Arrays with free outlines - belong to landscape (landscape) parks. The array classification is extremely simple. They are natural and artificial, man-made. As a rule, they are created by felling and planting. In one place they cut, in another - they plant.

By definition, bosquets are artificially created sections of trees. Bosquets of strict geometric shape are found in regular parks. Regardless of the form, the bosquets are divided into "groves" and "cabinets" .

• "Grove" type bosquet - the territory bounded by the paths of the regular park is occupied by plantations. As a rule, these are trees of the first size, belonging to the same species: birch, linden, oak, pine.
• In a "cabinet" type bosquet trees grow along the perimeter of the site, bounded by paths that intersect at right angles. They are planted very tightly, in one or more rows. The result is green walls - trellises - from clipped trees ( Linden , beech, hornbeam) or shrub ( hawthorn etc.). The space inside these walls is the study.

From the outside, both the "grove" and the "study" look the same. Only when you go deeper into the "grove", you will find - the grove. And upon entering the "office" (one or several narrow passages are made in the trellises), you will see anything you want: a place for secluded relaxation, a green theater, a dance floor, a plantation of berries or medicinal herbs, a summer cafe.

Of course, in small private areas, you can only call forest plantations bosquets or arrays conditionally: the scope is not the same. Therefore, it is worth recalling the golden rule of landscape design: everything should be proportionate and commensurate with scale. On a small plot, a modest group of trees will depict the role of a forest.

Array bosquets can play many roles, for example:

• Handsome men. We think this statement does not need extra proof. The beauty of the forest was not praised only by the lazy one.
• Workers. The orchard is also an array.
• Walls. They protect against noise and dust.
• Roofs. They create shadow.
• Lungs. They give oxygen.
• A curtain. The forest area can create the necessary pause in the perception of the park landscape. When one gorgeous view is replaced by another, the viewer can get tired. Even the most ingenious play requires an intermission. Finding yourself after an open space in a forest, you can give yourself the respite you need. Attention switches from the so-called distant views to the near ones. The viewer admires the grass, bark of trees, the play of sun glare on the ground ...

In addition to massifs and bosquets, parks may contain tree groups and curtains. These are plantations with an area of ​​up to 1 hectare, limited by open space. Curtains are considered to be a transitional element between the massif and a more pronounced tree group.

Bosquet (fr. Bosquet, from Italian. Boschetto - forest, grove) - an element of landscape design, a section of a regular park or a dense group of trees or bushes planted for decorative purposes, which, thanks to a decorative haircut, form solid green walls in the form of smooth walls (trellises), geometric volumes, sometimes imitating architecture with arches and turrets, etc. (definition from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia).

Bosquet (fr. Bosquet, from Italian. Boschetto - woods, grove) - an invention of French landscape designers. Therefore, this design element is most often used in gardens that are planned according to a regular type. A group of trees or shrubs, trimmed so that their crowns form walls, is a bosquet. With the help of a decorative haircut, these plantings successfully imitate gazebos, arches and other structures.
The bushy bosquette was the main motif in the composition of the regular parks of the 16th – 18th centuries. Landscape architects of that period understood the park as a complexly organized space like a city - with its avenues, streets, squares and fountains. And the bosquets were assigned the leading role in it. They were called "green offices" or "green rooms". The device of a bosquet, along with a topiary haircut, reached the heights of real art and was valued worth its weight in gold by wealthy nobles of Italy, France and England.
As a rule, two types of bosquets are distinguished: "grove" - ​​trees (birch, linden, hornbeam) are located on a flat lawn, and "study" - trees or shrubs are densely planted around the perimeter of a small area. Thus, a green wall is obtained, and the territory inside the plantation is a "green office".
Bosquet - "grove"
Bosquet - "grove" is best arranged on flat areas, well lit by the sun. This condition must be observed not only for aesthetics, it is also functional in nature. After all, the main condition for the selection of plants for a bosquet is their ability to be easily cut. Linden, hornbeam, hazel, birch are considered "classical" trees for a "geometric" grove.

Seedlings of the selected type are planted in even rows to form a geometrically correct volume, usually in the form of a square or rectangle. The trees in the bosquet can also be planted in one, two or more rows to frame the garden, parterre, alley and other elements of the garden and park landscape.
Each tree in the artificial grove is given a geometrically correct crown shape. Usually the crown of trees in a bosquet is formed in the shape of a cube. They begin to form by shortening the central shoot and long branches of the crown, and then regularly trimming until a cube shape is obtained. When the “grove” grows and the crowns of the trees close together, individual green cubes in a row will merge into a monolithic rectangular parallelepiped.
The exposed lower parts of tree trunks are often whitewashed to the same height. Whitewashing will not only emphasize the geometric outlines of the "grove", but also protect the trees from sunburn in the spring.
The soil under the trees was traditionally covered with gravel. You can use a lawn, but the problem with it is how to maintain it decorative view under the shade of trees is not so easy. In addition, the grass will be trampled under heavy use of the bosquet.

In this linden, the central shoot and lower branches are shortened by regular shearing until the crown takes the shape of a cube (picture: Helmut Flubacher).

