Medico-social expertise and disability in the aftermath surgical treatment acquired heart defects

CONSEQUENCES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ACQUIRED HEART DISEASES

Acquired heart defects account for up to 1/3 of all cases of disability due to diseases of the cardiovascular system. The most common cause of the formation of a defect is rheumatism, then atherosclerosis (especially at an older age), infective endocarditis.

Among the defects of the mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves, which can be isolated, combined (stenosis and insufficiency of one valve) and combined (with damage to several valves), the most common are defects mitral valve. In a "pure" form, mitral stenosis occurs in 44-68% of cases of mitral defects, in other cases it is combined with mitral insufficiency. Isolated mitral valve insufficiency is observed in 5-9% of cases of acquired defects [Vasilenko V.K. et al., 1983].

In 14-40% of cases, mitral-tricuspid defects are observed, and more often the defect of the tricuspid valve manifests itself in the form of relative (functional) insufficiency caused by stretching of the fibrous ring; in 13-29% there are mitral-aortic defects in various variants. Finally, mitral-aortic-tricuspid defect occurs in 7-8% of patients operated on for defect.

Aortic stenosis accounts for 3-4% of acquired defects, and in combination with aortic insufficiency - up to 34%.

Indications for surgical treatment of acquired malformations should be considered taking into account the mechanism of hemodynamic disorders in each of them.

With stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice, hemodynamic disturbance occurs as a result of obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, which leads to stagnation in the system of the small circle, and then in the systemic circulation. The severity and speed of development of hemodynamic disorders depends primarily on the size of the mitral orifice. When determining indications for surgery, instead of the generally accepted degrees of stenosis according to the diameter of the hole, classification according to two-dimensional echocardiography data is preferable [Soloviev G.M. et al., 1979]:

Critical stenosis-1 - 1.6 cm2;
- pronounced - 1.7-2.2 cm2;
- moderate - 2.3-2.9 cm2;
- insignificant - more than 3 cm2.

According to this classification, patients with critical and pronounced degrees of narrowing of the venous opening are subject to surgical treatment. When evaluating indications for surgery in patients with moderate stenosis, it is necessary to take into account clinical manifestations disease, exercise tolerance, age. In cases of minor stenosis, surgical treatment is not indicated, since there are no hemodynamic disturbances (the diastolic gradient on the valve does not exceed 5 mm Hg).

Depending on the violation of hemodynamics in the small and large circles of blood circulation, 5 stages of mitral stenosis according to A.N. Bakulev and EA.Damir. Patients with II (hemodynamic disturbances correspond to moderate stenosis), III (pronounced stenosis - significant changes in the pulmonary circulation and initial in the large) and IV stages (critical stenosis) are subject to surgical treatment. Surgery in stage V is contraindicated due to irreversible changes in the circulatory system and internal organs.

Performed with this defect mitral commissurotomy normalizes blood flow from the left atrium to the ventricle, reducing or eliminating hypertension in the pulmonary circulation and disturbances in the systemic circulation. In uncomplicated cases, with a "clean" stenosis, a closed commissurotomy is performed. Indications for open commissurotomy are the presence of valve calcification, ulcerative changes in the leaflets and their microbial damage, atrial thrombosis, restenosis, all cases of combined and combined defects. Open commissurotomy allows visual assessment of the results of the operation, elimination of possible regurgitation, removal of thrombotic masses, restoration of leaflet mobility by separation of adhesions, scraping of calcifications, excision of ulcers in ulcerative valvulitis and subsequent restoration of leaflets with simultaneous intervention on subvalvular structures. Currently, the leading cardiac surgery centers perform up to 90% of all operations on the open heart under cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
A fundamentally new trend in the treatment of stenosing lesions of the valvular openings of the heart is the use of percutaneous catheter balloon valvuloplasty (PCVV). In A. Silin et al. (1993) tracked the dynamics of labor and social adaptation after PCI in 500 patients with mitral stenosis. By the end of the 2-year follow-up period, 72% of all examined patients returned to work, the number of disabled people of group II decreased by 2 times compared with preoperative data.

At mitral valve insufficiency hemodynamic disturbances are caused by incomplete closure of the valves and reverse current blood (regurgitation) from the left ventricle into the atrium during ventricular systole. Since at the first stage the compensation of this defect is carried out at the expense of the “strongest” part of the heart - the left ventricle, the patients remain in good health and working capacity for a long time, there are no symptoms of circulatory insufficiency (stages I and II of the defect). With significant mitral insufficiency (the value of regurgitation is not less than 40% of the stroke volume), stage III of the defect occurs with periodic decompensation of cardiac activity and a fairly rapid transition to stage IV with permanent right ventricular failure. Operate patients not earlier than III and IV stages with the failure of therapeutic treatment. When determining the indications for surgery, a correct assessment of the state of the myocardium is very important. Dysfunction of the dilated left ventricle, as a result of a sharp increase in ejection resistance after valve replacement, leads to severe postoperative circulatory failure (“small ejection” syndrome) and is one of the causes of poor outcomes.

In stage V, which corresponds to stage III of circulatory failure according to M. D. Strazhesko, the operation is contraindicated.

Correction of mitral insufficiency is carried out by various valve prostheses (spherical, hemispherical, disk) on the open heart under conditions of hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass.

Recently, plastic surgery on valves has become widespread as an alternative to prosthetics - various options for suture and annular annuloplasty, performed both for isolated and multi-valve defects. The decision on the nature of the plastic surgery is made depending on the nature of the changes in the valve elements and hemodynamic parameters. Correction of the defect is considered adequate if the hole area is within 3 cm with “pure” insufficiency; with a significant fibrous change in the valves, hypercorrection up to 2-2.5 cm is permissible. Correction of the concomitant tricuspid defect (limited stenosis, and more often functional insufficiency) is also achieved either by annuloplasty or commissurotomy, in combination with annuloplasty. Plastic surgery is not feasible with gross deformations of the valve. In these cases, as well as during reoperation, prosthetics are preferable.

According to published data, the results of surgical treatment of such multivalvular defects do not differ significantly from the results of prosthetics in isolated lesions. After 5 years, up to 80% of good and satisfactory results are maintained.

With aortic stenosis, hemodynamic changes (occur when narrowing to 1-0.5 cm2 at a rate of 3 cm2) are the result of a significant obstruction to blood flow during left ventricular systole. The defect remains compensated for a long time by lengthening the systole and increasing pressure in the left ventricle. Subsequently, with a pressure gradient left ventricle / aorta 50-100 mm Hg. Art. and more, “mitralization” of the defect occurs with the development of decompensation according to the left ventricular type, and then total heart failure (stages II and III according to B.P. Sokolov). The indication for surgical treatment is stage II of the defect with the appearance of symptoms of coronary insufficiency. In invasive diagnostics, a pressure gradient across the valve of 70 mm Hg is determined. Art. and more, pressure in the left ventricle - up to 200 mm Hg. Art., diastolic pressure - up to 20 mm Hg. Art.

The presence of dilatation of the cavities of the heart and severe circulatory failure sharply worsen the results of the operation.

At aortic valve insufficiency initial hemodynamic changes are due to diastolic overload of the left ventricle. In the future, the scheme of these changes is largely similar to the above. The indication for surgery is a decrease in pulse pressure to 80 mm Hg. Art., the appearance of symptoms of coronary, myocardial and cerebral insufficiency, the amount of regurgitation up to 50% of the SV. The main type of surgical treatment of aortic defects is aortic valve replacement. various types prostheses - ACT, EMIX, LYKS, ELMAK, xenobioprostheses. According to published data, the survival rate of patients after prosthetics by the 10th year is 72-75%, a good result by the 5th year was obtained in 64.2%, by the 10th - in 57%, a satisfactory result - in 23.3%.

Less often, with aortic defects, plastic surgery is performed - commissurotomy, commissure plastic surgery, wedge-shaped resection of fibrous tissue in the commissure zone. With a rheumatic nature of the defect or a defect due to infective endocarditis, the current pathological process can quickly lead to gross deformation of the reconstructed valve.

At combined heart defects indications for surgery and its nature are determined taking into account the hemodynamic significance of each defect. Under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass, various options and combinations of prosthetics and restorative operations are performed.

Criteria for the examination of working capacity. With the rheumatic nature of the defect, an important prognostic factor is the course of the rheumatic process. The attacks of rheumatism that continue after the operation lead to a gross deformation of the valves, involvement of new parts of the heart in the pathological process and are the main reason for the deterioration of the results. The frequency of exacerbations after surgery, according to immunological studies, reaches 87%; in the long term, rheumatic attacks occur in every second operated patient. There is a clear dependence of the resumption of activity on the regularity of anti-relapse treatment - from 5.1% of rheumatic attacks with regular preventive measures to 58.4% in their absence [Makolkin V.I., 1986].

The activity of the process that persists despite ongoing therapy in operated patients is the basis for definitions of II group of disability.

Adequate surgical correction implies the normalization of hemodynamic parameters, however, the results of treatment should be judged no earlier than after 4-6 months. Of great importance for the rate of regression of hemodynamic disorders is the stage of the defect at the time of surgery. In patients with mitral stenosis operated on in stages II and III of the defect, circulatory compensation is completed, as a rule, during a period of temporary disability, and upon examination at the ITU, they are recognized as able-bodied or partially able-bodied, in stage IV - disabled. 5 years after the operation, the ability to work is preserved in almost 70% of patients with stage III stenosis and only in 29% - in stage IV. Significantly less favorable prognosis in patients with acquired defects, operated on with a dilated heart, with organic changes in the pulmonary and systemic circulation due to long-term or unrecoverable hemodynamic disorders.

