K.P. Klimovich, M.A. Odintsova

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGINEERING COMPLEX OF RUSSIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MARKET ECONOMY

Mechanical engineering is recognized all over the world as a leading industry. The level of development of the machine-building complex (MSC) determines the state of the production potential of the state, ensures the stable functioning of the leading sectors of the economy (fuel and energy complex, transport and communications, the agro-industrial complex, defense industries, construction), as well as filling the consumer market. The most important specific indicators of the country's gross domestic product (material consumption, energy intensity, etc.), labor productivity in the sectors of the national economy, the level of environmental safety of industrial production and, of course, the state's defense capability depend on the indicators of the development of mechanical engineering.

The machine-building complex ensures scientific and technological progress and the restructuring of the economy of the entire country, therefore, its industries in modern conditions are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be grouped into three interrelated groups:

Industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy - instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

The branches providing the development of scientific and technological progress in mechanical engineering are machine-tool building and the tool industry.

Branches that ensure the development of scientific and technological progress in certain sectors of the economy - road-building, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive.

The prospects for the country's economic and social development impose new requirements on the level of mechanical engineering, its scientific, technical and production base. This article is devoted to the study of the features, problems and opportunities for the development of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation.

Sectoral structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation

The machine-building complex unites enterprises and industries of machine-building and metalworking, aimed at meeting the needs of the national economy in means of production, tools, and long-term consumption items.

The Russian mechanical engineering market is a set of markets that differ from each other both in the nomenclature and volume of goods produced, and in the degree of economic concentration and competitiveness.

The range of manufactured products in mechanical engineering is extremely large, which not only determines the deep differentiation of its industries, but also has a strong impact on the location of production of certain types of products. At the same time, even with the same target designation of the manufactured products, the sizes, composition, technological processes, and the form of social organization of production at enterprises of such industries are very different. In general, mechanical engineering refers to the branches of "free placement", as it is less than any other industry, is influenced by such factors as natural environment, the availability of mineral resources, water, etc. At the same time, a number of economic factors have a strong effect on the location of engineering enterprises, for example, the concentration of production, its specialization, cooperation, the labor intensity of certain types of products, the convenience of transport and economic relations arising in the process of cooperation of machine-building enterprises.

Mechanical engineering, together with the production of metal products, metal structures and the repair of machinery and equipment, is part of a larger complex industry - mechanical engineering and metalworking. The output of mechanical engineering products in the total output of this industry is about 80%. The branches of mechanical engineering are united into a single engineering complex, which includes more than 100 specialized branches, subsectors and industries.

Complex industries include:

Heavy engineering;

Transport engineering;

Power engineering;

Electrical industry,

Chemical engineering;

Petroleum Engineering;

Machine tool industry;

Tool industry;

Instrumentation;

Automotive industry;

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries;

Aviation industry;

Shipbuilding industry;

Other branches of mechanical engineering 1.

Traditionally, mechanical engineering is divided into the following groups of industries: heavy mechanical engineering, medium mechanical engineering, general mechanical engineering, precision engineering, production of metal products and blanks, repair of machinery and equipment (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Sectoral system of the machine-building complex

Heavy engineering includes:

Hoisting-and-transport machines (cranes, elevators, hoists (towers), continuous transport machines (conveyors, etc.));

Railway engineering;

Shipbuilding;

Aviation industry;

Rocket and space industry;

Manufacturing of technological equipment by industry;

Construction and municipal engineering;

Agricultural engineering;

Oil and gas engineering;

Chemical engineering;

Timber industry machine building.

The structure of medium-sized mechanical engineering includes the automotive industry, tractor industry, machine-tool industry, tool industry, production of technological equipment for the light and food industries.

General mechanical engineering is represented by such industries as

Transport engineering (railway, shipbuilding, aviation, rocket and space industries, but without the automotive industry);

Agricultural;

Manufacturing of technological equipment for various industries (excluding light and food).

The leading branches of precision engineering are instrument making, radio engineering and electronic engineering, and the electrical industry. The products of the industries of this group are extremely diverse - they are optical devices, personal computers, radio electronic equipment, aviation devices, fiber optics, radio electronic equipment, lasers and components, clocks.

