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Those who wish to learn Turkish from any level, including zero, are invited. phonetics, home reading, translation, business aspects. Order. TURKISH LANGUAGE. PUBLISHING HOUSE. Russian languages. -. Phonetic structure of the Turkish literary language. Questions of phrase phonetics. . . . 26. The Turkish language teacher must be proficient in standard Turkish. For the successful assimilation of the course "Theoretical phonetics" is necessary. Turkish grammar. Phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation. T. 3: Functional words. download textbooks, tutorials of the Turkish language for free. Systematic presentation of modern phonetics, morphology and syntax. ... and even further - the Turkmen language, which has undergone strong phonetic changes. There are many dialects of the Turkish language, the basis. Phonetics Tatar language· Grammar of the Tatar language. Turkish language it is proposed to study by finding possibly close equivalents. In the online store LitRes you can buy the book Turkish Grammar. Phonetics (ses), morphology (sekIl), etymology (kok),. Turkish language courses. 1. General Turkish language course. Teaching all types of speech activity: phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, listening,. Kaitukova, Elena G. Turkish language: thematic dictionary: 20000 words... Turkish grammar: phonetics (ses), morphology (sekil),. Ders 1. Vocabulary: Meeting, getting to know each other, farewell 2. Turkish phonetics: alphabet, reading rules, laws of phonetics: - Law of vowel harmony An introduction to the pronunciation of useful words and expressions. Turkish is the language of the indigenous population of Turkey and Turkish... Phonetic changes of Arabisms and Iranisms in Turkish. Turkish grammar. Phonetics (ses), morphology (sekIl), etymology (kok), semantics (mana), syntax (cumle bIlgIsI), spelling (yazim. Professionals who have completed Turkish language courses are becoming more and more languages: colloquial speech, listening comprehension, grammar, Reading, Phonetics, etc. Book: Turkish Grammar Phonetics (Ses), Morphology (sekil), Etymology (kok), Semantics (mana), Syntax (cumle bilgisi), Spelling, covering the specifics of Turkish, Kumyk and Russian languages.. Subject studies of the phonetics of Kumyk, Turkish and Russian Grammar of the Turkish language: phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation V. 3. Turkish vowel chart (MTA) Turkish vowel chart.png Consonant phonemes of the literary Turkish language. Turkish Grammar. Phonetics, Morphology, Etymology, Semantics, Syntax, Spelling, Punctuation. Volume 1, Eyüp Genis. Turkish Language. History of Turkish Literature. History of Language and Introduction to Special Philology. Theoretical Phonetics. Lexicology. Turkish language courses for beginners. In the process of learning, you will master phonetic, spelling, lexical and grammatical language. For children and parents. Turkish; Grammar Basic level A1. Phonetics (Ses bilgisi). 1.1, Turkish Alphabet (Alfabe) Free. In 1916, a law was passed on the mandatory use of the Turkish language in. which took into account the phonetic features of the Turkish language. Turkish language courses in Almaty. At the same time, the teacher corrects pronunciation and phonetics errors so that students correctly and clearly. The date of creation of the Turkish language is considered to be the XIII century - the time of its appearance. . was inappropriate for the richer phonetics of the Turkish language. Turkish; Grammar Basic level A1. Phonetics (Ses bilgisi). 1.1, Turkish Alphabet (Alfabe) Free Test. 10:39. 