible destruction- the territory of an urban district, rural settlement, where the destruction of buildings, structures and communications is possible as a result of an earthquake or other dangerous natural phenomenon, taking into account the possible destruction of a potentially dangerous object.

Zone of temporary resettlement of the population- the territory from which, in the event of a threat of an emergency, the population is evacuated for a certain period in order to ensure its safety.

Protective measures zone- the territory around a potentially hazardous facility, within which a special set of measures is carried out aimed at ensuring the protection of the population and the environment from the possible impact of damaging factors of emergency situations.

Individual emergency risk- the risk of an emergency situation, which can lead to the death of one person as a result of the impact of the entire set of damaging factors of an emergency situation at a given point in space.

Source of natural emergency- this is a dangerous natural phenomenon or natural disaster, as a result of which a natural emergency situation has developed or may develop in a certain territory or water area.

Source of man-made emergency- this is a dangerous man-made incident, as a result of which an emergency situation of a man-made nature may develop or has developed at the object of protection, a certain territory or water area.

Local notification system- organizational and technical association of the duty service of a potentially hazardous facility, technical means of warning, broadcasting networks and communication lines, designed to alert the population living in areas where potentially hazardous facilities are located, the consequences of accidents at which may go beyond these facilities and pose a threat to life and health people.

Population- citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons located on the territory of the Russian Federation.

non-production facility- a building, structure, construction of housing stock, social, cultural and domestic purposes, as well as other capital construction objects for non-production purposes.

Object of protection- property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property (including territory, buildings, structures, vehicles, technological installations, equipment, units, products and other property), for which requirements have been established to ensure the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations.

Dangerous technogenic incident- these are accidents at potentially dangerous objects or transport, fires, explosions or the release of various types of energy.

Hazardous chemical- a chemical substance, the direct or indirect effect of which on a person can cause acute and chronic diseases of people or their death.

The striking factor of the source of an emergency of a man-caused nature (the striking factor of an emergency of a man-made nature) is a component of a dangerous man-made incident, characterized by physical and chemical actions or manifestations that are determined or expressed by the corresponding parameters.

The damaging factor of a natural emergency is a component of a hazardous natural phenomenon or process, caused by the source of a natural emergency and characterized by physical and chemical actions or manifestations, which are determined or expressed by the corresponding parameters.

Potentially dangerous object is a facility where radioactive, fire-explosive, hazardous chemicals are used, produced, processed, stored or transported, as well as a hydraulic structure, a particularly dangerous, technically complex and unique facility, determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, creating a real threat of an emergency man-made situations.

production facility- an industrial or agricultural facility, including buildings, structures, structures located on its territory, transport infrastructure facilities (railway, road, river, sea, air and pipeline transport) and communications.

Radiation protection- a set of special measures taken to prevent or minimize the impact of penetrating radiation and ionizing radiation of radioactive air and terrain pollution in the conditions of destruction of radiation-hazardous objects.

Nuclear pollution- the presence or distribution on the surface of the earth, in the atmosphere and water, or on food, fodder, food raw materials and other objects of radioactive substances that have a dangerous effect on human life and health.

emergency risk- the probability of causing harm to human life or health, property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, life or health of animals and plants in the event of an emergency, taking into account the severity of this harm.

Emergency protection system- a set of organizational measures and technical means aimed at protecting people, property and territories from the impact of damaging factors of emergency situations and / or limiting the consequences of their impact on the object of protection.

Emergency warning system- measures taken in advance and aimed at minimizing the risk of emergencies, as well as preserving people's health, reducing damage to the environment and material losses in case of their occurrence.

construction- a building system of above-ground and / or underground type, which includes premises intended, depending on the functional purpose, for the stay or residence of people and the implementation of technological processes.

Social emergency risk- the risk of an emergency situation, which can lead to the death of a certain number of people or a certain value of material damage as a result of the impact of the totality of the damaging factors of an emergency situation.

Disaster is a destructive natural and/or natural-anthropogenic phenomenon or process of a significant scale, as a result of which a threat to life and health of people may arise or arise, destruction or destruction of objects of protection (products) and components of the natural environment may occur.

Territory- all land, water and air space within the Russian Federation or part of it, production and non-production facilities, as well as the natural environment.

Technical means of alerting emergency situations- a set of technical means designed to alert people about the threat of occurrence and / or the occurrence of an emergency.

Chemical protection- a set of special measures taken to prevent or minimize the impact of emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV) on the population, animals, food and water sources.