Production of metal products and blanks:

Manufacture of cutlery, cutlery, locks and hardware, accessories;

Production of mass metal products (hardware) - wire, ropes, nails, fasteners.

Problems typical for the domestic machine-building complex

Russia possesses sufficient human, scientific and resource potential, which should form the basis of a highly effective national economy... However, when analyzing economic activity in the country, there is a need to create conditions for combining these factors, which requires the mobilization of efforts on the part of all subjects of the economic system. In turn, these fundamental mechanisms are implemented within the framework of the Russian machine-building complex, which suffered more than other economic sectors during the last economic crisis.

Currently, the economic situation in the machine-building complex is rather difficult. The main problems of the Russian mechanical engineering industry can be characterized as follows2:

1. Domestic mechanical engineering lags far behind many developed and some developing countries. This is evidenced by the fact that, according to Rosstat, the share of the industry in Russia's GDP for 2000-2013. was 5-6%, and the share of the industry in the structure of industrial production for this period did not exceed 20%, while in developed countries, such as the USA, Germany and Japan, the machine-building industry creates 30-35% of GDP, and the share of machine-building in industrial production is about 50%.

2. Severe depreciation of fixed assets. The need for the development of domestic mechanical engineering is especially emphasized by the situation that has developed in the structure of fixed assets: the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets increased from 1.4% in 2000 to 3.9% in 2010, but this indicator has not yet reached the 1990 level (6 , 3%), and the rate of renewal of mechanical engineering is 2 times lower than in the industry as a whole.

3. Taking into account the rate of disposal of fixed assets, which made up for the period 2000-2010. about 1%, it can be concluded that all this leads to the maintenance of a high level of depreciation of fixed assets.

4. Duration (often uncertainty) of the payback period of investment resources. Since the production assets of machine-building enterprises require substantial renewal, an important indicator is the volume of investments in the machine-building sector. The dynamics of the volume of investments, both in the fixed assets of machine-building enterprises, and in the real sector of the economy as a whole, for the period 2000-2010 increased by 84% and 2.2 times, respectively. However, the share of investments in mechanical engineering in the total volume of investments decreased by 18% over the same period. Based on this, we can conclude that the growth rate of investment in mechanical engineering lags behind the growth rate in the economy as a whole. Taking into account the fact that the industry was chronically underfunded in the 90s, such dynamics does not contribute to the qualitative growth of both mechanical engineering and the entire Russian economy. The plans for modernization and the transition to an innovative way of development cannot be implemented at such rates and volumes of financing of the machine-building industry.

5. Deepest specialization of production. Each machine-building enterprise still has its own, rather strictly defined range of products. In market conditions, too deep specialization is a serious obstacle to development.

6. Steadily aging and deterioration qualitative composition engineering and production personnel, their inadequate qualifications.

Depending on the nature of the difficulties that hinder the development of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation, the following groups of problems can be distinguished3:

Investment (critical moral and physical deterioration of equipment and technologies; obsolete infrastructure of production facilities; low investment attractiveness of mechanical engineering);

Innovative (lack of financial resources due to low profitability of production; low product quality, high production costs; low innovation susceptibility of industry enterprises; insufficient funding for research and development);

Competitive (underdeveloped quality management system; lack of experience and resources for the formation of an effective marketing policy; insufficiently developed system of service and technical support for manufactured products throughout life cycle products; unequal conditions of competition in the market with foreign manufacturers of similar products of machine-building enterprises, etc.);

Managerial (slowness in the preparation and implementation of managerial decisions; lack of departments ensuring the integration of production into a single economic space);

Personnel (an acute shortage of qualified personnel due to relatively low wages, a decline in the prestige of engineering and technical and working specialties; ineffective personnel policy, which does not contribute to attracting qualified specialists to the sphere of industrial production, scientific, technical and technological activities);

Organizational and legal (insufficiently developed system of industrial cooperation; imperfection of the legislative framework for state industrial policy, technical regulation, pricing for engineering products; ineffective interaction between financial and credit organizations and the real sector of the economy, etc.).