Bosquet - "grove" on the plan (from here http://ksist.ru/index.php?newsid=119).

Bosquet - "cabinet"
For those who dream of creating a corner in their garden where you can truly escape from everyday worries and enjoy peace, the "green office" will help make your dream a reality. Smoothly trimmed "green walls" that protect from noise and indiscreet glances, a soft carpet of the lawn underfoot, a small flower garden or a geometric reservoir - even a small area turns into a wonderful place of relaxation, which is especially necessary for a resident of a modern metropolis.
The very definition of "green office" presupposes the arrangement of a bosquet in the garden of a regular type, and its functional purpose determines the choice of location: whether it will be located in the front part of the site and used to receive guests or in a secluded place where, on the contrary, it will be possible to relax from everyone ...

The walls of the "office" bosquet usually represent a clipped hedge 1.5–2.0 m high. It can have exits to one or several sides, which can be beautifully decorated in the form of arches. The thickness of the clipped wall depends on the type of the selected plant and can reach 0.6 m.
Both a trimmed hedge and a hedge of lianas can be used as the "walls" of the bosquet. For a hedge, any plants adapted to your climate that tolerate a haircut are suitable:
Conifers: western thuja, rocky juniper, medium yew, common spruce;
Deciduous plants: hornbeam, forest beech, field maple, small-leaved linden, yellow acacia, hawthorn, privet, common barberry, brilliant cotoneaster, golden currant, forsythia, Tatar honeysuckle (most quickly creates a dense living wall);
Lianas: maiden grapes, clematis.
After the plants are selected and planted, all that remains is to wait until they grow up and care for them anxiously. In most cases, it will take 3 to 5 years before we can begin to form a bosquet.

Bosquet cabinet plan (from here http://ksist.ru/index.php?newsid=119).

The interior of the bosquets can be filled with a lawn, exquisite arabesques, neatly trimmed plants in the shape of geometric shapes, or a carpet of tightly planted summer cakes. A small fountain in the center will create an atmosphere of parks in Italy or France. Instead of a fountain, a sculpture, a beautiful drinking bowl for birds, a stylized sundial, a globe made of wrought metal, etc. can be chosen as a central viewpoint. It all depends on your taste and financial capabilities. Of course, you can restrict yourself to a fairly simple parterre without a complex pattern, consisting, for example, of a lawn and a one-color flower border, this will greatly facilitate maintenance and will not require large expenses.(From here http://www.tsvetnik.info/besedkagreen/18.htm)

How to create a bosquet.
From here
The arrangement of the bosquette will take several years, because the plants should grow and form a solid wall.
For work you will need:
One-, two-year seedlings
Sand
Geotextile
Decorative material for sprinkling interior spaces and paths (fine gravel, crushed shell rock, brick)
Work order
It is necessary to mark the future square and dig a shallow trench 40 cm wide around the perimeter. Then it is worth planting the bushes. The distance between seedlings should be minimal - 25-30 cm for low-growing crops, 30-40 for tall ones.
It is imperative to provide a path. If there are no flower beds or decorative elements inside, then the space must be tamped, covered with geotextiles or covered with sand.
On top of this covering, sprinkle decorative material with a layer of 5 cm. If a flower garden or recreation area is planned in the middle of the bosquet, you need to adhere to the specified geometric style. This means that it is better to set up a classic flower bed. Country style or landing without clear boundaries here will clearly be out of place.
When laying the bosquette, the plants can be slightly trimmed immediately. The main work on the formation of green walls begins in 1-2 years, the planting field.
Bosquet care
The main care consists in cutting and periodically watering the plantings.
For a haircut, you will need pegs (just above the bushes) and a rope. The pegs are stuck in the outer and inner corners of the square. The rope is pulled between the pegs along the upper and lower boundaries of the future living wall. If the square is large, the rope may sag. In this case, additional pegs are placed.
It is not difficult to carry out a haircut: with a pruner, they cut off everything that protrudes beyond the marking line. Particular attention should be paid to trimming the upper horizontal surface. If there are twigs sticking out here, the bosquet will immediately take on an unkempt look. It is not recommended to remove more than 1/3 of the plant volume at a time.

Typical examples of hedges are alley, bosquet and bersot. But if everyone more or less understands what the alley is, then what the other two definitions are with difficulty. And so, let's consider each example of a hedge in order ...

Alley. Examples of hedges

There is a type of hedge that we often read about in school textbooks on literature. We often meet her when we walk in city parks, I think that many have remembered that this is an alley.

Alley is a road or footpath lined with trees on both sides (sometimes in combination with shrubs). Depending on the purpose of the green object, they can be multi-row, which is mainly determined by architectural considerations in the formation of the appropriate landscape, as well as the width of the roads, the size of the garden, park.

In the planning composition of the park, the main alleys, interzonal, ring road, internal or secondary alleys are distinguished.

In the alleys, it is advisable to plant birches, small-leaved and large-leaved lindens, horse chestnuts, white acacia, pedunculate and red oaks, European larch, common and prickly spruce, common pine, Norway and sugar maples, green ash and Pennsylvanian, Manchurian walnut, mountain ash Maack.