The state of hemodynamics in the pulmonary and systemic circulation is the most important prognostic factor in assessing the labor capacity of patients after surgery. The results of surgical treatment of defects with right ventricular failure are judged, first of all, by the state of hemodynamics in the pulmonary circulation.

I degree - shortness of breath and palpitations with moderate physical exertion, occasionally hemoptysis, moderate cyanosis of the cheeks, tachycardia. In the lungs - a small amount of dry rales. X-ray - stagnant roots of the lungs, enlarged left atrium and right ventricle. Right ventricular ECG changes.
II degree - shortness of breath and palpitations with slight physical exertion, sometimes attacks of cardiac asthma, frequent hemoptysis, cyanosis of the lips and cheeks, tachycardia. "Cat's purr" is determined, in the lungs - wet rales. The sputum may contain "cells of heart defects."

III degree is usually combined with left ventricular failure.

The presence of II and especially III degree of insufficiency of the pulmonary circulation is unfavorable prognostically.

The state of general hemodynamics is assessed taking into account three stages of heart failure (HF) according to M. D. Strazhesko and V. X. Vasilenko, with additions.

Stage I - initial, hidden; characterized by the absence of subjective and objective signs of circulatory disorders at rest. Shortness of breath, tachycardia, fatigue appear only with physical exertion.

Stage II is characterized by signs of circulatory failure at rest. There are two periods of CH stage II:

Stage IIA is characterized by failure of one left or right heart; stagnation in the small circle - with insufficiency of the left heart and in the large - with insufficiency of the right heart (enlarged liver, transient swelling in the legs);

At stage IIB, there is insufficiency of both halves of the heart, stagnation in the small and large blood circulation, the liver is significantly enlarged and painful, pronounced edema.

Stage III - final, dystrophic, with permanent hemodynamic disorders and deep irreversible morphological and dystrophic changes in the heart and all organs. At this stage, it is impossible to achieve full compensation.

The degree of compensation for hemodynamic disorders is assessed, along with taking into account the stages of circulatory insufficiency, by determining functional class (FC) but NYNA. Already at the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation, the FC characteristic can be supplemented with spiroergometry data on physical performance - the power of endured physical activity, the value of oxygen consumption in metabolic units (ME) and the level of energy consumption during exercise.

I FC - heart disease without limiting the activity of the patient. Ordinary physical activity is not accompanied by symptoms of NK. High tolerance to physical activity (125 W or more), ME number - 7.0 or more, energy consumption - more than 614.1 W (8.8 kcal / min).

II FC - moderate limitation of physical activity. The first signs of NK appear during normal physical activity. Reducing the threshold load power to 100-75 W, the number of ME - 4.8-6.9, the level of energy consumption at load - 495.6-614.1 W (7.1-8.8 kcal / min).

III FC - a significant limitation of physical activity. A marked decrease in the pumping function of the heart, symptoms of heart failure. Low tolerance to physical activity (power not more than 50 W), ME number - 2.2-4.7, energy consumption - 383.9-488.6 W (5.5-7.0 kcal/min).

IV FC - heart diseases that deprive the patient of the opportunity to perform any physical activity. Severe NK, functional tests are often impossible.

Rhythm and conduction disturbance significantly worsen the clinical and labor prognosis: in 87% of patients with sinus rhythm after surgery, working capacity is restored and they continue working, with atrial fibrillation - no more than 55%. Prognostically unfavorable are hemodynamically significant arrhythmias (moderate and severe), especially those that first appeared after surgery. In addition, with atrial fibrillation, conditions are created for thrombus formation with embolism in vital organs, the consequences of which can be an independent cause of disability in patients.

Early (arising in the first 3 months) and late complications of operations. Complications of the early postoperative period - acute heart failure, acute cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, early septic endocarditis, sepsis, pulmonary embolism and cerebral vessels - often have a poor immediate prognosis for life. Of the late complications of surgery, the most prognostic ones are thromboembolism, late septic endocarditis, paravalvular fistulas, valve dysfunction, and restenosis.

Embolism of the cerebral and coronary arteries is the main cause of death and disability in patients with an artificial heart valve. Their frequency is from 7% with anticoagulant therapy to 26% without it. With an increase in the period after surgery and wear of the prosthesis, the number of complications increases. Atriomegaly, atrial fibrillation, inadequate anticoagulant therapy or its sudden cancellation, exacerbation of rheumatism, septic endocarditis, etc. contribute to the occurrence of complications.

Late septic endocarditis(this includes all cases of endocarditis that occurred 3-6 months after surgery and is not associated with hospital infection) is one of the most severe complications. Intractable, despite adequate antibiotic therapy, infection, development of heart failure, systemic thromboembolism not only lead to complete disability of the operated patients, but also end in death, on average, in 65% of patients. The frequency of this complication is 3.9-6.0%, most of the cases occur in the first 2 years after surgery. Patients with suspected infective endocarditis of artificial heart valves need hospitalization to confirm the diagnosis and surgical intervention if conservative therapy is ineffective. Removal of the affected valve and its prosthetics are the main method of surgical treatment. According to G.I. Zuckerman et al. (1993), good results of reoperation after 5 years are 50%. The main causes of poor outcomes are the progression of myocardial insufficiency and intractable infection.

The formation of a paravalvular fistula is associated with the eruption of part of the sutures that fix artificial heart valve (AIV). Predisposing factors are friability of the tissues of the fibrous ring, calcification, infective endocarditis. Fistula, as a rule, occurs in the first months or after 1-2 years, less often - in the long-term period, up to 10 years. The average incidence of this complication is 17%. Recognition in most cases is not difficult. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the appearance of systolic murmur in paramitral and diastolic murmurs in para-aortic fistulas, hemolytic anemia, peripheral symptoms of mitral or aortic insufficiency and is confirmed by echocardiography. Treatment - reoperation.

ICS dysfunction. Its causes are mechanical wear of the prosthesis, periodic jamming of the prosthesis element, the formation of extensive parietal blood clots that “crawl” onto the prosthesis, and calcification. Signs of dysfunction are:
- Complaints about attacks of arrhythmias, fainting;
- periodic loss of pulse during the rhythmic activity of the heart;
- change in the amplitude of valve tones;
- the appearance of intermittent and varying noise, vibration;
- any change in the usual auscultatory picture, etc.

Presence of ICS dysfunction of any origin upon confirmation
diagnosis is an indication for reoperation.

Stability good results reoperation for paravalvular fistula and dysfunction of the ICS in non-infectious genesis, they reach 78% with a 5-year follow-up period.

Restenosis, according to B.A. Konstantinov (1981), occurs in 11-20% of operated patients. After a closed mitral commissurotomy, the peak of restenosis formation falls on the 6th year, after an open one - on the 10th year. The causes of restenosis are well known: inadequate elimination of stenosis during the first operation, repeated attacks of rheumatism, infectious complications, etc.

Stenosis is diagnosed by the return of subjective and objective signs of defect. In some cases, deterioration in the patient's condition may be due to the addition of a new defect. With restenosis, repeated surgical intervention is indicated - technically more complex, but having undoubted advantages over conservative treatment in improving the patient's quality of life and its duration.

A specific complication is the occurrence of mental disorders in cardiac surgery patients - cardiophobia, feelings of pointless anxiety, hypochondriacal syndrome, and depression. The frequency of these disorders in those operated on for a defect reaches 26% or more. After the operation they
need to consult a psychotherapist for treatment and psychological rehabilitation.

Criteria and indicative terms of VUT.
Temporary disability is established for a patient with heart disease for the entire period of instrumental examination, preoperative preparation, surgical treatment and subsequent medical, physical and psychological forms of rehabilitation in a rehabilitation center and sanatorium. Its duration depends on the severity of the defect, the condition before surgery, the volume of surgical treatment and its adequacy, complications, and the rate of regression of symptoms. Therefore, it is more correct to focus not on the average period of temporary disability, but on an objective assessment of prognostic factors and criteria for the restoration of working capacity.

With a favorable prognosis - an isolated defect, a small amount of surgery performed before the development of severe organic changes in the heart and lungs, positive dynamics of hemodynamic disorders and the absence of severe complications - treatment for temporary disability within 10 months is advisable. until full or partial restoration of working capacity with referral to the ITU with incomplete treatment, or for rational employment (if there are contraindicated factors in the nature and working conditions in the patient's main profession).

In patients with a dubious and aggravated prognosis after an effective operation and with unsatisfactory results of treatment, the duration of temporary disability should not exceed 4 months, followed by referral to the ITU.

Indicators of the patient's ability to work after surgery can be:
- normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters;
- Clinical signs improvement, positive dynamics and stabilization of hemodynamic parameters (pulmonary hypertension not more than grade I, NC not higher than stage IIA), confirmed by ECG, cardiography, FCG, radiography, tetrapolar rheography;
- completed treatment of complications without severe consequences;
I and II FC according to NYHA;
- psychological readaptation with a positive attitude to work.

Contraindicated types and working conditions:
- work with constant significant physical stress, long walking and fast pace; subsequently, with an increase in tolerance to stress, the regimen can be expanded;
- work in adverse production conditions (high and low temperatures, temperature and pressure drops, high humidity, dust and gas contamination of premises, drafts);
- work at height, near moving mechanisms, driving vehicles, especially those operated on for aortic defects due to the possible development of acute cerebral or coronary insufficiency.

Indications for referral to ITU.
After surgical treatment of acquired defects, patients are sent to the MSE:
- with a favorable prognosis with incomplete treatment to extend the period of temporary disability for more than 10 months and with effective completed treatment, if they need a significant reduction in the amount of work, a change in profession or the acquisition of a new one;
- those operated on in stages III and IV of the defect, for multi-valve defects, who underwent valve prosthetics, who need a long period to compensate or improve blood circulation;
- with a aggravated prognosis, with incomplete correction of the defect, persistent pronounced changes in hemodynamics, with severe complications in the postoperative period and with unsatisfactory results of surgical treatment, for whom any professional work is contraindicated.