One of the most serious problems of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation, in our opinion, is the high level of wear and tear of fixed production assets. The average age of the equipment is 22 years on average. The share of equipment over 20 years old exceeds 40%, and many enterprises use machines that are almost half a century old. The funds of many enterprises in the industry require renewal (Fig. 24), which is impossible without attracting investments.

Fig. 2. Condition of fixed assets of mechanical engineering in Russia,%

The high proportion of obsolete equipment explains the insufficient use of production capacities in machine-building organizations. Figure 3 shows the level of use of the average annual production capacity of organizations for the production of machinery and equipment, electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, vehicles and equipment5.

Trucks (including chassis) Passenger cars Universal electric motors Household vacuum cleaners Household refrigerators and freezers Self-propelled bulldozers and with swivel blade

Excavators Press-forging machines Metal-cutting machines Tractors for agriculture and forestry Electric bridge cranes Ball or roller bearings Gas turbines Steam turbines

О 10 20 30 AO 50 60 70 80

12012 1=12011 02010

Fig. 3. The level of use of the average annual production capacity of mechanical engineering organizations,%

The level of innovative activity at industrial enterprises remains low after several times during the crisis period, the mechanisms for promoting promising developments in production are ineffective. This is of particular concern due to the fact that mechanical engineering is the basis for the innovative development of the entire economy, its technical re-equipment and reconstruction. Today Russia ranks 31st in the world in terms of the number of patent applications filed, 30th in terms of R&D expenditures (they account for 1.1% of GDP) 6, which is significantly lower than similar indicators of the leading countries of the world.

The result of a decrease in innovative activity was the loss of the existing competitive advantages over foreign manufacturers in the field of resource intensity, productivity, product quality, and some types of products have ceased to be produced altogether. At the same time, the situation is critical not only in terms of technical and technological innovations, but also in the field of management. According to many scientists, one of the problems in the development of the machine-building industry is the lack of an enterprise management system adequate to modern conditions. The control systems of domestic machine building, as the results of various studies show, are far from perfect and correspond little to the tasks that need to be solved in a market economy. The reasons for this discrepancy are expressed in the violation of the hierarchy of subordination of managers and personnel; unclear assignment of functions to managers; often poorly qualified managers; lack of an internal audit system, etc. Almost all of the above reasons, to a greater or lesser extent, have a negative impact on the organization of machine-building production.

The gap between production and science that occurred during the years of reforms also affected the emergence of serious personnel problems, which were expressed, first of all, in the lack of qualified personnel. The number of people employed in mechanical engineering is steadily declining (from 8 million people in 1991 to 4 million people in 2011). For example, the share of people employed in manufacturing industries in 2013 was 14.75% 7 (2000 - 19.06%, 2005 - 17.23%, 2010 - 15.23%, 2012 -14.96%, respectively) 8.

The average age of employees in the industry has exceeded 50 years. The younger generation does not choose these professions because of the low "image" rating of machine-building specialties and low wages.

The organizational and legal problems of the Russian engineering industry are primarily due to the lack of legislatively formalized state support aimed at stimulating the development of the industry. One of the significant inhibiting factors in the development of the industry is the imperfection of Russian legislation in the industrial sphere.

Prospects for the development of the machine-building complex of Russia

Solving the problems of the machine-building complex requires a thorough and balanced approach, which is due to a number of factors:

The machine-building complex, acting as a catalyst for scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the national economy, is in fact one of the few manufacturing industries, the development of which has the most direct impact on the technical equipment of all sectors of the economy, saturating them with fixed assets of a high technical level;

Many machine-building enterprises work for the defense complex, therefore, the development of this industry determines the country's defense capability;

The machine-building complex, which has a thousand-year history of the greatest scientific victories, still ranks first among all branches of industrial production in terms of the number of employees (about 35% of the able-bodied population9) and the cost of output.

In Russia today there are prerequisites for the effective development of mechanical engineering enterprises, namely:

Availability of our own raw material base, our own energy carriers;

Developed network of transport and energy communications;

High potential of fundamental and applied science;

Intellectual property stocks;

The required educational level of the population;

Manufacturing potential and tradition.