An alley with intertwining trees - bersot.

Bersot Is an alley covered with intertwining trees. To arrange such a gallery of birches, hornbeams, lindens are planted in rows on both sides of the path, having previously installed supports there - semicircular wooden or wire frames connected from above by longitudinal guides. As the trees grow, their branches twine around the vaulted frame and form the arch of the road. At the intersection of the berso alleys, light wooden arbors are erected, and the entrances and exits from the gallery are decorated with arches.

Examples of hedges. Bosquet.

Bosquet- a small space of geometrically regular shape, bounded by green "walls" of trees and or shrubs and forming a "green room" for outdoor recreation, covered with a carpet of lawn grasses. Inside a high bosquet with impenetrable walls, you can arrange a "study" or "secret garden". But more often for internal partitions, low (up to 1 m), bosquets are used, which can effectively frame a parterre flower garden, a tree group.

Depending on the purpose and your care options for the bosquet, you can choose. To create a formed maple, Ginnala's maple, common barberry (green and purple forms), brilliant cotoneaster, Lawson's cypress are suitable; for an unformed hedge - Bumald's spirea (Nippon and Japanese), snowberry, dog rose.

To order hedge trimming and plant shaping in Minsk and Minsk region, you can:

Material prepared by: gardening specialist Buinovsky O.I.

France

Bosquet(fr. bosquet, from ital. boschetto- forest, grove) - an element of landscape design, a section of a regular park or a dense group of trees or bushes planted for decorative purposes, which, thanks to a decorative haircut, form solid green walls in the form of smooth walls (trellises), geometric volumes, sometimes imitating architecture with arches and turrets etc.

Bosquet - an artificial grove at the castle of Amboise

There are usually two types of bosquets:

- artificial grove- a group of ornamental shrubs and trees, in a clearing or flat lawn, and

- "cabinet" when the plantings are located around the perimeter.

A bushy bosquette was the main motif in the composition of regular parks in the 16th-18th centuries. Then the enclosed spaces inside the bosquets were called not only "offices", but also "green rooms".

In Russia, for creating bosquets, for example, small-leaved linden, common spruce, yellow acacia, common barberry, blue honeysuckle, hawthorns, brilliant cotoneaster, Tatar maple or golden currant are often used to create bosquets.

Due to the many reconstructions carried out in the gardens of Versailles from the 17th to the 19th century, many of the bosquets were changed several times and, at the same time, their names changed frequently.

Two bosquets - Bosquet "Girandole" - Bosquet Dauphine - North chess landing - South chess landing - Bosquet "Girandole" - Bosquet Dauphine

Bosquet "Girandole", created by André Le Nôtre from 1661 to 1663

André Le Nôtre(fr. André Le Nôtre) (March 12, 1613 - September 15, 1700) French landscape architect, son of the chief gardener of the Tuileries Jean Le Nôtre - court gardener of Louis XIV, since 1657 - general controller of royal buildings. First of all, he is known as the author of the project for the creation and subsequent reconstruction of the royal gardens and park in Versailles.

These two bosquets were first broken in 1663. Located north and south of the west-east axis, these two bosquetas were a set of paths that ran around four green rooms, and converging in the central "room" in which the fountain was arranged. In 1682 the southern bosquet was re-created as Bosquet "Girandole", so named because of the stepped appearance of the central stream of the fountain. The northern bosquet was rebuilt in 1696, receiving the name Dauphin's Bosquet, thanks to the fountain depicting a dolphin. Each of these bosquets was decorated with pedestal busts commissioned by the chief intendant Nicolas Fouquet in Rome based on the originals of Poussin to decorate his own castle of Vaux-le-Vicomte.

Nicolas Fouquet(fr. Nicolas Fouquet; January 27, 1615, Paris - March 23, 1680, Pignerol) - a native of the third estate, who in the early years of the reign of Louis XIV was one of the most powerful and wealthy people in France. He served as Superintendent (Minister of Finance), acquired the titles Viscount de Melun and de Vaux, Marquis de Belle-Ile. Fouquet built for himself the Vaux-le-Vicomte palace, which became a milestone in the history of European architecture. In 1661, by order of the king, he was arrested and spent the rest of his life in captivity.

Vaux-le-Vicomte. Main house estates

Both bosquets were destroyed during the replanting of the park in 1774-1775 during the era of Louis XVI. These parts of the garden were planted with linden trees, after which they were named North checkerboard landing and South checkerboard landing(Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). In 2000, the restoration of these two bosquets was completed and they acquired their original appearance.

Labyrinth - Queen's Bosquet

The Labyrinth of Versailles is a former labyrinth in the Park of Versailles, decorated with groups of fountains and sculptures depicting scenes from Aesop's fables. First, in 1665, the architect of the park André Le Nôtre designed the Labyrinth of simple alleys, but in 1669 Charles Perrault advised King Louis XIV to add thirty-nine fountains to it, each of which would represent one of Aesop's fables.