Examination standards for referral to the ITU after surgery:
- clinical blood test;
- coagulogram;
- biochemical blood tests (C-reactive protein, proteinogram, sialic acids, diphenylamic acid, fibrinogen, aminotransferases, etc.);
- the main indicators of hemodynamics and the function of external respiration at rest and with exercise;
- ECG in dynamics, FCG, echocardiogram; roentgenogram of organs chest in dynamics;
- bicycle ergometry data;
- blood culture (if necessary).

All operated patients should have a detailed extract from the medical history indicating the nature of the operations, complications, data from invasive research methods, and a prognostic assessment of the results by a cardiac surgeon. Depending on the nature of the complication, the conclusion of a psychologist, a neuropathologist is necessary; in violation of hemodynamics in the brain - REG, EEG, Doppler sonography.

Criteria for determining disability groups.
III disability group after heart surgery, it is established with persistent moderate limitation of life in any and its manifestations in patients:
- with FC I and II after plastic surgery, commissurotomy in the 2nd year after surgery without severe complications, regularly receiving anti-relapse and symptomatic therapy, but employed in professions of heavy and moderate physical labor, and with FC III - in all professions of physical labor and with significant neuro-emotional overload or without a profession with limited opportunities (I and II degrees) of training in educational institutions general type;
- after valve replacement 1 year after surgery, without thromboembolic and infectious-septic complications, with pulmonary hypertension (PH) not more than I degree, NK not more than stage IIA;
- with persistent residual manifestations of the defect after surgery or its complications (NC stage IIA, chronic coronary and cardiocerebral insufficiency of degree I, rhythm disturbances), which significantly limit the scope of production activities.

foundation to determine group II disability after surgery are severe limitations of life that persist or arise as a result of ineffective intervention or complications, when labor activity can be carried out in specially created conditions.

Group II is established by patients:
- operated on in stage IV of the defect with a dilated heart with PH II degree and NC II and III stages at the time of examination or coronary insufficiency II degree;
- with atrial fibrillation, hemodynamically significant (with NC at least stage IIB) or complicated by a history of repeated thromboembolism;
- after valve prosthetics and reconstruction with multi-valve defects in the first year after surgery;
- with the current rheumatic process or septic endocarditis established after the operation;
- with severe complications of the postoperative period (endocarditis, thromboembolism), not eliminated by treatment during the period of temporary disability;
- Requiring reoperation for restenosis, paravalvular fistula, valve dysfunction, "prosthesis endocarditis", not cured by conservative treatment.

I disability group is determined by a patient with a pronounced decrease in vital activity, an unfavorable prognosis, who have lost the ability to self-service. The reason for this may be:
- Ineffective surgical treatment with the preservation and (or) progression of severe hemodynamic disorders and dystrophic changes in organs;
- severe consequences of thromboembolism of cerebral and coronary vessels;
- progression of the pathological process in case of impossibility of repeated surgical treatment with the development of stage III NK.

that require a long period; - biochemical blood tests (C-reactive protein, proteinogram, sialic acids, diphenylamic acid, fibrinogen, aminotransferases, etc.); - the main indicators of hemodynamics and the function of external respiration at rest and with exercise; - ECG in dynamics, FCG, echocardiogram; X-ray of the chest organs in dynamics; - blood culture (if necessary). Group III disability after heart surgery is established with persistent moderate disability in any and its manifestations in patients:

Do they give a disability group after heart surgery

After the operation, the patient quickly returns to normal life. The rehabilitation period depends on the severity of coronary disease, the presence of concomitant pathologies and individual characteristics organism.

However, in reality, everything happens exactly the opposite.

But after a heart bypass operation, a person is not always able to restore his health completely.

The transferred intervention introduces significant adjustments and restrictions in a person's lifestyle.

The patient refers to poor health and the appearance of a number of complications after the surgical procedure.

Deterioration of the process of memory and thinking, in particular, in the first half of the year after the operation. The appearance of postpericardiotomy syndrome.

It should be clarified that in the third stage of cardiac hypertension (its companion is high blood pressure), periodic crises occur that disrupt cerebral circulation, which often leads to paralysis.

2. People who have suffered a myocardial infarction and they have a pronounced coronary insufficiency, accompanied by serious changes in the functioning of the heart muscle and circulatory disorders of the third degree.

In addition to being unable to work, great importance has the ability of a sick person to self-service.

The assignment of disability is carried out on the basis of the presence of the following signs that determine the actual condition of the patient:

Depending on these factors, three categories of disability are assigned: Legal issue

Do they give disability after heart surgery?

Until now, many people are guided by outdated documents, where certain diseases were prescribed, in which a person is recognized as disabled.

The documents, which began to operate as early as 1959, state that patients with the following disorders have the right to apply for disability.

However, following this list did not allow for a fair assessment of whether or not to give people a disability.

group 3 - speaking plain language, the "lightest" of all three possible, it is sometimes also called "working". Patients with the established second group cannot work, serve themselves with the help of others, and partially can do it themselves.

The first group of disability is the most "heavy" in terms of the patient's state of health. People are completely dependent on the help of others, their self-care and independent movement is limited.

Husband underwent heart surgery, the valve was replaced with an artificial one. Gave 3 disability group, working.

Any heart disease, and in private attacks of palpitations, severe shortness of breath, they give a second one, but if there was also a heart operation, then they should already give this group a second one for any.

And those who give the third group even with heart disease, this is no longer according to the rules (in other words, bribes are needed). I know such cases.

the decision of VTEK also depends on the testimony.

Most likely they will give the second one first, and then they can give the third one for health reasons

The decision is made by the ITU Commission (Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise).

Mechanical heart valve after surgery

Not treating stagnant manifestations contributes to the development of the disease of all human organs, eventually leading to death.

Based on this, valve pathology is a very dangerous problem requiring cardiac surgery. There are the following types of surgical intervention: Plastic is to restore the valve on the support ring.

Surgery is used for heart valve insufficiency. Prosthetics involves the complete replacement of the valve. Often the mitral and aortic heart valves are replaced.

The operation is prescribed in case of severe damage to the valve with the development of heart disease, which has a significant impact on hemodynamics. The development of valve defects occurs due to rheumatism.

Dear Anna.
If there is no reason at all, then you will not receive an answer that you see there that in your city the most driver belongs to the general meeting, that is, serving a sentence in the form of a fine - in part and the procedure for repaying a loan.
In the event that the needs of citizens and legal entities are not met, therefore, these owners of the premises have the right to present them to the investigator by submitting an application to the local branch in writing before the start of the procedure for issuing an OSAGO policy, which can be drawn up an appropriate act and translation by the insurance company. You will have to indicate in the application to indicate to the police with the appropriate application, by registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt.
If necessary, bailiffs will be accepted in a pre-trial order within a period of 1 to 3 months. Otherwise, if the convicted person committed a crime at the time of the crime before the identified defects at the time of sale with the entrepreneur or part of him as a consumer, are obliged to accept and claim damages. Secondly, the report on the accompanying plan of the purchased apartment ends in front of you, who can use their property (Article 57 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). You cannot - not by virtue of Article 252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (you should file a lawsuit with a lawsuit against the insured, you must be able to understand the meaning of your actions or manage them and there are appropriate legal grounds in court, for example, a bailiff carries out operational and investigative communications with case for a new trial.So, the justice of the peace by the court is 48 days?
Based on Article 13 of the Federal Law On Civil Status Acts, it is a legal entity (clause 2 of Article 12 federal law dated 10 01 2002 7-FZ).
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 19, 1998 55
REGULATIONS
OF APPLICATION FOR ADMINISTRATIVE APPLICATIONS AND PAYMENT OF USE, AMTROIT SCORONA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE UNITED STATES ACTION BY THE COURTS AFTER ACCEPTANCE FOR THE ORGANIZATION, APPLICATION COMPLETES THE TERM BY CONSUMER RIGHT - ART. 101 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.
Article 15 consumer credit(loan)
1. When performing actions aimed at extrajudicial repayment of the debt that arose under a consumer credit (loan) agreement (hereinafter referred to as the person carrying out activities to repay the debt), the right to interact with the borrower and the persons who provided security under the consumer credit (loan) agreement using:
1) personal meetings, telephone conversations (hereinafter referred to as direct interaction),
2) postal items at the place of residence of the borrower or the person who provided security under a consumer credit (loan) agreement, telegraph messages, text, voice and other messages transmitted over telecommunication networks, including mobile radiotelephone communications.
2. Other, with the exception of the methods specified in Part 1 of this article, methods of interaction with the borrower or the person who provided the security under the consumer credit (loan) agreement, at the initiative of the creditor and (or) the person carrying out debt recovery activities, can be used only when the presence in writing of the consent of the borrower or the person who provided security under a consumer credit (loan) agreement, telegraph messages, text, voice and other messages transmitted over telecommunication networks, including mobile radiotelephone communications.
2. Other, with the exception of the methods specified in Part 1 of this article, methods of interaction with the borrower or the person who provided the security under the consumer credit (loan) agreement, at the initiative of the creditor and (or) the person carrying out debt recovery activities, can be used only when the presence in writing of the consent of the borrower or the person who provided the security under the consumer credit (loan) agreement.
3. The following actions are not allowed on the initiative of the creditor and (or) the person carrying out activities to repay the debt:
1) direct interaction with the borrower or the person who provided security under the consumer credit (loan) agreement, aimed at the borrower's fulfillment of the obligation under the agreement, the due date for which has not come, unless the right to demand early fulfillment of the obligation under the agreement is provided for by federal law,
2) direct interaction or interaction through short text messages sent using mobile radiotelephone networks on weekdays from 22:00 to 08:00 local time and on weekends and non-working days holidays from 8 p.m. to 9 a.m. local time at the place of residence of the borrower or the person who provided security under the consumer credit (loan) agreement, which is specified when concluding the consumer credit agreement (the agreement that ensures the execution of the consumer credit (loan) agreement or about which the creditor was notified in the procedure established by the consumer credit (loan) agreement.
4. The creditor, as well as the person carrying out activities to repay the debt, is not entitled to take legal and other actions aimed at repaying the debt that arose under a consumer credit (loan) agreement with the intention to harm the borrower or the person who provided security under the consumer credit agreement (loan), as well as abuse the right in other forms.
5. When interacting directly with the borrower or the person who provided security under a consumer credit (loan) agreement, the creditor and (or) the person carrying out activities to repay the debt are required to report the last name, first name, patronymic (the last one, if any) or the name of the creditor and ( or) a person engaged in debt collection activities, or location, last name, first name, patronymic (the last one, if any) and position of an employee of the creditor or a person engaged in debt collection activities that interacts with the borrower, location address for sending correspondence to the creditor and (or) a person carrying out activities for the return of debt.