It is necessary to develop an effective multi-level policy in the engineering industry, which should be adequate to public needs and have a pronounced innovative character of development. This is a rather difficult task and requires, first of all, the determination of priorities for the development of the industry. The study of this issue showed that the prioritization should be based on strengthening the role of the state in the development of mechanical engineering. The state should create equal conditions for the development of all enterprises, a favorable competitive environment and eliminate many bureaucratic barriers.

The industrial policy of Russia should determine the main, strategically important directions for the development of mechanical engineering, science and technology, taking into account global trends, as well as industries, enterprises and groups of goods, in the absence of which the country will not be able to conduct an independent

economic policy in the world community, will not be able to provide social stability and an opportunity for the successful life of the population.

To date, certain steps have already been taken in the formation of a strategy for the development of mechanical engineering. Designed for last years two concepts (machine tool and automotive industries) as well as some development strategies (aviation industry, oil and gas, road construction and utilities, energy, tractor and agricultural, transport engineering, mechanical engineering for light industry). But the adopted documents, due to insufficient consistency (among themselves and with promising national tasks), do not fully meet the requirements of consistency.

Nevertheless, statistical data show some positive shifts in the development of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation. For example, there is an obvious increase in the volume of manufactured goods in manufacturing (in 2005 - 8872 billion rubles; 2010 - 18872 billion rubles; 2011 - 22802 billion rubles; 2012 - 25098 billion rubles. 10, 2013 - 25,993 billion rubles11 in actual prices). An example of the positive dynamics of the volume of products produced in value terms of some manufacturing industries is shown in Fig. four.

Fig. 4. The volume of shipped goods of own production, billion rubles.

In our opinion, the industrial policy of Russia in relation to the machine-building complex should be focused on the formation of an effective public-private partnership aimed at achieving an adequate positioning of Russian machine building in a market economy and the integration of Russian machine building into the world economic community as a leading manufacturer of science-intensive, high-tech products. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the improvement of the banking and insurance system, stimulate large-scale long-term investments in technological re-equipment and the development of mechanical engineering in order to radically increase the efficiency of industrial production.

Conclusion

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Russia and is concentrated in large centers - Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, the Volga region, and Western Siberia. It provides all sectors of the economy with various equipment and machines. The machine-building complex accounts for almost 30% of the total industrial output. The sectoral composition of mechanical engineering is very complex. It consists of over 70 industries. Its main industries are electronics, electrical engineering, computer technology, robotics, instrument making, agricultural and transport engineering, car building, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, etc.

In order for the products of the domestic industry to be competitive on global markets, it is necessary to have in your arsenal the most modern machinery and equipment, the production of which is a function of the engineering industry.

Currently, the machine-building complex of Russia is experiencing a number of serious problems associated with a high proportion of outdated equipment, insufficient use of production facilities, a shortage of highly qualified personnel, ineffective government support at the legislative level, and insufficient investment.

Now the Russian industry stands at a kind of "fork": either the domestic engineering industry will solve the problems of modernization and become competitive in all respects, or the process of ousting domestic producers by foreign ones will take place.

Notes (edit)

1 Industry of Russia. 2012: St.sb. / Rosstat. - M., 2012 .-- 59 p.

Promyshlennost "Rossii. 2012: St. sb./ Rosstat. - M., 2012. - 59 p.

2 Nevsky N., Zadumina N. Strategic development of the machine-building complex: factor analysis // Problems of theory and practice of management. - 2011. No. 9. - P.58-66.

Nevskij N., Zadumina N. Strategicheskoe razvitie mashinostroitel "nogo kompleksa: faktomyj analiz // Problemy teorii i praktiki upravlenija. - 2011. No. 9. - S.58-66.

3 Russian statistical yearbook. 2010: stat. collect. / Rosstat. - M, 2010 .-- 813 p.

4 Russian statistical yearbook. 2013: Statistical collection / Rosstat. - M., 2013 .-- 717 p.

5 Polyakova N. Intellectual growth // Electronic publication "Science and Technologies of Russia". - http://www.strf.ru/mobile.aspx?CatalogId=221&d_no=54065. Poljakova N. Intellektual "nyj rost" // Jelektronnoe izdanie "Nauka i tehnologii Ros-sii". - http://www.strf.ru/mobile.aspx?CatalogId=221&d_no=54065.