Diagram of the Labyrinth as described by Charles Perrault (1677)

Charles Perrault(French Charles Perrault; January 12, 1628, Paris - May 16, 1703, Paris) - French poet and critic of the era of classicism, a member of the French Academy since 1671, now known mainly as the author of "The Tales of Mother Goose".

Work on the creation of the Labyrinth lasted from 1672 to 1677. The jets of water rushing from the mouths of the animal characters seemed to depict a conversation between these creatures. Plates with the signatures and stanzas of the poet Isaac Benserad were placed next to the fountains. Detailed descriptions The labyrinth, its fables and sculptures are featured in Charles Perrault's Labyrinth of Versailles, illustrated with engravings by Sebastian Leclerc.

In 1778, by order of Louis XVI, an arboretum with exotic trees in the style of an English park was built on the site of the Labyrinth.

In 1665, André Le Nôtre planned a hedge maze to the south Fonatana Latona next to the Greenhouse. In 1668, Jean de La Fontaine published his first collection of fables dedicated to the Great Dauphin Louis, the six-year-old son of Louis XIV. Although La Fontaine displeased the king, his poems may have inspired Charles Perrault, author of The Tales of Mother Goose, who the previous year had become the chief officer of the royal buildings of Surintend, to advise Louis XIV in 1669 to rebuild the Labyrinth so that he would aid the Dauphin's training.

Fable "Fox and Crane", "Labyrinth of Versailles" by Jacques Bailey

From 1672 to 1677, Le Nôtre redesigned the Labyrinth, adding 39 fountains to it, which depicted the subjects of Aesop's fables. The hydraulic sculptures were created by sculptors Jean-Baptiste Tuby, Etienne le Hongre, Pierre le Gros, as well as the brothers Gaspard and Balthazard Marsay.

Each fountain was accompanied by a tablet with Aesop's fables in the form of a quatrain, written by Isaac de Bencerad. From these tablets, the son of Louis XIV learned to read. Benserad, who also selected fables for the Labyrinth, noted that his poems described the corresponding fables precisely at the request of the King.

When completed in 1677, the Labyrinth contained 39 fountains with 333 painted metal animal sculptures. Water for the fountains was supplied from the Seine using Marley machines. It used 14 water-lifting wheels that powered 253 pumps, some of which ran three-quarters of a mile away.

Marley's car in the 1723 painting by Pierre-Denis Martin

Marley Machine(French Machine de Marly) was built by the Dutch architect Rennequin Sualem in the early 1680s at the Marly Palace on the territory of modern Bougival by order of the French king Louis XIV to supply water to the ponds and fountains of Versailles Park.

Pigagnol de Lafors described the Labyrinth as "a network of alleys enclosed by a front garden, where it is easy to get lost", and also continued: bronze plaque ".

Soon after the Labyrinth was built, Perrault published his description: “It is a square of a young and very densely planted forest, cut by numerous alleys that intertwine with each other so skillfully that there is nothing easier and more pleasant than getting lost in them. There are fountains at the end of each alley and in the places where they intersect, so wherever you are, you can see three or four of them at the same time, and more often six or seven. The pools of these fountains, different in shape and design, are decorated with graceful stones and rare shells. In addition, they depict animals - the characters of Aesop's most famous fables. These creations are so good that they seem alive and participate in the action that they portray. You can even say that they pronounce the words that are prescribed to them in the fable, because the jets of water that they send to each other seem to not only animate them, but also serve to express their feelings and thoughts. "

The labyrinth was very popular not only with the King and the Dauphin, but also among the nobility, who were allowed to the Versailles Park. With this in mind, Perrault's Labyrinth of Versailles manual was published in 1675, containing fables, descriptions of fountains and poems written by the poet Isaac Bencerade for each fable. In 1677, the manual was republished with engravings by Sebastian Leclerc. Soon a third edition came out, in which Leclerc's prints were decorated with Jacques Bailey. A small pocketbook was luxuriously framed in red morocco with gilded embossing. The manual was also translated and published twice in English: edited by John Bowles and in the book Aesop at Court by Daniel Bellamy Sr. with engravings by George Bickham.

The Labyrinth of Versailles by John Bowles

The labyrinth played a significant role in creating the unique image of the Versailles Park. In an illustrated guidebook, printed in Amsterdam in 1682, Le Nôtre's work was highly praised: “Among all these works, there is nothing more beautiful and commendable than the Royal Park at Versailles, and in it - the Labyrinth ... The crossroads and turns of the Labyrinth, surrounded on both green trimmed hedges are not boring, as there are always nearby sculptures and fountains that tell the mysterious and instructive fables of Aesop. "

"The inner space of the Labyrinth bosquet"; by Jean Cotell, circa 1693

The composer Mare Maren, hired in 1676 as a musician in the Royal Court of Versailles, was familiar with the Labyrinth. For his work "Labyrinth and Other Stories," he wrote an announcement: "He who enters the labyrinth descends to ducks and dogs, and rises with Bacchus."