Chemically hazardous facility- an enterprise (or organization) that uses, produces, processes, stores or transports emergency chemically hazardous substances that creates a real threat of a man-made emergency accompanied by chemical contamination.

Chemical contamination– distribution of emergency chemical substances into the environment in quantities that endanger the life or health of people, animals and plants.

Stability of the object of protection in emergency situations- the property of the object of protection to maintain or restore as soon as possible its structural integrity and / or functionality when exposed to the striking facts of emergencies and their secondary

manifestations.

Evacuation- a set of measures for the organized withdrawal (removal) of the population from the zone of emergency or probable emergency and its short-term placement in safe areas prepared in advance under the conditions of priority life support.

EconomicRemergency claim- the relationship between the frequency of implementation of certain damaging factors of an emergency and the amount of material damage.

Biological and social emergencies include:

endemic- the constant presence of any infectious disease of people in a certain area.

Epidemic- a mass, progressing in time and space within a certain region, the spread of an infectious disease of people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

Pandemic- an unusually strong epidemic, covering a large number of people in an area that usually goes beyond the borders of one state.

Enzootic- the simultaneous spread of an infectious disease among farm animals in a certain area, farm or point, the natural and economic conditions of which exclude the widespread spread of this disease.

Epizootic- simultaneous progressing in time and space within a certain region, the spread of an infectious disease among a large number of one or many species of farm animals, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

Panzootic- this is a massive simultaneous spread of an infectious disease of farm animals with a high incidence rate over a vast territory, covering entire regions, several countries and continents.

Enphytoty- a mass plant disease that manifests itself in the same area and has slight fluctuations over a number of years.

Epiphytoty- a massive infectious disease of agricultural plants progressing in time and space and / or a sharp increase in the number of plant pests, accompanied by mass death of agricultural crops and a decrease in their productivity.

FLOODING is a significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during the period of snowmelt, heavy rains, wind surges of water, during traffic jams, blockages, etc.

Floods caused by wind surge of water in the mouths of rivers are of a special type. Floods lead to the destruction of bridges, roads, buildings, structures, cause significant material damage, and at high water speeds (more than 4 m/s) and high water rise (more than 2 m) cause death of people and animals. The main cause of destruction is the impact on buildings and structures of hydraulic shocks of water masses, ice floes floating at high speed, various debris, watercraft, etc. Floods can occur suddenly and last from a few hours to 2-3 weeks.

Types of flood

Depending on the cause of the flood, they are divided into 5 types:

high water - flooding resulting from the melting of snow and the release of a reservoir from its natural banks
flood - flooding associated with heavy rains
floods caused by large accumulations of ice that clog the riverbed and prevent water from flowing downstream
surge floods , occurring due to strong winds that drive water in one direction, most often against the current
floods resulting from dam break or reservoirs.

high water	high water	Congestion	Zazhor	wind surge
a recurring, fairly prolonged rise in the water level in rivers, usually caused by spring snowmelt on the plains or rainfall. Floods low terrain.	an intensive relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river, caused by heavy rains, downpours, and sometimes rapid snowmelt during thaws. Unlike floods, floods can occur several times a year. A particular threat is the so-called flash floods associated with short-term, but very intense downpours, which also occur in winter due to thaws.	blockage of the channel by a motionless ice cover and heaping of ice floes during the spring ice drift in the narrowings and on the bends of the river channel, hampering the flow and causing a rise in the water level in the place of ice accumulation and above it. Jam floods are formed in late winter or early spring, and arise due to the non-simultaneous opening of large rivers flowing from south to north. Opened southern sections of the river in its course spring up accumulation of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in water levels. Jam floods are characterized by a high and relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river.	ice plug, accumulation of in-water, loose ice during winter freezing in narrowings and on the bends of the channel, causing the rise of water in some areas above the level of the main river channel. Jam floods form at the beginning of winter and are characterized by a significant, but less than during a jam, rise in the water level and a longer duration of the flood.	rise in the water level in the sea mouths of large rivers and in windy areas of the coast of the seas, large lakes, reservoirs caused by the impact of strong winds on the water surface. They are characterized by the absence of periodicity, rarity and a significant rise in the water level, as well as, as a rule, short duration. Floods of this type have been observed in Leningrad (1824, 1924), the Netherlands (1953).
periodically for a long time	quickly briefly	ice is standing, piling up water can't get out high level briefly	ice plug loose ice low level for a long time	wind from the sea into the riverbed water can't get out high level brevity

Causes of floods:

Long rains
snowmelt
tsunami wave
bottom profile
Dam failure
Other natural and man-made causes

Flood classification:

1. storm (rain);
2. floods and floods (associated with the melting of snow and glaciers);
3. jamming and jamming (associated with ice phenomena);
4. overwhelming and breakthrough;
5. surge (wind on the coasts of the seas);
6. tsunamigenic (on the coasts from underwater earthquakes, eruptions and large coastal landslides).