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Surgical correction of heart valves, including valve implantation, is a fairly common method of treatment. Operated patients need regular follow-up at the place of residence by a cardiologist or with his participation. At the same time, outpatient practitioners, including cardiologists, are not sufficiently aware of the rational methods of managing such patients.

Implantation of an artificial valve brings a pronounced clinical improvement to patients with heart disease. If before the operation these patients had CHF III-VI FC with significantly altered hemodynamics, then after the operation most of them belong to I-II FC.

However, after a successful operation, the left atrium remains enlarged, especially in patients operated on for mitral insufficiency, in which the size of the left atrium is close to 6 cm. Clinical picture CHF in patients with mitral prosthesis depends precisely on the size of the left atrium. In patients with complaints of shortness of breath, which reduces exercise tolerance to the level of FC III, the size of the left atrium, as a rule, exceeds 6 cm.

The quality of life of patients after isolated aortic grafting was better than in patients operated on the mitral valve. As a result of implantation of an aortic prosthesis for both aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency, the LV cavity practically normalizes, the dimensions of the left atrium in these patients also approach the normal value, compared with patients with mitral disease, LV cardiac output increases. Typically, these patients remain in sinus rhythm. All this explains the higher results of this type of prosthetics.

At the same time, myocardial mass in patients after aortic grafting often remains increased for a long period of time and decreases moderately. It follows that most of these patients need constant correction of CHF symptoms, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, in the presence of atrial fibrillation - cardiac glycosides.

With regard to physical activity in the late postoperative period, with normal sizes of the chambers of the heart and preserved systolic function of the heart, especially with preserved sinus rhythm, physical activity may not be limited. However, such patients should not participate in competitive sports and endure extreme loads for them.

With an enlarged left atrium and / or reduced systolic function, one should proceed from the relevant recommendations regarding patients with left ventricular failure. In this case, with moderate changes in these indicators and slight fluid retention, it is recommended to walk at a normal pace 3-5 times a week with a gradual increase in load (Table 11).

With a significant decrease in the ejection fraction (40% and below), walks at a slow pace are recommended. For low EF, begin with 20-45 minute loads at 40% of maximum load capacity 3-5 times a week and should be brought up very gradually to the 70% level.

Table 11. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the long-term period after heart valve replacement

All patients with prosthetic heart valves should constantly receive anticoagulants - warfarin at an initial dose of 2.5-7.5 mg / day, the desired level of MHO (> 2) occurs on the 4-5th day. At this time, to "cover" the patient, heparin is administered simultaneously with warfarin.

The first dose is 5,000 units IV, then 5,000 units under the skin 4 times a day under the control of activated partial thromboplastin time or at least blood clotting time. But it is better to use low molecular weight heparins: enoxyparin (Clexane) - 40 mg (0.4 ml 1 time per day or fraxiparine - 0.3 ml 1 time per day. Heparin is administered until the MHO increase > 2.5.

The maintenance dose of warfarin is 2.5-7.5 mg/day. During treatment, the dose of warfarin is titrated under the mandatory control of MHO. This indicator in patients with mechanical valve prostheses should be equal to 2-3. Further increase in MHO increases the risk of bleeding.

MHO control: a baseline value is determined, then this analysis is done daily until a level of 2.5-3.5 is reached. Then MHO should be determined 2-3 times a week for 2 weeks in a row. In the subsequent study, it is performed 1 time per month, depending on the constancy of the MHO. Since blood sampling should be carried out 8-10 hours after taking warfarin, the latter should be taken at 21-22 hours. If the determination of MHO is not possible, an “outdated” prothrombin indicator should be used, it should be reduced to 40-50%.

Side effects of warfarin: possible bleeding, risk of stroke (anticoagulants even at normal doses increase the risk of stroke by 7-10 times), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, eczema, hair loss.

Contraindications: history of bleeding, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, bacterial endocarditis, obstructive jaundice, diabetes, AT III degree, alcoholism, pregnancy, planned surgical interventions, hypersensitivity to the drug.

After discharge from the cardiac surgery department, patients should be observed by a local therapist, preferably 1 year after surgery by a cardiologist (Table 12).

At the next admission of the patient, attention should be paid to the presence of an overdose of anticoagulants (unmotivated bruises, bleeding from cuts, fecal color, menstruation, dyspeptic disorders). Physical examination examines the skin, lips, conjunctiva (hemorrhage, cyanosis). Of the laboratory indicators, the following are obligatory: a blood test (with a count of red blood cells and platelets), MHO, a urinalysis (hematuria), and other tests as indicated.

Employment issues are resolved on an individual basis. With all types of heart valve replacement, 90 to 100% of patients consider the results of the operation to be good or excellent. What should be done in these cases? For one year immediately after the operation of prosthetic heart valves, a non-working disability group II should be determined, since the myocardium recovers after an operating injury in approximately one year.

In addition, a disability group should be established in case of loss or decrease in qualifications and / or inability to perform work in the specialty that the patient had before the disease. The causes of persistent disability in patients after cardiac surgery may be associated not with low exercise tolerance, but with the result of cognitive disorders and a decrease in mnestic functions after long-term operations using cardiopulmonary bypass.

High exercise tolerance on a single treadmill and/or bicycle exercise does not mean that regular muscle work is harmless, and it does not appear to be worthwhile under any circumstances to allow a patient with a prosthetic heart valve to perform work that requires high physical exertion. In the second year and later, if the work is not associated with moderate and severe physical exertion or neuropsychic stress, a transfer to the III disability group is possible, although this is not necessary. Can't work for suburban area. Pregnancy is contraindicated.

Prosthetic heart valves significantly prolong the life of a patient with heart disease and improve its quality. There are biological (tissue) and mechanical valves (ball, disc, bicuspid). Biological ones are more prone to wear and tear, but less likely to lead to the development of embolism. Artificial valves differ from a healthy native valve in their hemodynamic characteristics. Therefore, patients with artificial heart valves are classified as patients with abnormal valves. After prosthetic heart valves, they should be observed by a therapist, cardiologist and other specialists due to the constant use of anticoagulants, the possibility of prosthesis dysfunction, the presence of heart failure in some of them, etc.

Keywords: artificial heart valves, prosthetic heart valves, antithrombotic therapy, residual heart failure, prosthesis thrombosis, prosthesis dysfunction, prosthetic valve endocarditis, echocardiographic diagnostics.

introduction

Radical correction of valvular heart disease is possible only with the help of cardiac surgery methods. Studies of the natural course of mitral heart disease have shown that it leads to the development of heart failure, disability and rapid death of patients, and the average life expectancy of patients with aortic stenosis after the onset of coronary symptoms or attacks of syncopal conditions was approximately 3 years, from the onset of manifestations of congestive circulatory failure - about 1.5 years. Surgical treatment of valvular heart disease is an effective means of choice, designed to improve the patient's condition, and often save him from death.

Surgery for heart valve diseases can be divided into valve-preserving and prosthetic heart valves, i.e. replacing the valve with an artificial one. The installation of an artificial heart valve, according to the apt expression of R. Weintraub (R. Weintraub, 1984), is a compromise in which one pathological valve is replaced by another, tk. the installed prosthesis has all the features of an abnormal valve. It always has a pressure gradient (hence, it has a moderate stenosis), hemodynamically insignificant regurgitation that occurs when the valve closes or on a closed valve, the substance of the prosthesis is not indifferent to the surrounding tissues and can cause thrombosis. Therefore, cardiac surgeons seek to increase the proportion of reconstructive operations on the valves, which ensure the further life of patients without possible specific "prosthetic" complications.

In connection with the above, patients who underwent valve replacement surgery are proposed to be considered as patients with abnormal heart valves.

Despite this, heart valve replacement is an effective way to prolong and radically improve the quality of life of patients with heart defects and remains the main method of their surgical treatment. Already in 1975 D.A. Barnhorst et al. analyzed the results of prosthetic aortic and mitral valves with Starr-Edwards type prostheses, which they started in 1961. Although the survival rate of patients after implantation of an aortic prosthesis by 8 years after surgery was 65% compared with 85% in the population, and the expected survival rate after mitral valve replacement was 78 % compared with 95% in the population, these figures were significantly better than in non-operated patients.