Two statues were placed at the entrance to the Labyrinth: one was Aesop, who was holding a scroll of paper (by Legros), the other was a statue of Love, or Cupid, who was holding a ball of thread in his hand, like Ariadne (by Tubi).

Entrance to the Labyrinth of Versailles and the statues of Aesop and Cupid; from the edition "Labyrinth of Versailles" by Jacques Bailey

Perrault wrote about these two statues: “Aesop has a roll of paper, which he shows to Love, which has a ball of thread, which, as it were, says: if a person is in the maze by the will of God, it will not be difficult to get out of it if together with love comes wisdom, which Aesop teaches in his fables. "

Fables in the Labyrinth

Owl and birds (Le duc et les oiseaux, Perry 614)

Roosters and partridge (Les coqs et la perdrix, Perry 23)

Rooster and fox (Le coq et le renard, Perry 252)

Rooster and diamond (Le coq et le diamant, Perry 503)

The Hanged Cat and the Rats (Le chat pendu et les rats, Perry 79)

Eagle and Fox (L'aigle et le renardPerry 1)

Peacocks and a jay (Les paons et le geai, Perry 472)

Rooster and turkey (Le coq et le coq d'Inde)

Peacock and Jackdaw (Le paon et la pie, Perry 219)

Dragon, anvil and saw (Le dragon, l'enclume et la lime, Perry 93)

Monkey and her babies (Le singe et ses petits, Perry 218)

Bird Fight (Le combat des oiseaux, Perry 566)

Hen and Chickens (La poule et les poussins, Perry 601)

Fox and crane, first part (Le renard et la grue, Perry 426)

The crane and the fox, second part (La grue et le renard, Perry 426)

Peacock and Nightingale (Le paon et le rossignol, Perry 509)

Parrot and Monkey (Le perroquet et le singe)

Judge monkey (Le singe juge, Perry 474)

Rat and Frog (Le rat et la grenouille, Perry 384)

Rabbit and turtle (Le lièvre et la tortue, Perry 226)

Wolf and Crane (Le loup et la grue, Perry 156)

Hawk and birds (Le milan et les oiseaux)

Monkey king (Le singe roi, Perry 81)

Fox and goat (Le renard et le bouc, Perry 9)

Rat Council (Le conseil des rats, Perry 613)

Frogs and Jupiter (Les Grenouilles et Jupiter, Perry 44)

Monkey and cat (Le singe et le chat, absent in Perry)

Fox and grapes (Le renard et les raisins, Perry 15)

Eagle and Beetle (L'aigle, le lapin et l'escarbot, Perry 3)

The wolf and the porcupine (Le loup et le porc-épi)

The many-headed serpent (Le serpent à plusieurs têtes)

Little mouse, cat and rooster (La petite souris, le chat et le cochet)

Hawk and pigeons (Le milan et les colombes, Perry 486)

Monkey and Dolphin (Le dauphin et le singe, Perry 73)

Fox and Raven (Le renard et le corbeau, Perry 124)

Swan and crane (Du cygne et de la grue, Perry 233)

The Wolf and the Head (Le loup et la tête, Perry 27)

The snake and the hedgehog (Le serpent et le porc-epic)

Ducks and small spaniel (Les cannes et le petit barbet)

In 1778, the Labyrinth was destroyed by order of Louis XVI due to the high cost of its maintenance. On the site of the labyrinth, an arboretum of exotic trees in the English style was arranged, which was named the Queen's bosquet. In 1785, it was in this part of the Versailles Park that an episode occurred related to the case of the Queen's necklace, which compromised Marie Antoinette.

Marie Antoinette(November 2, 1755, Vienna, Austria - October 16, 1793, Paris, France) - Queen of France, the youngest daughter of Emperor Franz I and Maria Theresa. Wife of King Louis XVI of France since 1770. After the start of the French Revolution, she was declared the inspirer of counter-revolutionary conspiracies and intervention. Convicted by the Convention and executed by guillotine.

34 details of fountains and two statues of Cupid and Aesop have survived from the former labyrinth; they are kept in the storerooms of the National Museum of Versailles and Trianon Chateaux.

Bosquet Water Mountain - Bosquet Stars

"Bosquet of the Stars or Water Mountain"; by Jean Cotell, circa 1693

Originally planned by André Le Nôtre in 1661 as a green room, this bosquet included a path that encircled a central pentagonal section. In 1671, the bosquet was expanded by adding a more elaborate system of paths that reinforced a new central water feature - a fountain resembling a mountain - hence the new name for the bosquet: Bosquet Water Mountain. The Bosquet was completely rebuilt in 1704 and given a new name Bosquet of the Stars

Bosquet "Backwater" - Bosquet of the Stone Oak - Bosquet of Apollo - Grotto of Apollo