1.2 Insert "y". This book presents the entire grammar of the modern Turkish language. The book was written on the basis of fifteen years of experience. Pronunciation is what you need to start learning a foreign language with. One of the best ways to learn how to pronounce correctly. ?Native Turkish speakers will proofread and voice your text for free. Phonetics of the Turkish language with a small glossary for those traveling to Turkey. B. Turkish language for foreigners Tomer (University of Ankara). PHONETICS. Turkish postpositions icin, ile, sonra, once, gibi, kadar, gore and theirs. Author: Genish E. Title: Turkish Grammar. Phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation. Literary Turkish. began to take shape in the middle of the nineteenth century. Fundamentals of phonetics and gvlmmltics Phonetics of the Turkish alphabet The first step. 132. Zinder L.R. General phonetics. L.: Leningrad State University, 1960. - 336 p. 133. Ivanov CH On the interpretation of the category of belonging (based on the Turkish language). Studying Turkish in Moscow helps further fluently. communication allows you to quickly learn the rules of phonetics and. PI Kuznetsov Textbook of the Turkish language. Oriental book Textbook of the Turkish language.... Phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax. Turkey: Turkology, Turkish language, Turkic languages ​​.. languages ​​are considered: in the field of phonetics - vowel harmony, the absence of sonorant words at the beginning ("p",. Books. Genish E., Grammar of the Turkish language. Phonetics (ses), morphology (sekIl) , etymology (kok), semantics (mana), syntax (cumle bIlgIsI), Eyüp Genis - Turkish Grammar Volume 1. The first volume includes the following topics: phonetics, words, nouns, names We hope that our tutorial will help you to learn the Turkish language, and you will feel easy and confident on your trip. Keywords Keywords: phonetics, borrowings, French, Turkish.. The main phonetic laws of the Turkish language are the law of vowel harmony and. Some problems of the historical phonetics of the Turkish language // Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. Abstracts. The Turkish language is the most common of the Turkic languages: in it, as in. Turkish phonetics is determined by the principle of vowel harmony: everything. The Turkish language has been reformed for the last 100 years by a special body for the Turkish language. Learn Turkish, phonetics is easier there. Despite the fact that many words of the Russian language have Turkish roots (chest, pelvis,. As for phonetics and reading rules, then they are. Oriental languages. Turkish language - pronunciation features .. phonetics - grammar. TURKISH - PRONUNCIATION FEATURES. Its purpose The center aims to promote the teaching and learning of the Turkish language, literature, history and culture.Students studying.then click on the 2nd stage of self-study: LEARN TURKISH PERFECTLY!.. and connectives with ... Language, grammar, phonetics, words, nouns, adjectives. The first book on Turkish grammar - Cevahiru "n-Nahv. Re: Reading rules / Phonetics. Post by Closhka | 2003/08/08 07:10 Felitsa, please tell me how the letter g is read co. LIBROKOM Genish Turkish Grammar. homework: practice reading, paying attention to all the phonetic laws of the Turkish language and stress. Not: By the way, if you. Phonetics and Turkish course spoken language taught by native speakers. Upon graduation, graduates must be fluent. Turkish: Tutorial for beginners: Phonetics and grammar with explanations in Russian; Exercises of varying difficulty. The program of the discipline "Practical phonetics of the Turkish language"; 03/44/05 Teacher Education(with two training profiles); assistant. Turkish. Translation Center "HIJAZZ" invites you to take courses. on the conscious assimilation of the laws of phonetics of the Turkish language. Turkish grammar. Phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation. T.2: Tenses and inclinations. Features of the Turkish language in the field of phonetics: j? in unlaut and?j? in inlay corresponding to ??/c?/d?? and?d?/?z?/?r? other Turkic languages; difference. Turkish grammar: phonetics (ses), morphology (sekil), etymology (kok), semantics (mana), syntax (cumle bilgisi), spelling (yaz?m. We will deliver the book "Grammar of the Turkish language. Phonetics, morphology, etymology" free of charge , semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation marks.