Implantation of an artificial valve actually lengthens the life expectancy of a patient with valvular heart disease: after mitral valve replacement, survival by 9 years was 73%, by 18 years - 65%, while in the natural course of the defect, 52% of patients died by the age of five years. With aortic prosthetics, 85% of patients survive by the age of 9, while drug therapy supports life by this period only in 10%. Further improvement of prostheses, the introduction of low-profile mechanical and biological artificial valves further increased this difference.

indications for valve replacement

Indications for valve replacement developed by domestic authors (L.A. Bokeria, I.I. Skopin, O.A. Bobrikov, 2003) and are also presented in the recommendations of the American Heart Association (1998) and European recommendations (2002):

aortic stenosis:

1. Patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis and newly appeared or existing clinical symptoms (angina pectoris, syncope, heart failure) of any severity, because the presence of clinical symptoms in patients with aortic stenosis is a risk factor for significant

reducing life expectancy (including sudden death).

2. Patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis who have previously undergone coronary artery bypass grafting.

3. In patients without clinical symptoms with severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve opening area<1,0 см 2 или <0,6 см 2 /м 2 площади поверхности тела, пиковая скорость потока крови на аортальном клапане при допплер-эхокардиографии >4 m/s) cardiac surgery is indicated for:

a) the occurrence of the indicated clinical symptoms during the test with increasing physical activity (such patients pass into the category of patients with clinical symptoms), such an indicator as an inadequate rise in blood pressure during physical activity or its decrease is of less importance;

b) patients with moderate and severe valve calcification with a peak blood flow velocity on the valve >4 m/s with its rapid increase over time (>0.3 m/s per year);

c) patients with reduced systolic function of the left ventricle of the heart (left ventricular ejection fraction<50%), хотя у бессимптомных пациентов это бывает редко.

Transluminal valvuloplasty in adult patients with aortic stenosis is rarely performed. Aortic insufficiency:

1) patients with severe aortic insufficiency 1 and symptoms at the level of III-IV functional classes according to NYHA with preserved (ejection fraction> 50%) and reduced systolic function of the left ventricle of the heart;

2) with symptoms at the level of NYHA functional class II and preserved systolic function of the left ventricle of the heart, but with its rapidly progressive dilatation and / or a decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction, or a decrease in the tolerance of dosed physical activity during repeated studies;

1 Severe, hemodynamically significant means aortic insufficiency, manifested by a well-heard proto-diastolic murmur and tonogenic dilatation of the left ventricle. In severe aortic insufficiency, the area of ​​the initial part of the jet of regurgitation in the study in the color Doppler scanning mode at the level of the short axis of the aortic valve with the parasternal position of the ultrasound transducer exceeds 60% of the area of ​​its fibrous ring, the jet length reaches the middle of the left ventricle and more.

3) patients with II and above functional class of angina pectoris according to the Canadian classification;

4) with asymptomatic severe aortic insufficiency in the presence of signs of progressive dysfunction of the left ventricle of the heart during echocardiographic examination (final diastolic size of the left ventricle is more than 70 mm, final systolic size is more than 50 mm or more than 25 mm/m 2 of body surface area, with a left ventricular ejection fraction<50% или быстрое увеличение размеров левого желудочка при повторных исследованиях);

5) patients with asymptomatic hemodynamically insignificant aortic insufficiency or with clinical symptoms with severe dilatation of the aortic root (> 55 mm in diameter, and with a bicuspid valve or Marfan's syndrome -> 50 mm) should be considered as candidates for cardiac surgery, incl. for aortic valve replacement, most likely in conjunction with aortic root reconstruction;

6) patients with acute aortic insufficiency of any origin. Mitral stenosis:

1) patients with clinical symptoms of III-IV functional classes according to NYHA and a mitral orifice area of ​​1.5 cm 2 or less (moderate or severe stenosis) with fibrosis and / or calcification of the valve with or without calcification of the subvalvular structures, who cannot undergo open commissurotomy or transluminal balloon valvuloplasty;

2) patients with clinical symptoms of functional classes I-II with severe mitral stenosis (mitral orifice area 1 cm 2 or less) with high pulmonary hypertension (systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery more than 60-80 mm Hg), who are not indicated for open commissurotomy or transluminal balloon valvuloplasty due to severe valve calcification.

Asymptomatic patients with mitral stenosis most often undergo open commissurotomy or transluminal valvuloplasty.

Mitral insufficiency: cardiac surgical treatment of hemodynamically significant mitral insufficiency of non-ischemic origin - mitral valve plasty, prosthetics with or without preservation of the subvalvular is indicated:

1) patients with acute mitral regurgitation with corresponding symptoms;

2) patients with chronic mitral insufficiency with symptoms at the level of III-IV functional classes with preserved systolic function of the left ventricle (ejection fraction> 60%, final systolic size<45 мм; за нижний предел нормальной систолической функции при митральной недостаточности принимаются более высокие значения фракции выброса, потому что при несостоятельности митрального клапана во время систолы левого желудочка только часть крови выбрасывается в аорту против периферического сопротивления, а остальная уходит в левое предсердие без сопротивления или с меньшим сопротивлением, из-за чего работа желудочка значительно облегчается и снижение его функции на ранних стадиях не приводит к значительному снижению этих показателей);

3) asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with chronic mitral regurgitation:

a) with the ejection fraction of the left ventricle of the heart< 60% и конечным систолическим размером >45 mm;

b) preserved left ventricular function and atrial fibrillation;

c) preserved left ventricular function and high pulmonary hypertension (systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery > 50 mm Hg at rest and more than 60 mm Hg during the exercise test).

Preference for mitral insufficiency is given to valve plastic, with coarse calcification (II-III degree) of the cusps, chords, papillary muscles, mitral valve replacement is performed. one

1 Hemodynamically significant mitral insufficiency is manifested by a well-heard holosystolic murmur, tonogenic dilatation of the left ventricle of the heart during echocardiography. In severe mitral insufficiency, when examining a jet of regurgitation in the continuous-wave Doppler mode, its spectrum will be completely, opaque throughout the entire systole; high-velocity turbulent flows will be detected in the study in the color Doppler mode already above the mitral leaflets in the left ventricle; severe mitral regurgitation is indicated by the presence of retrograde flow in the pulmonary veins, increased pressure in the pulmonary artery.

Tricuspid valve defect rarely isolated, more often occurs in combination with mitral or as part of a multivalvular lesion. In the question of choosing the method of surgical treatment on the tricuspid valve, the opinion about the undesirability of tricuspid prosthetics prevails. It has been shown that the replacement of the tricuspid valve with a mechanical prosthesis leads to complications in the immediate and long-term period much more often than it happens with mitral and/or aortic valve replacement. When this valve is replaced, there is a rapid change in the hemodynamics of the right ventricle with a significant decrease in its filling, a decrease in the size of its cavity and, as a result, limitation of the movements of the obturator element of artificial valves of old designs. The low linear velocity of blood flow through the right atrioventricular orifice is a factor that increases the possibility of thrombosis on a mechanical prosthesis. All this leads to its dysfunction and thrombosis. In addition, suturing in the area of ​​​​the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve is fraught with damage to the His bundle with the development of atrioventricular blockade. Therefore, in the surgical treatment of tricuspid defect, preference is given to plastic surgery.

Indications for prosthetics of the tricuspid valve are pronounced changes in its cusps, most often with its stenosis and in cases of previously performed ineffective annuloplasty, in other cases, plastic surgery should be performed. When replacing a tricuspid valve with an artificial one, biological and mechanical bicuspid prostheses are used, because. the blood flow through them is central, their obturator elements are rather short. However, we observed a patient who developed thrombosis of a biological prosthetic valve in the tricuspid position several years after surgery.

At multivalvular lesion indications for surgery are based on the degree of involvement of each valve and the functional class of the patient. Referral to a cardiac surgeon for patients with functional class III is considered optimal.

With infective endocarditis valve replacement is almost always performed. Implantation of artificial valves is indicated for:

1) no effect of antibiotics within 2 weeks;

2) severe hemodynamic disturbances and rapid progression of heart failure;

3) repeated embolic events;

4) the presence of an intracardiac abscess.

Contraindication replacement of the valve with an artificial one can only be the terminal stage of the disease with dystrophic changes in the internal organs, although each case should be carefully considered together with a cardiac surgeon, because. often after surgery, these changes are reversible, as well as diseases that definitely shorten life expectancy, such as oncological processes, etc. Coronary angiography should be performed before valve surgery in individuals with symptoms suggestive of coronary heart disease over 35 years of age and in the absence of such symptoms in men over 40 years of age and in women over 60 years of age.

The age of patients is a negative prognostic factor, however, to date, valve replacement operations have been mastered in patients of any age, and the perioperative mortality of these operations is constantly decreasing. The need for implantation of artificial valves in the elderly is dictated by an increase in the number of people over 60 years of age with damage to the valvular apparatus. As the cause of valve damage in the elderly, rheumatism is most often called, degenerative damage to the valve apparatus is detected in more than 1/3 of patients, coronary heart disease.

The complexity of surgical treatment of heart diseases in older people is determined by the presence of concomitant non-cardiac diseases and heart damage. Despite this, many researchers recognize that valve replacement surgery, primarily the aortic valve, in patients older than 70, and even older than 80 and 90 years, is the operation of choice, providing acceptable surgical mortality and a significant improvement in their quality of life in the late postoperative period. It is considered that patients in this age group should be fitted with biological prostheses, since anticoagulant therapy has been shown to be dangerous in patients over 65 years of age who have had mechanical prostheses. It appears that elderly patients should undergo prosthetic surgery as early as possible before heart failure has developed.

The indication for valve replacement is hemodynamically significant valvular heart disease with gross changes in the valvular apparatus, infective endocarditis, in which valve-preserving operations are impossible.

types of artificial valves

At present, patients can be observed in which there are mainly three models of mechanical artificial valves and various biological prostheses. Mechanical artificial valves:

1. Ball (valve, ball) prostheses: in our country, these are prostheses AKCh-02, AKCh-06, MKCh-25, etc. (Fig. 12.1, see insert).