River floods are divided into the following types:
1. low (small or floodplain) - a low floodplain is flooded;
2. medium - high floodplains are flooded, sometimes inhabited or technogenically processed (arable land, meadows, vegetable gardens, etc.);
3. strong - terraces with buildings located on them, communications, etc. are flooded, evacuation of the population is often required, at least partial;
4. catastrophic - vast areas are significantly flooded, including cities and towns; emergency rescue operations and mass evacuation of the population are required.

According to the scale of manifestation, there are 6 categories of floods:
1. The global flood;
2. continental;
3. national;
4. regional;
5. district;
6. local.

Anthropogenic causes of floods:

Direct causes - are associated with the implementation of various hydraulic engineering measures and the destruction of dams.
Indirect - deforestation, drainage of swamps (draining of swamps - natural runoff accumulators increases runoff up to 130 - 160%), industrial and residential development, this leads to a change in the hydrological regime of rivers due to an increase in the surface component of runoff. The infiltrating capacity of soils decreases and the intensity of their washout increases. The total evaporation is reduced due to the cessation of precipitation interception by forest litter and tree crowns. If all forests are reduced, then the maximum runoff can increase up to 300%.
There is a decrease in infiltration due to the growth of waterproof coatings and buildings. The growth of water-resistant coatings in an urbanized area increases floods by 3 times.

Human activities leading to floods:
1. Constriction of the free section of the flow by along-channel roads, dams, bridge crossings, which reduces the throughput of the channel and raises the water level.
2. Violation of the natural regime of discharges and water levels, as occurs on the lower Volga as a result of seasonal regulation of the flow by overlying reservoirs: the need for winter energy forced a 2-3-fold increase in water discharges in winter, which, in the presence of ice cover, is accompanied by an increase in water level (winter floods), often higher than in high water.
3. Development of territories in the downstream pools of reservoirs of long-term flow regulation. The economic development of the floodplains increases the maximum runoff.

flood classes

1. Low. They usually do minor damage. They cover small coastal areas. Agricultural lands are flooded by less than 10%. Almost do not knock out the population from the current rhythm of life. Repeatability - 5-10 years.

2. High. Cause significant damage (moral and material). They cover large areas of river valleys. They flood about 10-15% of the land. Violate both household and economic way of life of the population. Partial evacuation of people is very likely. Periodicity - 20-25 years.

3. Outstanding. They cause great material damage, covering river basins. Approximately 50-70% of agricultural land, as well as a certain part of settlements, is under water. Outstanding floods not only disrupt the way of life, but also paralyze economic activity. It is necessary to evacuate material assets and the population from the disaster zone and protect the main objects of economic importance. Repeatability - 50-100 years.

4. Catastrophic. They cause huge material damage, spreading over vast territories within one or more river systems. Lead to human casualties. More than 70% of the land is flooded, many settlements, utilities and industrial enterprises. Industrial and economic activity is completely paralyzed, and the way of life of the population is changing. Periodicity - 100-200 years.

Danger factors:

1. height of water level change;
2. the rate of its change;
3. the duration of the rise period;
4. accompanying phenomena (wind, landslides, soil erosion, turbulent streams, destruction of agricultural products, livestock, death of people, etc.).

The flow of water as a damaging factor

Characteristics of the water flow as a damaging factor:

1. The highest water level.

2. The highest water consumption.

3. The speed of the current.

4. Area of flooding.

5. Repeatability of the value of the highest water level.

6. Duration of flooding.

7. Water temperature.

8. Security of the highest water level.

9. Time of start of the disaster.

10. The rate of rise in the water level during the entire time of the flood.

11. The depth of flooding of the territory in the area under consideration.

Damaging factors:

The combined effect of waves, wind, rainfall causes flooding of the area. This is accompanied by a significant erosion of the coast, leads to the destruction of buildings and structures, erosion of railways and roads, accidents on utility networks, destruction of crops and other vegetation, casualties among the population and the death of domestic animals and natural ecosystems. After the water falls, buildings and land sag, landslides and landslides begin.