In this lesson, we will learn how the Turks greet each other, get to know each other, learn from each other how they are doing, get acquainted with the Turkish alphabet and the basic rules of phonetics, learn personal, demonstrative and several interrogative pronouns, learn how to form the plural and deal with personal predicative affixes!

So let's get started!

1. WELCOME
Now we will listen to some dialogues with you.

I advise you to work with audio files like this: Download the dialogue, listen to it without looking at the text, just listen to the intonations. Then you listen again already looking into the text. Then you read the dialogue yourself (I assure you, it will be very easy!). Then read my comments on the dialogue (I will give the literal translation in brackets in italics) and review the dialogue again. Everything will already fall into place, and you can easily use all the expressions when meeting some Turk :)

So, it is quite clear that this is a common Turkish greeting, our "Hello (those)". In dialogue, these pleasant :)) men and women get to know each other. Murat introduces himself. He says: Benim (my) adIm (name) Murat - my name is Murat. And he asks the girl what her name is (they are on "You"): Sizin (your) adInIz (name) ne (what)? After the girl introduced herself, Murat replies that he is very pleased: Memnun (happy) oldum (I became)! And Gamze replies: Ben (I am) de (too) memnun oldum!, they say she is also pleased.

And now, try to imagine that you met some Ahmet! Say hello and ask him his name! :))

Why does it make sense to learn Turkish? Because Turkey is a bridge between East and West. Turkish is a unique and fascinating language that has enriched many languages ​​with new words. Definitely, you are familiar with the words balaclava, baklava, caftan, pilaf, yogurt, sofa, odalisque and many others. By learning Turkish, you will discover a rich culture spanning from Bosnia and Herzegovina to China. If you speak Turkish, you can communicate with people living in almost every part of this vast area.

Why Learn Turkish - Reasons and Motivation

There is a Turkish proverb: “Bir lisan bir insan, iki lisan iki insan! “A language is a person, two languages, two people.” In other words, a person who knows a foreign language becomes two people when he learns the culture and traditions of other nations. Learning a foreign language is a gateway to the worldview of different societies, to systems of thought and values.

Anyone who starts learning new language, is motivated by certain factors. In most cases, this is due to the search for new jobs or the ability to communicate easily when visiting the target country or even living in it as an expat. In order to learn Turkish from scratch, there are also some special factors.

Turkey is strategically and culturally linked to Central Asia and the Middle East. This is a country with a rapidly developing economy, which allows it to be put on the international business map. Turkey is becoming more and more powerful politically and economically, and knowledge of the Turkish language is a good asset for research institutes, government agencies, NGOs and various corporations operating in the region. Learning Turkish from scratch online or in courses is very important for both corporate representatives and individuals interested in doing business in this large country.

Indeed, career opportunities in Turkey are diverse in different fields - from government to business, law, cybersecurity, technology, finance and services.

REFERENCE. The US government designates Turkish as a critical language. Thanks to a government initiative, the Critical Language Scholarship Program was developed, an intensive language and cultural immersion abroad program for American students designed to facilitate the rapid acquisition of a new language. This is critical to national security and economic prosperity. CLS plays important role in preparing students for the globalization of the 21st century workforce and increasing national competitiveness. In addition to Turkish in the list of critical foreign languages: Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Hindi, Bangla, Azerbaijani, Punjabi, Urdu, Arabic, Persian and Portuguese. The Critical Language Scholarship Program is funded by the US Department of State with financial support from the US government.

For the historian

Knowledge of Turkish is especially valuable for those who study history, archeology or anthropology. The historical archives of Turkey contain an unimaginable amount of unique information and amazing documentary evidence that relate to various ancient civilizations: Ottoman-Turkish, Islamic, Byzantine, Roman, Persian, Hellenistic, Assyrian, Hittite ...

For a linguist

Proficiency in Turkish will help you learn other Turkic languages ​​such as Uyghur, Tatar, Kazakh, Uzbek and Kyrgyz, which today are called strategic languages ​​because they are spoken in strategically important regions of the world. The national language of the Republic of Turkey may become a stepping stone to the old language forms, in particular the literary language of the Ottoman Empire.

How to study - study methods

Learning Turkish for beginners is somewhat difficult, but very interesting. As part of the Turkic language family, Turkish is classified as an agglutinative language. This means that its structure is rich, highly abstract, and has an intriguing, almost mathematical pattern. Grammar is mostly expressed by suffixes added to nouns and verbs. For example, the word evlerden (from houses): ev (house), -ler (suffix plural), -den (original case, answering the questions: from where, from what, from whom); gidiyorum (I am going); git (to go) -iyor (present continuous), -um (1st person singular - me).

Thanks to suffixes, a phrase can be expressed in one word. For example, Gerçek (adjective), real. We add suffixes to it and form a sentence that consists of just one word Gerçekleştirilemeyenlerdir - something that cannot be done. Although in Turkish it is not customary to abuse long words, as is often the case in German.

A characteristic feature in Turkish is vowel harmony (most suffixes follow this rule); in practice, the vowels of the suffix change according to the final vowel in the root. For example, evler-houses; evler den- from houses, but başlar (heads) - başlar Dan from heads. Vowel harmony is also common in some other languages, notably Korean and Hungarian.

Likewise, Turkish is a phonetic language. Once you learn the alphabet, mastering the pronunciation of words is not difficult. Each letter corresponds to a specific sound. Some words, usually borrowed from Arabic and French, are pronounced differently than they are written, but the differences are minor and have little effect on those who are in the process of learning Turkish.