Prostheses of this model were used mainly in the 70s, and at present they are practically not installed. However, there are still quite a lot of patients who have had prosthetics with these valves. For example, we are currently seeing a 65-year-old patient who had a ball-bearing prosthetic aortic valve installed more than 30 years ago. In these artificial valves, the closing element in the form of a ball of silicone rubber or other material is enclosed in a cage, the temples of which can be closed at the top, and on some models are not closed. There are 3 small "feet" on the valve seat, which create some clearance between the obturator (ball) and the seat and prevent jamming, however, as a result, there is a slight regurgitation on such an artificial valve.

The disadvantages of artificial valves of this design were the presence of a stenosing effect, the high inertia of the obturator element, the turbulence of the blood that occurred on them, and the relatively high frequency of thrombosis.

2. Disc Hinged Artificial Valves began to be created in the mid-70s and were widely used in our country in the 80s and 90s (Fig. 12.2, see insert).

These are valve prostheses such as Björk-Scheilly, Medtronic-Hull, etc. In the USSR and then in Russia, one of the best valves of this design is EMICS, which has shown its durability, reliability, low thrombogenicity and low pressure drops during implantation in both the mitral and aortic

position. The locking element of such prostheses is a disk made of substances that ensure its wear resistance (polyurethane, carbonsital, etc.), which is overturned by the blood flow between the U-shaped limiters located on the prosthesis frame, and closes, preventing regurgitation, at the moment the blood flow stops. Currently observed big number patients with prosthetic valves of these designs.

3. Bicuspid articulated low profile artificial valves: The most commonly used representative of prostheses of this design is the St. Jude Medical (St. Jude valve), developed in 1976 (Fig. 12.3, see insert). The valve consists of a frame, two flaps and a cuff. The design of the prosthesis provides a large opening angle of the valves, which creates three holes. The St. Jude valve flows almost laminar flow through the valve with almost no flow resistance. During the closing of the valves, there is almost no regurgitation, but when the prosthesis valves are closed, there is a minimum gap through which slight regurgitation occurs. In Russia, a double-leaf prosthesis is currently used, manufactured by the MedInzh plant (Penza), which has the same name.

4. Biological artificial valves: biological valve prostheses (Fig. 12.4, see insert) are divided into allogeneic (obtained from the dura mater of corpses) and xenogenic (from porcine aortic valves or calf pericardium taken at the slaughterhouse). There are also reports of prostheses made from the patient's own tissue (pericardium, pulmonary valve) (autotransplantation).

In addition, the biological material of such prostheses is most often fixed on the supporting frame; currently, there are so-called frameless bioprostheses that provide a smaller pressure drop (gradient) on them.

Recently, the so-called homograft has been used to replace the aortic valve, when the pulmonary valve of the same patient is placed in the aortic position, and a biological prosthesis, the Ross operation, is placed in its place.

The most important component of the creation of bioprostheses is the development of preservation methods, which determine the duration of their work, resistance to the introduction of microorganisms and the development of infective endocarditis. Freezing (cryopreservation) and treatment with glutaraldehyde, papain with additional immobilization with diphosphonates and heparin are used.

dynamic monitoring of the patient after valve replacement

Dynamic Surveillance for the patient after valve prosthetics should begin immediately after discharge from the cardiac surgery hospital. Dispensary observation is carried out for the first 6 months - 2 times a month, the next year - 1 time per month, then 1 time in 6 months - a year, it is desirable to conduct an echocardiographic study at the same time.

A general practitioner who is treated by a patient with an artificial valve (or artificial valves) of the heart faces a number of tasks (Table 12.1).

Table 12.1

The need for interaction of patients after prosthetic heart valves with a general practitioner

1. To monitor the state of the blood coagulation system due to the constant intake of indirect anticoagulants.

2. For dynamic monitoring of the function of prosthetic valves for early diagnosis of its violations and detection of complications in the long-term period after prosthetics.

3. For the correction of conditions directly related to the presence of a valve prosthesis.

4. For the timely detection of a new defect of an unoperated valve in a patient with a prosthetic valve (or an aggravation of its pre-existing moderate defect).

5. For the correction of circulatory failure and heart rhythm disturbances.

6. For the treatment of diseases not related to prosthetics or related indirectly.

7. For early (if possible) diagnosis of complications arising in the late postoperative period.

Permanent antithrombotic therapy

First of all, a patient who has undergone valve or valve replacement surgery is forced to constantly take antithrombotic drugs, in the vast majority of cases, indirect anticoagulants. They should be accepted by almost all patients with mechanical prosthetic valves. The presence of bioprote-

for in many cases also does not exclude the need to take oral anticoagulants, especially in those patients who have atrial fibrillation.

Until relatively recently, it was mainly the drug phenylin, which has a relatively short duration of action. Over the past few years, patients have been prescribed the indirect oral anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin).

It is now recognized that the laboratory indicator that evaluates the hypocoagulant effect of an oral anticoagulant is the international normalization ratio (INR 1). Oral anticoagulants do not act on an already formed thrombus, but prevent its formation. The dose of warfarin is selected according to the recommendations of the All-Russian Association for the Study of Thrombosis, Hemorrhages and Vascular Pathology named after A.A. Schmidt - B.A. Kudryashov for treatment with oral anticoagulants (2002). INR levels to be maintained in patients at various times after prosthetics are presented in Table 12.2 (recommendations of the American Society of Cardiology). It should be noted that within 3 months after the operation, until the prosthesis has epithelialized, the INR should be maintained between 2.5 and 3.5 with any model of the installed prosthetic valve.

After the end of this period, the level of the selected normalization ratio will depend on the model of the prosthesis, its position and the presence or absence of risk factors.

Table 12.2 does not provide data on the replacement of the tricuspid valve with mechanical prostheses. As already mentioned, the risk of thrombosis in the presence of a tricuspid artificial valve is high, therefore, if the patient has a mechanical prosthesis in the tricuspid position, the INR should be maintained at a level of 3.0 to 4.0. The same level of hypocoagulation should be achieved

Type of prosthetics
First 3 months after surgery
Three months after prosthetics
PAK with a bicuspid prosthesis of St. Judah or Medtronic Hall
PAK with other mechanical prostheses
PMC with mechanical prostheses
PAK bioprosthesis	80-100 mg aspirin
AAC bioprosthesis + risk factors
PMC bioprosthesis	80-100 mg aspirin
PMK bioprosthesis + risk factors

Note. AVR - aortic valve replacement, MVP - mitral valve replacement. Risk factors: atrial fibrillation, left ventricular dysfunction, previous thromboembolism, hypercoagulation

to go with multi-valve prosthetics. For a bicuspid artificial MedEng valve in the aortic position in the absence of risk factors, primarily atrial fibrillation, INR, apparently, can be maintained at 2.0-3.0.

It should be said that maintaining the desired level of hypocoagulation is not always an easy task for the doctor and the patient. The initial selection of the drug usually occurs in a hospital. In developed countries, individual dosimeters are available for further monitoring of INR. In Russia, the patient determines it in outpatient medical institutions, which often leads to an increase in the intervals between measurements. Therefore, both the doctor and, importantly, the patient should be aware of the signs of excessive hypocoagulation for the timely reduction of the dose of warfarin: bleeding gums, nosebleeds, micro- and macrohematuria, prolonged bleeding from small cuts during shaving. It should be remembered that the effect of warfarin is enhanced by aspirin, nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs.

agents, heparin, amiodarone, propranolol, cephalosporins, tetracycline, disopyramide, dipyridamole, lovastatin and other drugs, which should be indicated in the instructions for their use. The effectiveness of indirect anticoagulants is reduced by vitamin K (including as part of multivitamin dragees!), barbiturates, rifampicin, dicloxacillin, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, and many foods containing vitamin K: cabbage, dill, spinach, avocado, meat, fish, apples, pumpkin . Therefore, the instability of INR with already selected doses of warfarin can sometimes be explained by many circumstances. We should also not forget about errors in determining the INR. In addition, apparently, among the population of Russia, a mutation of the CYP2C9 gene, which determines a high susceptibility to warfarin, is quite common, which requires the use of its lower dosages (Boitsov S.A. et al., 2004). In cases of resistance to warfarin, it is possible to use other drugs of this group (sinkumar).

With an excessive increase in INR - more than 4.0-5.0 - without signs of bleeding, the drug is canceled for 3-4 days until

Table 12.3

Changing antithrombotic therapy before elective noncardiac surgery or surgery

The patient is taking anticoagulants. No risk factors	Stop taking an indirect anticoagulant 72 hours before the procedure (minor surgery, tooth extraction). Renewed on the day after the procedure or surgery
The patient is taking aspirin	Stop 1 week before surgery. Restart on the day after surgery
High risk of thrombosis (mechanical prostheses, low ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation, previous thromboembolism, hypercoagulation) - the patient is taking indirect anticoagulants	Stop taking anticoagulants 72 hours before surgery. Start heparin when INR drops to 2.0. Stop heparin 6 hours before surgery. Start heparin within 24 hours of surgery. Start indirect anticoagulant
Surgery complicated by bleeding	Start heparin when there is no danger of bleeding, APTT<55 с

the desired level of INR (2.5-3.5), then start taking it at a dosage reduced by half. With signs of increased bleeding, vikasol is prescribed once at a dose of 1 mg orally. At higher values ​​of INR and bleeding, Vikasol 1% solution 1 ml, fresh frozen plasma and other hemostatic agents are administered intravenously.