Flood consequences:

The main features of the situation that arises during such natural disasters are: the rapid increase in the strength of damaging factors, the difficulty of access to the victims, the destructive nature of the situation, the low survival rates of the victims, as well as the presence of difficult weather conditions (mudflows, ice drift, heavy rains, etc.). ).

The amount of damage depends on:
1. - lifting heights;
2. - speed of water level rise;
3. - areas of flooding;
4. - timeliness of the forecast;
5. - availability and condition of protective structures;
6. - the degree of population and agricultural development of the river valley;
7. - the duration of standing flood waters;
8. - the frequency of floods (with repeated rises in the water level, the damage is less than with the initial one).

The passage of floods (flooding of agricultural land) after harvesting leads to less damage than before harvesting.
The severity of emergencies during channel floods depends not so much on the absolute value of the rise in the water level, but on its value relative to the altitude of settlements.

How to prepare for a flood?

If your area often suffers from floods, study and remember the boundaries of possible flooding, as well as elevated, rarely flooded places located in the immediate vicinity of places of residence, the shortest routes to them. Familiarize family members with the rules of conduct during organized and individual evacuations, as well as in the event of a sudden and rapidly developing flood. Remember the places where boats, rafts and building materials for their manufacture are stored. Prepare in advance a list of documents, property and medicines taken out during the evacuation. Put valuables, necessary warm clothes, a supply of food, water and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack.

HOW TO PROCEED DURING A FLOOD

At the warning signal of the threat of flooding and evacuation, immediately, in accordance with the established procedure, leave (leave) the danger zone of possible catastrophic flooding to the designated safe area or to elevated areas of the area, taking with you documents, valuables, necessary things and a two-day supply of non-perishable food. Register at the final evacuation point.

Before leaving the house, turn off the electricity and gas, put out the fire in the heating stoves, secure all floating objects that are outside the buildings, or place them in the back rooms. If time permits, move valuable household items to the upper floors or to the attic of a residential building. Close the windows and doors, if necessary and have time, board the windows and doors of the first floors from the outside with boards (shields). In the absence of an organized evacuation, stay on the upper floors and roofs of buildings, on trees or other towering objects until help arrives or the water subsides. At the same time, constantly give a distress signal: during the day - by hanging or waving a clearly visible panel lined with a pole, and in the dark - by a light signal and periodically by voice. When the rescuers approach, calmly, without panic and fuss, in compliance with the precautionary measures, go to the swimming facility. At the same time, strictly follow the requirements of the rescuers, do not overload the boats. During the movement, do not leave the assigned places, do not board the sides, strictly follow the requirements of the crew. It is recommended to get out of the flooded area on your own only if there are such serious reasons as the need to provide medical assistance to the victims, the continuing rise in the water level with the threat of flooding of the upper floors (attic). In this case, it is necessary to have a reliable swimming facility and know the direction of movement. During self-advance, do not stop giving a distress signal.

Help people who are swimming in the water and drowning.

IF A MAN DROWNS

Throw a floating object to a drowning person, encourage him, call for help. When reaching the victim by swimming, consider the course of the river. If the drowning person does not control his actions, swim up to him from behind and, grabbing him by the hair, tow him to the shore.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A FLOOD

Before entering a building, check to see if it is in danger of collapsing or falling.

Ventilate the building (to remove accumulated gases). Do not turn on electric lighting, do not use open flames, do not light matches until the room is completely ventilated and the gas supply system is checked for proper operation. Check the serviceability of the electrical wiring, gas supply pipelines, water supply and sewerage. Do not use them until you have verified that they are working properly with the help of specialists. To dry the premises, open all doors and windows, remove dirt from the floor and walls, pump out water from the basements. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water. Organize the cleaning of wells from the applied dirt and remove water from them.

	natural character				technogenic character
A type	Zazhornye	Snowy	mash	rain	Accidents at GTS	Raise hydroelectric discharges
Causes	Low air temperature during the freezing period	Large snow reserves + intense snowmelt	Nature of ice formation and opening of the river, air temperature	Intensive precipitation in the river basin	Unsatisfactory state of the hydrotechnical system, large flood wave	Reservoir overflow, additional power generation
Period	Autumn	Spring	Spring	Summer, sometimes spring (snow-rain floods)	Spring	Winter, spring, summer
District	Top part the Yenisei basin, Angara	Everywhere	Yenisei, Angara Tuba, Chulym, Kan, Taseeva, Podkamennaya Tunguska	Upper part of the Yenisei basin	Central and southern regions	Downstream hydroelectric power station
Degree danger	Malaya	Big	Medium	Malaya	Medium	Malaya