The sentence order is similar to that in Japanese or German: subject-object-verb. Adjectives and possessive nouns precede the noun they describe; the meanings "behind", "for", "like/similar to" and so on are expressed (by postpositions) after the noun, not by prepositions before it.

We learn Turkish from scratch on our own: there are only six cases, the endings of nouns depend on the law of vowel harmony (the table shows this rule).

The accusative case is perhaps the most difficult case, but to give general idea, we can say that it is necessary whenever an object is indicated that is subject to the action expressed by the verb. For example, sevmek - to love; phrase Ben Carla'yı seviyorum - I love Carla. To "Karla" we add "accusative", because the verb I love should answer the question of whom I love ("Karla" becomes an object that "twitches" the action and must be defined).

We teach ourselves from scratch at home

Turkish is one of the most established languages ​​in the world. For beginners who want to acquire basic skills in modern Turkish, a do-it-yourself approach involves:

• mastering the skills of reading and writing;
• spoken language, everyday topics;
• reading simple texts;
• writing topics on everyday topics;

Many of the texts that make learning Turkish easier are based on ancient stories. If we are learning Turkish on our own, it is important to refer to sources such as Dîvânü Lugati’t-Türk (Divan lugat at-turk). This is a comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic language, written by the lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari in 1072, and later edited by the historian Ali Amiri. Reading texts in Turkish is necessary: ​​it is easier to understand parables, idioms, figurative meanings.

Textbooks and tutorials

1. Ebru Turkish Tutorial - Turkish lessons for beginners.
2. Turkish in three months Bengisu Ron.
3. Learn Turkish with the study guide Adım Adım Türkçe (Turkish Step by Step) Level A1-C Phrasebook .
4. Self-instruction manual (in English).
5. Everyday Turkish Shahin Chevik.
6. Sesli Sozluk - online dictionary(translation into English and Turkish English dictionary).
7. Turkish Studies at the University of Michigan is an exceptional collection of Turkish teaching aids, reference books, dictionaries, texts, literary works, including audio files, for everyone who is going to learn Turkish from scratch at home, from the University of Michigan.
8. Grammar and - Turkish grammar site. Like the entire group of Turkic languages, including the Turkish spoken in Turkey today, it is an extremely regular language with few exceptions. For this reason, Turkish has served as the grammatical basis for artificial languages ​​such as Esperanto. In other words, you can learn grammar quickly enough.

Applications on smartphones

To learn 1,000 words, you can use the Anki app, which uses a spaced repetition system and has proven to be an effective way to memorize vocabulary. Download ready-made decks and transfer them to your smartphone.

1. Beginner Turkish - Turkish from scratch for beginners

All methods are justified when a beginner tries to learn a foreign language. But the main condition is constant practice, which includes reading and listening, writing, but, above all, speaking skills. This is the most interactive way to apply your knowledge.

Foreign languages ​​are more often studied in an emotionally neutral academic environment. Simply put, during the lessons we get only some idea of ​​phonetics and pronunciation. But there is the so-called "folk" language, which is definitely not enough when learning the language in the classroom. The effect of the folk language can only be felt in a conversation with a native speaker, when we get the opportunity to listen and imitate an accent, we try to learn the correct pronunciation. People learning a foreign language should pay attention to details that are important to native speakers. They include not only the correct pronunciation of words, but also the use of intonation and pauses (this is practically not given attention in the lessons).

Communication with native speakers benefits writing, reading and listening skills. We have the opportunity to ask for help if something is unclear, because some concepts are completely foreign to our native language and culture. Understanding the culture is crucial in learning a foreign language. This contributes to the student's cultural self-awareness, broadens their horizons, helps develop communicative competence and ensures intercultural dialogue. Classroom education includes some lessons specifically devoted to cultural studies, but in this way we study culture passively. Communicating with a native speaker, we have the opportunity to immerse ourselves in this culture, ask a person who is in this cultural environment every day, explain to us some of the features.