6 Russia 2014: Stat. reference book / Rosstat. - M., 2014 .-- 62 p.

Rossija 2014: Stat. spravochnik / Rosstat. - M., 2014 .-- 62 p.

7 Russian statistical yearbook. 2013: Statistical collection / Rosstat. - M., 2013.-717 p.

Rossijskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2013: Stat.sb./Rosstat. - M., 2013 .-- 717 s.

8 Russian statistical yearbook. 2010: stat. collect. / Rosstat. - M, 2010 .-- 813 p.

Rossijskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2010: stat. sobirajut. / Rosstat. - M, 2010.-813 s.

9 Russian statistical yearbook. 2013: Statistical collection / Rosstat. - M., 2013.-717 p.

Rossijskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2013: Stat.sb./Rosstat. - M., 2013 .-- 717 s.

10 Russia 2014: Stat. reference book / Rosstat. - M., 2014 .-- 62 p. Rossija 2014: Stat. spravochnik / Rosstat. - M., 2014 .-- 62 p.

The machine-building complex includes more than twenty sub-sectors (metalworking industry; manufacturing means of production; transport; defense products, as well as consumer goods) and, under certain conditions, should become a key factor affecting the effectiveness of the innovation scenario. MSK Mechanical Engineering is designed to provide production equipment for key sectors of the economy, primarily manufacturing industries, and thereby determines the state of production potential Russian Federation... Material consumption, energy consumption of gross domestic product, labor productivity, industrial safety and state defense capability depend on the level of development of mechanical engineering.

MSC should play a key role in ensuring the transfer of traditional sectors of the economy to a fundamentally new technological base, including through the deployment of globally oriented specialized industries, where the technological development of the machine tool industry plays a special role.

The spontaneous transition to the market at the end of the last century, undoubtedly, had a positive effect on the development of the extractive industries - as the most profitable ones, but had a detrimental effect on the manufacturing industries. First of all - machine building. The current share of mechanical engineering in the total volume of industrial production in the Russian Federation is about 20%, at least 2 times lower than the indicators of industrialized countries. And for the overwhelming majority of positions in the world export of machinery, equipment and vehicles, the country's contribution is tenths and hundredths of a percent (a relative exception is energy equipment - about 2.5 percent).

Among the main problems of the domestic engineering industry:

Excessive production capacities, as a rule, are outdated, and, accordingly, extremely high costs for their maintenance.

Obsolete infrastructure of production facilities.

Critical moral and physical deterioration of equipment and technologies.

Deficit of monetary resources (low credit and investment attractiveness of enterprises) for the implementation of strategic transformation programs.

Ineffective production cooperation of industrial enterprises.

shortage of qualified personnel.

According to statistics, up to 70% of equipment in the domestic engineering industry has average age 20 years or more. This means that the overwhelming majority of fixed assets are outdated not only morally, but also physically. In particular, in shipbuilding, the radio-electronic complex, and the helicopter industry, equipment wear exceeds 65%.

In their current state, Russian engineering enterprises can manufacture high-tech competitive products only for relatively narrow segments of the world market. The current state of the industry does not meet the goals and objectives of increasing the long-term competitiveness of the economy and occupying stable market niches in the world markets for high-tech products.

Taking into account the fact that mechanical engineering plays a leading role in the country's economy (as well as the inherent property of this industry complex to give impetus for the innovative development of almost all industries), an objective and urgent task is the immediate restructuring and innovative development of domestic mechanical engineering.

One of the main tasks of state support in the forecast period should be overcoming the import dependence of machine-building products, which leads to an economic lag in all sectors of the economy.

Currently, the development of the machine-building complex is taking place against the background of the following positive trends:

the consolidation of the assets of manufacturers of mechanical engineering products and the creation of large integrated structures in the engineering industries;

increasing the volume of state support for high-tech sectors of the economy (aircraft construction, shipbuilding, transport engineering, power engineering, etc.), as well as the development of industrial infrastructure.