The tactics of using anticoagulants if it is necessary to conduct a planned non-cardiac surgical procedure or operation

The tactics of using anticoagulants, if necessary, for a planned non-cardiac surgical procedure or operation is presented in Table 12.3.

There is also an opinion that anticoagulants cannot be completely canceled during tooth extraction, because the risk of thromboembolism far outweighs the risk of bleeding.

Factors that increase the risk of thromboembolism in non-cardiac surgical procedures and manipulations are presented in Table 12.4.

From the table it is clear that artificial valves of the old design (valve prostheses) create a higher risk, there are more possibilities of thrombosis with mitral and tricuspid prosthetics than with aortic ones. There is a high risk of thrombotic complications in patients who have experienced thromboembolism in the past, in the presence of atrial fibrillation. What matters is the type of operation or procedure, the organ that is being intervened.

All of the above referred to elective non-cardiac surgery and procedures. In cases where urgent surgical intervention or urgent removal of a tooth (large molar), biopsy, etc. is necessary, it is necessary to prescribe the patient 2 mg vikasol inside. If the INR remains high on the next day, the patient is again given 1 mg of vikasol inside.

The vast majority of patients with artificial heart valves are forced to take indirect anticoagulants for life. The level of hypocoagulation should be determined by the value of the INR in the range of 2.5-3.5.

Clinical and operational factors	low risk	high risk
Clinical Factors
Atrial fibrillation
Previous thromboembolism
Signs of hypercoagulability
LV systolic dysfunction
> 3 risk factors for thromboembolism
Mechanical prosthesis model
valve
rotary disc
Bivalve
Type of prosthetics
Mitral
Aortic
tricuspid
Type of non-cardiac surgery
Dental/Ophthalmic
Gastrointestinal/urinary tract
Variant pathology
malignant neoplasm
Infection

tasks of a cardiologist and therapist

In the tasks of a cardiologist and / or therapist includes regular auscultation of the heart and listening to the melody of the prosthesis. This allows timely detection of dysfunction of the prosthetic valve and / or the appearance of a new defect of the non-operated valve. Patient's last

with a prosthetic valve occurs often. Most often, severe tricuspid regurgitation or senile calcification of the native aortic valve develops in elderly patients in the long-term period after mitral prosthesis implantation.

When deciding on the prevention of rheumatic fever we are guided by the fact that the majority of patients with artificial valves for rheumatic heart disease are older than 25 years, and we believe that it should not be performed in such patients. If such a need arises (for example, in young patients operated on against the background of acute rheumatic fever), then such prophylaxis should be carried out with retarpen 2.4 million units once every 3 weeks.

Prevention of infective endocarditis. Much more important is the fact that patients with prosthetic valves are at high risk of developing infective endocarditis. Situations in which there is a particularly high risk of infective endocarditis and the prophylactic doses of antibiotics that should be used for these manipulations are presented in Table 12.5.

Table 12.5

Prevention of infective endocarditis

I. During dental procedures and operations, operations in the oral cavity, upper gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract:

1. Amoxicillin 2 g orally 1 hour before the procedure, or

2. Ampicillin 2 g IM or IV 30 min. before the procedure, or

3. Clindamycin 600 mg orally 1 hour before the procedure, or

4. Cephalexin 2 g orally 1 hour before the procedure, or

5. Azithromycin or clarithromycin 500 mg 1 hour before the procedure.

II. During procedures and operations on the organs of the genitourinary system and the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract:

1. Ampicillin 2 g + gentamicin 1.5 mg per 1 kg of body weight IM or IV within 30 minutes. from the start of the procedure and 6 hours after the first injection, or

2. Vancomycin 1 g for 1-2 hours IV + gentamicin 1.5 mg/kg of body weight IV, the end of the infusion within 30 minutes after the start of the procedure.

Before tooth extraction, an antibiotic in the indicated dosage should be administered 1-2 hours before the procedure. Antibiotics should be prescribed to this entire group of patients for any injury, with severe acute respiratory infections. At the same time, we should not forget that endocarditis of an artificial heart valve can begin with an incomprehensible fever, and in such a situation, before using antimicrobials, a blood test should be taken for culture to identify microflora.

The task of a doctor observing a patient with artificial heart valves includes regular auscultation for the timely detection of changes in the melody of the prosthetic valve, i.e. its possible dysfunction or the occurrence of a new defect of the non-operated valve.

Treatment of residual heart failure

Implantation of an artificial valve brings a pronounced clinical improvement to patients with heart disease. The vast majority of patients after surgery belong to functional classes I-II. However, in some of them, shortness of breath and congestion remain of varying severity. This applies primarily to patients who have atriomegaly, atrial fibrillation, low ejection fraction and dilatation of the left ventricle, tricuspid regurgitation remain after surgery. More often, moderately severe heart failure occurs after prosthetics. mitral valve, not aortic. Therefore, up to 80% of patients with a mitral valve take digoxin (0.125 mg/day) and usually a small daily dose of a diuretic (0.5-1 tablet of triampur). It should be said that average age patients in the long-term period after valve replacement are 50-60 years old, and therefore most of them already have hypertension, coronary heart disease, etc., requiring the use of appropriate drugs.

Patients with normally functioning artificial valves, with sinus rhythm, not dilated chambers of the heart, normal FI, I-II FC	Patients with normally functioning prosthetic valves with persistent or transient AF, atriomegaly and/or LV dilatation, and/or low FI
When prescribing a motor regimen, they are considered as patients with abnormal valves with minor stenosis	When prescribing a motor regimen, they are considered as patients with CHF II-III FC
Tests are pre-assigned to rule out coronary artery disease - VEM in normal mode or treadmill - Bruce protocol	Assigned tests to determine the PFI, limited by CHF systems: VEM, protocol with a rapidly increasing FN or treadmill - Naughton protocol
Walking at a normal, and then at an energetic pace from 25 to 40-50 minutes. per day, swimming at a moderate speed) 3-5 times a week	Walking with a heart rate of 40% of the threshold 3-5 times a week for 20 minutes, then gradually the load level increases to 70% of the threshold, and the duration of the load - up to 40-45 minutes per day

Note. FI - left ventricular ejection fraction, FC - functional class, VEM - bicycle ergometry, AF - atrial fibrillation, CHF - chronic heart failure, FN - physical activity, PFI - exercise tolerance

may not be limited (see table 12.6). They do not have to participate in competitive sports and endure the maximum load for them (we should also not forget that the vast majority take indirect anticoagulants), but they need physical rehabilitation. It is advisable to conduct a test with physical activity in such patients before prescribing physical exercises to exclude coronary artery disease (bioergometry, treadmill according to the standard Bruce protocol).

With an enlarged left atrium and / or reduced systolic function of the left ventricle, one should proceed from the relevant recommendations for patients with heart failure. In this case, with moderate changes in these indicators and slight fluid retention, we recommend that patients walk at a normal pace 3-5 times a week with a gradual increase in load.

With a significant decrease in the fraction of exile (40% and below), walks at a slow pace are offered. It is advisable to conduct a preliminary study of the level of exercise tolerance on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill (modified Naughton protocol). If the ejection fraction is low, start with 20-45 minute loads at 40% of the maximum load capacity 3-5 times a week and try to bring it very gradually to the 70% level.

Specific complications after valvular heart valve replacement

An important component of monitoring patients with artificial valves is the identification of specific long-term complications. These include:

1. thromboembolic complications. Unfortunately, none of the models of the prosthesis guarantees against thromboembolism. It is believed that mechanical prostheses such as St. Judas and biological. Thromboembolic events are any thromboembolic events that occur in the absence of infection after complete recovery from anesthesia, starting from the postoperative period, which lead to any new, temporary or permanent, local or general neurological disorders. This also includes embolism in other organs of the large circle. Most thromboembolic complications occur in the first 2-3 years after

operations. With the improvement of artificial valves and anticoagulation therapy, the frequency of these complications decreases and ranges from 0.9 to 2.8 episodes per 100 patient-years for mitral replacement and from 0.7 to 1.9 episodes per 100 patient-years for aortic replacement.

In severe embolic events, such as acute cerebrovascular accident, low molecular weight heparins are added "on top" of indirect anticoagulants.

2. Wear of prosthetic valve- any dysfunction of the prosthesis associated with the destruction of its structure, leading to its stenosis or insufficiency. Most often this occurs during the implantation of biological prostheses due to its calcification and degeneration. Less often, dysfunctions associated with wear of ball-shaped, long-term aortic prostheses occur.

3. Thrombosis of a mechanical prosthesis- i.e. any blood clot (in the absence of infection) on or near a prosthetic valve that obstructs blood flow or causes malfunction.

4. A specific complication also includes occurrence of paraprosthetic fistulas, which may occur due to infective endocarditis of the prosthesis or for other reasons (technical

errors during the operation, gross changes in the fibrous ring of the affected valve).

In all cases of prosthesis dysfunction, the clinical picture of the defect of the corresponding valve develops acutely or subacutely. The task of the therapist is to identify clinical changes in time and listen to new sound phenomena in the melody of the prosthesis. In patients with dysfunction of the mitral prosthesis, the functional class quickly rises to III or IV due to new dyspnea. The rate of increase in symptoms can be different, quite often dysfunction due to thrombosis of the mitral prosthesis began long before the appeal. During auscultation, a clearly audible mesodiastolic murmur appears at the apex, in some patients - a rough systolic murmur, the melody of the working prosthesis changes.

Aortic prosthetics- clinical symptoms increase at different rates, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema occur. During auscultation of the heart, coarse systolic and protodiastolic murmurs of varying intensity are heard. Sometimes indistinct symptomatology comes to an end with sudden death of the patient.