It's normal to be awkward on the way to overcome the language barrier. The beginning is accompanied by emotions, which, as a rule, interfere with correct thinking, and there is always a chance to forget what you know. Tip: we need to try to remain calm, because no one can be judged if we don’t know something yet. There are many more opportunities to practice words and phrases, and after a few conversations, the thought of trying to be perfect often goes away, even if you take some time to find/remember the right words.

Of course, immersing yourself in real situations with native speakers is the best way to learn any language, but if that's not possible, you should mobilize every conceivable substitute that the internet offers: listening to the radio, exchanging Skype conversations, or even singing. songs.

Watching movies, listening to audio, reading books

A sure way to increase the learning curve is to follow the news in Turkish. The same can be said about advertising; on national television and in local newspapers. This is a satisfying way to use basic vocabulary and grammar.

Movies and series:

1. Hope(Umut) "Umut" is the story of an illiterate man and his family, whose existence depends on his income as a chaise maker. When one of the horses dies under the wheels of a car, and it becomes clear that neither justice nor mercy will prevail, the man played by Güney Yilmaz gradually falls into despair. On the advice of a local saint, he sets out into the desert in search of a mythical treasure, moving further and further into that final and inevitable moment when hope itself becomes a terrible delusion.
2. laughing eyes(Gülen Gözler) - comedy; Yasar and his wife Nezaket do not give up hope of giving birth to a boy. But they only have daughters they call male names. There comes a time when they need to find suitable rich husbands for their daughters.
3. My pristine island(Issiz Adam)
4. Magnificent century(Muhteşem Yüzyıl) is a historical television series inspired by real events that occurred during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
5. Wren - songbird(Calıkusu)
6. Forbidden love(Aşk-ı Memnu)
7. Resurrected Ertugrul(Diriliş Ertuğrul)
8. Ezel television crime drama (adapted from The Count of Monte Cristo) set in contemporary Istanbul.

Is it possible to learn Turkish quickly with a tutor?

First of all, languages ​​essentially cannot be taught, they can only be studied, or rather, mastered. Responsibility for studying proccess lies entirely with the student, and the teacher is the guide that should motivate, especially if he develops an individual curriculum to achieve specific goals. One-on-one training with a tutor takes into account a completely individual learning background and more chances to work on spoken language. Unlike group lessons, where the teacher must pay attention to many students, tutoring often gives faster results.

The question is not whether it is better to learn a language online, with a tutor or in a group. There are two problems with group lessons. First, learning progresses at the speed of the slowest learner. Secondly, learning a language is a very personal process. One student learns topics more easily and quickly than another, but courses cannot meet the individual needs of each student, or even do so in a timely manner. Then, learning a language with a grammar-oriented method is unlikely to lead to good result. Or rather, it will lead to a result, but we will get only a faint idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhow to work with a language without having the experience of real conversations.

Based on this experience, one should choose schools or courses that are the best in terms of the quality of teaching, the professionalism of teachers and relevant teaching materials. We can recommend:

Dilmer - courses for all levels (from intensive to weekend courses). The teaching method here is mainly communicative and puts students in active situations to develop communication skills.

Tömer, organized by Ankara University, is possibly the oldest school. The certificate issued by Tömer has the same value as educational institutions as well as when applying for a job. The school is focused on traditional education, a lot of space is given to a detailed analysis of grammar.

Among small schools, a good choice is the KediCat program with an informal approach. Also courses in the center Türkçe Atölyesi.

The difficulties in learning Turkish are the same as in any other foreign language; if the native language differs structurally. But, the main thing is that learning a language goes beyond learning the rules of grammar. Turkish grammar is actually regular and predictable, but the language is based on a different mentality. The associations that surround certain words and phrases are completely different for the Turk. Trying to translate literally can create monstrous sentences. Although various idioms and proverbs are similar in Turkish and Russian. In general, it is very important to know more about the culture in order to be able to participate in conversations.

Here is what the Russian turkologist, literary translator Apollinaria Avrutina says about this: “... there may be difficulties in culture. Sometimes some social facts, such as Islam, for example, may be incomprehensible to Russian speakers…”.

Learn a new word every day; make a simple sentence or construction with an adjective using this word. Start with the 100 most common words and then make sentences with them over and over again.

Read the texts in Turkish (be it an initially easy text or a children's book), even if you don't know most of the words, but try to understand the gist of the story on your own. The point is that the brain is trained in the process: words, phrases, statements become more familiar. Reading is one of the most beneficial aspects of the learning process.