Created in 1670, originally this bosquet had a rectangular backwater in the center, limited by the edge of the lawn along its perimeter. Along the edge of the pool were metal arrow-shaped tongues, in which many pipes were hidden, spraying water; in every corner of the pool there was a swan, from whose beak a stream of water gushed. In the center of the reservoir was an iron tree with painted tin leaves from the branches of which jets of water gushed. Because of this tree, the bosquet was also called Bosquet of the Stone Tree. The Bosquet was created at the suggestion of Madame de Montespan under Louis XIV. In 1704, according to the project of Hardouin-Mansart, this bosquet was demolished for the construction of a new Bosquet of Apollo, which was conceived to accommodate sculptural groups Solar horses and Serving Apollo Nereids, formerly in Grotte of Thetis. Hardouin-Mansart has arranged this corner in such a way as to emphasize the extraordinary beauty of these works. They were installed under a gilded lead cornice on a plinth framing the pool. They stayed there until 1776 (reign of Louis XVI). And then a year later Hubert Robert he reconstructed the bosquet, making it in the then fashionable Anglo-Chinese style, and having arranged in it a semblance of a cave for the statues of the Marcy brothers.

Hubert Robert(fr. Hubert Robert, May 22, 1733, Paris - April 15, 1808, ibid.) is a French landscape painter who gained European fame for large canvases with romanticized images of ancient ruins surrounded by idealized nature. His nickname was "Robert of the Ruins".

"Apollo Baths Bosquet"; by Pierre-Denis Martin (Martin the Younger), circa 1713

The new bosquet received a new name - Apollo's grotto(Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). This is how we see the bosquet today.

King's Island - Mirror Pool - King's Garden

"Bosquet Island of the King and the Mirror Pool"; by Etienne Allegrin, circa 1693

Originally designed in 1671 as two separate hydrographic sites, the larger one is King's Island- was designed in the form of an island, which was the centerpiece of a system of elaborate fountains. King's Island separated from Mirror basin an embankment path on a small dam, where 24 water jets were arranged. IN Mirror pool At one time, smaller models of warships were launched. In 1684, the island was removed and the total number of water jets in the bosquet was significantly reduced. In 1704, the bosquet was significantly modernized, rebuilding the fill path and removing most of the water jets. A century later, in 1817, Louis XVIII ordered to completely rebuild the desolate of the revolutionary period King's Island and Mirror pool in the style of a landscape park. This garden surrounded by a hedge has been planted with magnificent plants. At this time, the bosquet began to be called King's garden(Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). During the 1999 hurricane, most of the plants were destroyed. Only Mirrored pool.

Ballroom - Council Hall - Obelisk Bosquet

Ballroom or Council Hall; by Etienne Allegrain, circa 1688

In 1671, André Le Nôtre conceived a bosquet - originally named Ballroom and later renamed to Council room- in the form of an island in the form of a quatrefoil surrounded by a channel and a device of 50 water jets. A single fountain was arranged on each petal of the island; you could get to the island by two suspension bridges... On the outside of the canal, 4 additional fountains were installed in the bosquet, in four cardinal directions. The Bosquet was rebuilt again in 1706 under the leadership of Jules Hardouin-Mansart.

Jules Hardouin-Mansart(fr. Jules Hardouin-Mansart, nee Jules Hardouin; 1646-1708) - French architect, court architect of Louis XIV, grand-nephew of François Mansart, one of the largest representatives of the Baroque style in French architecture.

The central island was replaced by a large pool, raised by 5 steps, and surrounded by a channel. The central fountain, made up of 230 jets of water, collectively resembling an obelisk - hence the new name Bosquet "Obelisk".

The surviving lead figures of his decor were used to decorate the garden fountains of the Grand Trianon (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Bosquet of the Water Theater - Bosquet of the Green Circle

"Bosquet of the Water Theater - a view of the stage"; by Jean Cotell, circa 1693

The focal point of this bosquet, built by André Le Nôtre between 1671 and 1674, was the theater, along the rim of which three rows of lawns for seating the audience ran. In front of them was a stage adorned with four fountains alternating with three radial water cascades. Between 1680 and the death of Louis XIV in 1715, there was an almost constant rearrangement of the statues that adorned the bosquet. In 1709, the bosquet was rebuilt, adding Fountain of the Children's Island. As part of the replanting of gardens begun by Louis XVI in the winter of 1774-1775, Bosquet of the Water Theater was destroyed and in its place created a nondescript Bosquet of the Green Circle(Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Bosquet of Three Fountains (Water Cradle)

"Bosquet of Three Fountains"; by Jean Cotell, circa 1693

Located west Alley of Funny Boys and replaced the short-lived Water cradle(a narrow elongated bosquet, created in 1671, where there was a water gazebo formed by many jets of water), the enlarged bosquet was reconstructed by André Le Nôtre in 1677 into a series of three interconnected terraces. Each terrace contained several fountains with special effects and a pool. In the lower basin, streams of water form lily flowers, in the center, vertical streams and a vault of water gush, and finally, at the top, a water column, formed of 140 streams, rises; moreover, this imposing column supplies water to the lower pools. The fountains have undergone a reconstruction undertaken by Louis XIV for other fountains in the park at the beginning of the 18th century. Well hidden behind bars, this bosquet has been landscaped so that the aging king can come here in a wheelchair and navigate the sloping paths of the lawn. The fountains were also regretted later, when the gardens were completely transplanted in 1774-1775. In 1830, plants were transplanted into the bosquet, and from that time on, the fountains were silent. During the hurricanes of 1990 and 1999, the park suffered significant damage. Bosquet of Three Fountains inaugurated after restoration on June 12, 2004 (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Bosquet "Arc de Triomphe"