The clinical picture of artificial tricuspid valve dysfunction has its own characteristics: patients may not notice changes in their state of health for a long time, complaints are often absent. Over time, there is weakness, palpitations during physical exertion, pain in the right hypochondrium, weakness and even fainting with little physical exertion. The degree of prosthesis dysfunction does not always correlate with the severity of symptoms. In an objective study of patients with thrombosis of the tricuspid prosthesis, the most constant symptom is one or another degree of liver enlargement. Edema appears and grows.

Treatment of prosthetic valve thrombosis with thrombolysis is possible only if it occurs in the near future after prosthetics or in patients with contraindications for reoperation. All cases of prosthesis dysfunction should be consulted with a cardiac surgeon to decide on reoperation.

5. Prosthetic valve infective endocarditis in terms of frequency of occurrence, it ranks second after thromboembolic complications and remains one of the most formidable complications of cardiac surgery. From the tissues adjacent to the prosthesis, microorganisms that cause endocarditis are introduced into the synthetic

cover the artificial valve and become difficult to reach for antimicrobials. This causes difficulties in treatment and high mortality. Currently, an early one is distinguished, which arose up to 2 months after prosthetics (some authors increase this period to 1 year), and a late one that struck an artificial valve after this period.

Most often, the clinical picture consists of fever with chills and other manifestations of severe intoxication and signs of dysfunction of the prosthetic valve. The latter may be a consequence of the appearance of vegetations, paravalvular fistula, thrombosis of the prosthesis. The presence of a fever that is especially resistant to antipyretic drugs and antibiotics, especially accompanied by a clinical picture of a septic condition in a patient with an artificial valve or valves in the heart, must necessarily include infective endocarditis in the scope of the differential diagnosis. A change in the auscultatory melody of a valve prosthesis due to its dysfunction may not occur immediately, therefore, an echocardiographic study, especially transesophageal echocardiography, becomes of great diagnostic importance.

Treatment of infective endocarditis of prosthetic heart valves remains a challenge. In each case of this disease, the cardiac surgeon should be immediately informed. The possibility of surgical treatment should be discussed from the time of diagnosis - most patients with late infective endocarditis of a prosthetic heart valve should undergo surgical treatment.

Antimicrobial therapy infective endocarditis of an artificial valve in most cases is prescribed before obtaining data from a microbiological study.

Currently, most of the researchers involved in this issue recommend vancomycin in combination with other antibiotics in various regimens as a first-line empiric treatment (Table 12.8).

The duration of therapy with vancomycin with rifampicin is 4-6 weeks or more, aminoglycosides are usually canceled after 2 weeks. It is recommended to carefully monitor renal function.

lindrug-resistant staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative rods. Before starting empirical therapy, blood is taken for microbiological examination.

Clinically significant mechanical hemolysis practically does not occur on modern models of valve prostheses. Apparently, a moderate increase in lactate dehydrogenase in some patients is associated with minor hemolysis. However, when dysfunction of artificial valves occurs, overt hemolysis sometimes occurs.

Complications of a prosthetic valve include: thromboembolism in the systemic circulation, thrombosis and dysfunction of the prosthesis, paraprosthetic fistulas, wear of the prosthesis, infective endocarditis.

Definition of disability group

In the vast majority of cases, such patients are assigned the 2nd disability group without a work recommendation, i.e. without the right to work. At the same time, a survey of patients who underwent heart valve replacement surgery for an artificial one showed that most of them consider the results of cardiac surgery to be positive. It is believed that the number of such patients who are assigned a disability group is unreasonably high. On the

1 year immediately after the operation of prosthetic heart valves (and in some categories of patients - within 1.5-2 years), the disability group should be determined, because. the myocardium recovers after an operative injury in about 1 year.

In addition, a disability group should be established in case of loss or decrease in qualifications and / or inability to perform work in the specialty that the patient had before the operation. It should be taken into account that some patients before the operation of valve prosthetics were on disability for a long time, sometimes from childhood, and did not work, and they do not have professional training. The causes of persistent disability in patients after cardiac surgery may not be associated with low exercise tolerance, but, for example, may be the result of cognitive disorders and a decrease in memory functions due to long-term operations using cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, often such patients are reluctantly given work by the administration of the institutions in which they are trying to get a job. Therefore, for a large proportion of patients who have undergone valve replacement, disability pension is a measure of social security.

Echocardiography of normally functioning artificial valves and ultrasound diagnosis of their dysfunction

Echocardiography is the main tool for evaluating the condition of prosthetic heart valves. There are a number of limitations in visualizing an artificial heart valve using transthoracic ultrasound techniques. So, for example, in the presence of a mitral valve prosthesis, a full examination of the left atrium is impossible during echocardiography in a four- and two-chamber apical position due to the appearance in the acoustic shadow created by the prosthesis (Fig. 12.5).

However transthoracic echocardiography the most accessible and widely used method, which, with a certain experience of the researcher, makes it possible to detect artificial valve dysfunction in real time. A clarifying method may be transesophageal echocardiography. The ultrasound specialist must know the picture of a normally functioning valve prosthesis. The locking elements must move

Rice. 12.5. Echocardiography B-mode. Apical four-chamber position. Normally functioning mechanical bicuspid mitral valve prosthesis, atriomegaly. Acoustic shadow from a prosthesis in the left atrium

move freely, with normal amplitude. When echocardiography in the B-mode of the valve prosthesis (Fig. 12.6 and 12.7), the elements of the ball (rather than the entire ball) and the cells of the prosthesis are more often visualized. When examining a patient with a hinged disc prosthesis in the B-mode, one can see the hemming ring of the prosthesis and the obturator element (Fig. 12.8).

With high-quality visualization of a mechanical bicuspid prosthesis in B-mode, the sewing ring of the artificial valve and both leaflets are clearly visible (Fig. 12.9). And, finally, echocardiography of a biological artificial valve in the B-scan mode allows you to see the supporting frame of the prosthesis, its posts and thin shiny leaflets, which normally close tightly and do not prolapse into the cavity of the left atrium (Fig. 12.10).

An important role is played by the assessment of the amplitude of movements of the locking element of a mechanical prosthesis. With the normal function of a mechanical artificial valve, the amplitude of movement of the ball in the valve prosthesis and the disc locking element should not be less than 10 mm and the leaflets of the bicuspid valves - 5-6 mm. To measure the amplitude of movements of the locking elements, use the M-mode (Fig. 12.11).

Rice. 12.6. Echocardiography, B-mode. Apical four-chamber position. Normally functioning mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. Visible top part prosthesis cells and the upper part of the ball surface

Rice. 12.7. Echocardiography, B-mode. Parasternal short axis artificial aortic valve. A normally functioning mechanical valve prosthesis is visualized in the lumen of the aortic root.

Rice. 12.8. Echocardiography, B-mode. Apical four-chamber position. Normally functioning mechanical disk swivel mitral valve prosthesis. You can see the sewing ring and the locking element in the open position

Rice. 12.9. Echocardiography, B-mode. Apical four-chamber position. Normally functioning mechanical bicuspid mitral valve prosthesis. You can see the sewing ring and two flaps of the locking element in the open position

Rice. 12.10. Echocardiography, B-mode. Apical four-chamber position. A normally functioning biological mitral valve prosthesis. Prosthesis stands and two closed thin sashes are visible

Rice. 12.11. Echocardiography, M-mode. Normally functioning mechanical bicuspid mitral valve prosthesis. In the apical four-chamber position, the cursor is placed parallel to the obturator element

Figure 12.11 clearly shows that the movement of the disk of a mechanical articulated mitral valve prosthesis is free, its amplitude exceeds 1 cm. The third component of the prosthesis function assessment is a Doppler echocardiographic study. With its help, the pressure gradient across the artificial valve is measured and the presence of pathological regurgitation is excluded or detected. Table 12.9 shows the normal limits for pressure drops across prosthetic valves of various models, depending on their position.

Table 12.9 shows that the average gradient on a normally functioning mitral valve prosthesis of any design should not exceed 5-6 mm Hg, and the peak aortic valve should not exceed 20-25 mm Hg. With dysfunction of the prosthesis, the gradient on them can increase significantly.

Below we provide illustrations of dysfunctions of artificial valves revealed using transthoracic echocardiography (Fig. 12.12-12.19).

Thus, patients with prosthetic heart valves represent a special group of patients with abnormal heart valves. Interaction with them requires special skills, both from the clinician and from the echocardiographer.

Rice. 12.12. Echocardiography, M-mode. Thrombosis of a mechanical bicuspid mitral valve prosthesis. In the apical four-chamber position, the cursor is placed parallel to the obturator element. It can be seen that the speed and amplitude of disc movements are significantly reduced.

Rice. 12.13. Echocardiography, M-mode. Severe dysfunction of a mechanical swivel prosthesis tricuspid valve due to its thrombosis. In the apical four-chamber position, the cursor is placed parallel to the obturator element. Virtually no disc movement

Rice. 12.14. Echocardiography, B-mode. Parasternal long axis of the left ventricle. Severe dysfunction of the mechanical disk articulated mitral prosthesis - detachment of the sewing ring from the annulus fibrosus is clearly visible

Rice. 12.16. Echocardiography, B-mode. Parasternal short axis of the left ventricle at the level of the artificial mitral valve. Massive calcification of the biological prosthesis is visible

Rice. 12.17. Echocardiography, B-mode. Apical four-chamber position with scan plane deviation. The same patient as in Fig. 12.16. The arrow indicates a fragment of a ruptured leaflet of the mitral bioprosthesis

Rice. 12.18. Echocardiography, B-mode. Parasternal long axis of the left ventricle. In the mitral position, the racks of the frame of the mitral biological prosthesis are visualized. Calcification and detachment of a part of the bioprosthesis leaflet