Listen to Turkish songs and sing along (finding the lyrics online is not a problem). It's like talking to yourself and great practice for developing your pronunciation skills. Onun ArabasI Var(She's got a car) is a song popular in the 1990s with catchy lyrics.

Listen to Turkish News: The Turkish language used in BBC Türkçe is correct and carefully edited. Listen to podcasts in Turkish: the same exercises as listening to the news.

Often the discussion about how to learn a language turns into a discussion about the so-called traditional approaches to technology. But the question is not so much what is better: online - offline or an application - a book. It is important to collect the necessary elements of the language for a specific purpose, to present them in a form that is convenient for you to understand. Ultimately, learning takes place within us, no matter what or who is in front of us - a computer, a book or a teacher.

It is said that it is more difficult for an adult to learn a new language than for children. This is a key language myth. In fact, adults and children learn differently. Languages ​​are both organic and systematic. As children we learn them organically and instinctively, as adults we learn them systematically.

In contact with

The Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters. Of these, 21 letters are consonants, 8 are vowels.

The modern Turkish alphabet provides a one-to-one correspondence between letters and signs; each sound corresponds to a separate letter, and each letter stands for a separate sound.

That is why Turkish words are read the way they are written and they are written the way they are read.

1) C - c: The name of this letter is "Ce" (je).

For example: Cam, cevap, cıvcıv, cımbız, coşku, cuma, cömert, cüzdan; sac, gece.

2) E - e: The name of this letter is "E". This letter at the beginning of the word is read as "E", and in the middle and at the end of the word as "E".

For example: Emir, dev, ne, ekmek, sevgi, ders, kemer, elma, ekin, erik.

3) Ğ - ğ: This letter is called ""Yumuşak G" (ge soft). In most cases, this letter is not read, but only adds longitude to the preceding vowel. Sometimes it is read very softly, almost like the letter Y. There are no words in Turkish starting with this letter.

For example: Ağ, değer, iğne, ığdır, oğul, öğle, uğur, düğme.

Despite the fact that this letter is almost unreadable, you need to pay attention to it. Wrong reading can lead to an error.

For example: Dağ (mountain) - da (and, too); ağrı (pain) - arı (bee); eğlenmek (to have fun) - elenmek (to filter out.).

4) Ö - ö: This letter denotes a sound that is intermediate between our sounds "o" and "yo". The lips are rounded and stretched forward in a tube (slightly narrower than when pronouncing the letter "o"), while the tongue is motionless. This letter never occurs at the end of words.

For example: Örnek, öpmek, özlem, Ömer, ötmek, övmek, ölmek; goz, gol, börek, bölmek

5) Ü - ü: When pronouncing this sound, the lips are also stretched forward in a tube (even narrower than when pronouncing "ö", the tongue is also motionless). The main differences in pronouncing the sounds "ö" and "ü" is that when pronouncing "ü" the lips move forward further and are almost closed. This sound is also pronounced as a cross between the Russian "u" and "yu".

For example: Üç, ün, ülke, ümit, üst, üye, üstat; gül, tül, kül, Betül, güven, ütü, üzüm, gürültü

6) Y - y: This letter is called "Ye" (e). It is read differently depending on the letters surrounding it. Y is a consonant.

1) ...y (...th): bay, bey, tay, rey, ney, çay, köy, toy, duy.
2) Ya ... (I ...): yatak, yan, yalan, yanın, yastık, yanş.
3) Ye... (e...): yemek, yem, yelek, yetenek, yer, yeşil.
4) Yı... (yy...): yılan, yırtık, yıkık, yıldırım, yıldız, yıkamak.
5) Yi... (yi...): yine, yirmi, yiyecek, yiğit.
6) Yo... (yo...): yol, yok, yorgun, yorgan, yoksul, yokuş.
7) YÖ ... (yyo...): yön, yöntem, yöre, yönetmen, yörünge.
8) Yu ... (yu...): yurt, yuva, yukan, yulaf, yumruk, yumurta
9) YÜ ... (yu...): yün, yüzük, yük, yüksek, yürek, yüz.

In addition, in Turkish, each of the letters "g", "k" and "l" corresponds to two sounds: soft and hard. However, they do not differ in writing.