Thus, domestic manufacturers of railway equipment are largely under state protectorate, and the positions of imports and the presence of foreign companies in the domestic market are regulated. The strategy for the development of transport engineering in 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015 implies the allocation of state funds for R&D. To ensure long-term planning of production development, it is envisaged to introduce the practice of long-term contracts between consumers and manufacturers for the supply of rolling stock and equipment.

At the same time, the negative trends in the development of the machine-building complex are:

aggressive pricing policy of large multinational companies entering the domestic market;

unfavorable macroeconomic conditions affecting the decrease in the profitability of the products;

a high level of use of imported components in the production of products of certain branches of mechanical engineering.

It seems possible to single out two possible options for the innovative and technological development of the sector:

"Compensation for the previous technological lag", when the Russian market for the consumption of engineering products may outstrip the world rates for some time due to the current lag;

"Slowdown with the formation of a new lag" associated with insufficient introduction of new technologies due to various obstacles.

Taking into account the fact that mechanical engineering is called upon to play a leading role in the country's economy (as well as the inherent property of this industry complex to give impetus for the innovative development of almost all industries), an objective and urgent task is to immediately restructure and innovative development of domestic mechanical engineering. It should be borne in mind that, based on the current level of technological development and existing trends, it is absolutely unrealistic to carry out a simultaneous rise in all branches of domestic mechanical engineering and the technological re-equipment of all key industries included in them.

Accordingly, the task of the state is to promote the development of domestic mechanical engineering based on the need to ensure national priorities for scientific and technological development and the different role that the state plays in the implementation of priorities of various kinds. At the same time, even within the framework of a specific priority, it is not possible to fully ensure its implementation exclusively through domestic machine building, even in the medium term. Consequently, we are talking about the choice, within the framework of a specific priority, of a limited list of key competencies necessary for its implementation and the development of the corresponding machine-building industries for the acquisition of these key competencies.

Proceeding from this approach, the efforts of the state should be primarily focused on the technological development of key industries in those branches of mechanical engineering that are associated with solving the problem of achieving technological leadership in the field of rocket and space technology, civil aircraft construction and nuclear energy, since in the implementation of these priorities the state plays a dominant role.

For Russia, the following can be distinguished as long-term goals for the development of the mechanical engineering sector (for the period up to 2025):

to increase the share of our own production using dual technologies to minimize risks and increase defense capability;

create new and develop existing joint ventures in the Russian Federation,

create new markets and new equipment and civilian production to reverse the import trend;

take a significant position in the global market as an exporter for a number of breakthrough technologies,

development of human resources in the machine-building complex.

The result of the implementation of a set of measures for the development of the industry should be the achievement of the following goals by 2015:

an increase in the domestic machine-building market up to 125-130 billion rubles (100 thousand units) per year;

an increase in the production of machining equipment to RUB 90 billion. (up to 75 thousand units) and tools - up to 30 billion rubles. in 2015 (in 2007 prices);

achieving a positive foreign economic balance in the engineering industry;

The export of engineering products in relation to the current level should double by 2015 and five times by 2020. - from 17.5 billion US dollars in 2006 to 92 billion US dollars in 2020 (about 18% of all exports).

Based on the calculation of the accumulating unmet domestic demand and real opportunities to stimulate the market, the goal is to achieve by 2015 the annual volume of domestic consumption of 125-130 billion rubles (this is about 100 thousand units of machining equipment), taking into account our own production and imports.

Among the main directions of technological development of the machine-building complex:

1. Technologies that reduce operating costs:

new technologies for processing materials with improved characteristics (specific hardness, longitudinal and transverse rigidity, etc.);

technologies that increase the energy and electrical efficiency of equipment, reduce the consumption of auxiliary materials;

technologies that increase reliability, maintainability, maintainability, and reduce maintenance costs;

modularity, the ability to produce a wide range of batches, different products, different operations (versatility).

2. ICT technologies for mechanical engineering:

the combination of information technology and traditional mechanical engineering with the receipt of "intelligent mechanical engineering", machine tools, instruments, equipment, equipped with means of monitoring and control;

network technologies, internetization of engineering products, complexes, integration into global networks.