"Bosquet" Triumphal Arch ""; by Jean Cotell, circa 1693

This bosquet was originally created in 1672 as a simple water pavilion - an open space in the form of a circle with a square fountain in its center. In 1676, this bosquet, located to the east Alley of Funny Boys symmetrically Bosquet of Three Fountains, expanded and decorated in honor of the political line, hinting that it led to the military victories of France over Spain and Austria, establishing the Arc de Triomphe - hence the name of the bosquet. As well as Bosquet of Three Fountains, this bosquet survived the renovations of the 18th century, but was planted with new plants in 1830 and this year the fountains were closed. (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Bosquet of Glory - Bosquet of domed pavilions

"Bosquet of domed pavilions"; by Jean Cotell, circa 1693

In created in 1675 Bosquet of Glory A statue of Glory was installed, which adorned the pool of the bosquet, and from the pipe of which a powerful jet of water burst out - hence the name of the bosquet. In 1684, sculptural groups from Grotto of Thetis, for which the bosquet was rebuilt and the Fountain of Glory was removed from it. At the same time, the bosquet was given a new name - Bath of Apollo... As part of a garden redevelopment project initiated by Louis XIV in the early 18th century, the Apollo group was again moved to the site where it was Bosquet "Zavod"- not far from the Latona Fountain - which was destroyed and a new one was created in its place Apollo's Bosquet. There the sculptural groups were set up on marble pedestals from which water flowed; and each group was protected by an intricate carved gilded canopy. Old bosquet Bath of Apollo renamed to The bosquet of domed pavilions because Jules Hardouin-Mansart built here two pavilions of white marble with domes.

The bosquet of domed pavilions

But the pavilions themselves were demolished in 1820 (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Bosquet "Enceladus"

The fountain of the bosquet, created in 1675, at the same time Bosquet of Glory, depicted the giant Enceladus, defeated by the Olympic gods and sentenced to life under Mount Etna. As conceived by the creators, the Marcy brothers, this fountain symbolized the victory of Louis XIV over the Fronde. The sculptors depicted a giant, half buried under the rubble, but desperately fighting death. In 1678, an octagonal turf strip and 8 rocaille fountains surrounding the central fountain were added. These additions were removed in 1708.

Bosquet "Enceladus"

This fountain has the most great height jets of water among all the fountains in the gardens of Versailles - 25 meters (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). This bosquet was restored by 1998.

Rodnikov Bosquet - Colonnade

Originally conceived by André Le Nôtre in 1678 as a simple, nondescript green room, the landscape architect expanded the site to include an existing stream, creating a bosquet where streams flow among nine small islets. In 1684, Jules Hardouin-Mansart completely rebuilt the bosquet, erecting a circular double peristyle of Ionic columns. Having received a new name, Colonnade consisted of 32 marble columns and 31 fountains - a single stream of water gushed in each bowl, installed under each arch. In 1704, 3 additional passages were added to Colonnade, due to which the number of fountains was reduced from 31 to 28. The famous sculptural group in the center of the Colonnade on a round pedestal - Pluto abducting Proserpina - (from the 1664 Great Order) was installed here in 1696. Nowadays, the original is in storage, and in the bosquet it was replaced by a dummy (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Water Gallery - Antique Gallery - Chestnut Hall

In place Water gallery(1678) in 1680 was designed Antique gallery to house the collection of antique statues and copies acquired by the French Academy in Rome. The central part of the bosquet was paved with colored stone, surrounded by a canal decorated with twenty statues on pedestals, which were separated from each other by three jets of water. In 1704, the gallery was completely rebuilt - the statues were sent to the Marly Palace, and chestnut trees were planted in the bosquet - hence the name of the bosquet Hall of Chestnuts. The bosquet was decorated with 8 antique busts and 2 statues (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). Two round fountains, located on both sides of the bosquet, have survived from the original decor.

Ballroom

In the west Southern parterre and south of the Fontana Latona, a bosquet designed by André Le Nôtre and built in 1681-1683, there is a semicircular stepped cascade waterfall, which served as a decorative backdrop for this green room. On the stone steps of this fountain and shells brought here from the African coast and Madagascar, water flows in cascades. In the bosquet were gilded lead floor lamps that held the candelabra to illuminate the surrounding area. In the center of the bosquet, an easily accessible marble "island" was used for dancing, in which Louis XIV was an acknowledged master. The musicians were seated at the top of the cascade, while an amphitheater was located opposite, the steps of which were lined with a lawn, which allowed the audience to sit comfortably. Ballroom was inaugurated in 1683 by the son of Louis XIV, the Great Dauphin, at a ball held here. The ballroom was rebuilt in 1707, while the central island was removed and additional entrance(Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).

Images of bosquets

Bosquets in the park of Versailles as of the 17th century

Modern views of the gardens of Versailles

Bosquet "Hall of Balls", modern look

Colonnade and statue "The Rape of Persephone"

Apollo's grotto, modern look

Apollo Basin - Apollo Fountain, modern look

"Versailles, King's Garden" by Raimundo de Madrazo and Garreta, 1914-1920, oil on canvas, 17 x 30 cm, Lambine Museum

Origin and types of bosquet
Bosquet(French bosquet, from Italian boschetto - woods, grove) - an invention of French landscape designers. Therefore, this design element is most often used in gardens that are planned according to a regular type. A group of trees or shrubs, trimmed so that their crowns form walls, is a bosquet. With the help of a decorative haircut, these plantings successfully imitate gazebos, arches and other structures.

The bushy bosquette was the main motif in the composition of the regular parks of the 16th – 18th centuries. Landscape architects of that period understood the park as a complexly organized space like a city - with its avenues, streets, squares and fountains. And the bosquets were assigned the leading role in it. They were called "green offices" or "green rooms". The device of a bosquet, along with a topiary haircut, reached the heights of real art and was valued worth its weight in gold by wealthy nobles of Italy, France and England.

As a rule, two types of bosquets are distinguished: "grove" - ​​trees (birch, linden, hornbeam) are located on a flat lawn, and "study" - trees or shrubs are densely planted around the perimeter of a small area. Thus, a green wall is obtained, and the territory inside the plantation is a "green office".

Bosquet - "grove"
Bosquet - "grove" is best arranged on flat areas, well lit by the sun. This condition must be observed not only for aesthetics, it is also functional in nature. After all, the main condition for the selection of plants for a bosquet is their ability to be easily cut. Linden, hornbeam, hazel, birch are considered "classical" trees for a "geometric" grove.

Seedlings of the selected type are planted in even rows to form a geometrically correct volume, usually in the form of a square or rectangle. The trees in the bosquet can also be planted in one, two or more rows to frame the garden, parterre, alley and other elements of the garden and park landscape.

Each tree in the artificial grove is given a geometrically correct crown shape. Usually the crown of trees in a bosquet is formed in the shape of a cube. They begin to form by shortening the central shoot and long branches of the crown, and then regularly trimming until a cube shape is obtained. When the “grove” grows and the crowns of the trees close together, individual green cubes in a row will merge into a monolithic rectangular parallelepiped.

The exposed lower parts of tree trunks are often whitewashed to the same height. Whitewashing will not only emphasize the geometric outlines of the "grove", but also protect the trees from sunburn in the spring.

The soil under the trees was traditionally covered with gravel. You can also use a lawn, but the problem with it is that it is not so easy to maintain its decorative appearance under the shade of trees. In addition, the grass will be trampled under heavy use of the bosquet.

Caring for the green spaces of the bosquet is the same as in the garden: feeding, watering and cutting.

Bosquet - "cabinet"
For those who dream of creating a corner in their garden where you can truly escape from everyday worries and enjoy peace, the "green office" will help make your dream a reality. Smoothly trimmed "green walls" that protect from noise and indiscreet glances, a soft carpet of the lawn underfoot, a small flower garden or a geometric reservoir - even a small area turns into a wonderful place of relaxation, which is especially necessary for a resident of a modern metropolis.

The very definition of "green office" presupposes the arrangement of a bosquet in the garden of a regular type, and its functional purpose determines the choice of location: whether it will be located in the front part of the site and used to receive guests or in a secluded place where, on the contrary, it will be possible to relax from everyone ...

The walls of the "office" bosquet usually represent a clipped hedge 1.5–2.0 m high. It can have exits to one or several sides, which can be beautifully decorated in the form of arches. The thickness of the clipped wall depends on the type of the selected plant and can reach 0.6 m.

Both a trimmed hedge and a hedge of lianas can be used as the "walls" of the bosquet. For a hedge, any plants adapted to your climate that tolerate a haircut are suitable:

Conifers: western thuja, rocky juniper, medium yew, common spruce;

Deciduous plants: hornbeam, forest beech, field maple, small-leaved linden, yellow acacia, hawthorn, privet, common barberry, brilliant cotoneaster, golden currant, forsythia, Tatar honeysuckle (most quickly creates a dense living wall);

Lianas: maiden grapes, clematis.

After the plants are selected and planted, all that remains is to wait until they grow up and care for them anxiously. In most cases, it will take 3 to 5 years before we can begin to form a bosquet.

The interior of the bosquets can be filled with a lawn, exquisite arabesques, neatly trimmed plants in the shape of geometric shapes, or a carpet of tightly planted summer cakes. A small fountain in the center will create an atmosphere of parks in Italy or France. Instead of a fountain, a sculpture, a beautiful drinking bowl for birds, a stylized sundial, a globe made of wrought metal, etc. can be chosen as a central viewpoint. It all depends on your taste and financial capabilities. Of course, you can restrict yourself to a fairly simple parterre without a complex pattern, consisting, for example, of a lawn and a one-color flower border, this will greatly facilitate maintenance and will not require large expenses.