For the "Production of machinery and equipment" industry, the most important areas of technological development should be:

implementation of existing scientific and technical groundwork in such areas as power engineering, reactor construction (transition to the production of fourth-generation reactors), etc .;

reduction of metal and energy consumption of products.

For the industry "Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment", the most important areas of technological development should be:

convergence with Western manufacturers, accompanied by a gradual expansion of the use of Russian parts, components and components;

the transition to the production of new generation radio-electronic products, focused on the demand from the Russian Armed Forces, including support for their own developments in the field of power and high-current electronics (magnetrons, microwave electronics, radar stations with a new generation of phased array, new intelligence, communication and control systems in real time, over-the-horizon radars, etc.).

There is absolutely no alternative to the need for state support for those machine-building industries that are associated with the implementation of national priorities for scientific and technological development in the area of direct responsibility of the state, especially in the field of defense and security. Hence follows the priority task of the development of those machine-building industries that can ensure the technological re-equipment of those defense industry enterprises that form technological chains participating in the implementation of the most promising directions of development of the HHCT.

In addition, within the framework of the implementation of national priorities related to the technological modernization of the economy in areas demanded by business, but at the same time being in the sphere of state interests, technological re-equipment of existing and creation of new machine-building industries deserves priority attention, the products of which are necessary to solve the following tasks:

ensuring the effective functioning and development of the oil and gas complex;

energy and resource saving, energy efficient consumption;

development of transport infrastructure;

technological modernization of the agro-industrial complex.

Within the framework of the implementation of the national priority associated with ensuring the transfer of traditional sectors of the economy to a fundamentally new technological base, including through the deployment of globally oriented specialized industries, the technological development of the machine tool industry plays a special role.

In the machine tool industry, there is a long decline in production (in 2004 it was 10% of the 1990 level), the rates of renewal of the production apparatus and innovative activity are extremely low. It is estimated that 90% of the machine tool park of the Russian industry is domestically produced units, so the transition to imported equipment will require $ 14 billion in annual investments over 10 years. It is clear that a complete technical re-equipment of the machine-building complex of the Russian industry at the expense of imported equipment is impossible.

If we proceed from their simple reproduction, then in order to maintain the current level of machine-building production, the annual need for industry is at least 50 thousand units. new machining equipment. In 2006, the forecasted minimum industrial demand was met by only 30 percent. According to existing forecasts, to ensure sustainable growth in mechanical engineering, it is necessary to supply by 2015 about 700 thousand units of new machining equipment worth about 800 billion rubles.

The result of the implementation of a set of measures for the development of the machine tool industry should be the achievement of the following goals by 2015:

an increase in the domestic market up to 125-130 billion rubles (100 thousand units) per year;

an increase in the production of machining equipment to RUB 90 billion. (up to 75 thousand units) and tools - up to 30 billion rubles. in 2015 (in 2007 prices);

reducing dependence on imports;

solution of issues of staffing of enterprises, which are typical for the entire industry;

an increase in the absolute volume of investments in the machine tool industry (up to RUB 10 billion in 2015, in 2007 prices), primarily due to an increase in the share of borrowed funds. The use of financial instruments is also assumed: leasing, concessional lending.

Within the framework of the implementation of the national priority related to the development of transport infrastructure, a special place belongs to the development of transport engineering, which is due to the role that rail transport plays in Russia.

The strategy for the development of transport engineering in 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015 implies the allocation of state funds for R&D. To ensure long-term planning of production development, it is envisaged to introduce the practice of long-term contracts between consumers and manufacturers for the supply of rolling stock and equipment. This will ensure the full satisfaction of domestic demand for modern railway rolling stock and eliminate the shortage of railway equipment by 2015, as well as expand the export of transport engineering products. The provisions of the Strategy are coordinated with forecasts of the demand for rolling stock, which are the basis for the Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport until 2030 developed by the Ministry of Transport of Russia with the participation of Russian Railways.

In 2006, transport engineering enterprises exported more than 13% of the total production volume. It is planned that by 2015 China and India will become, in fact, the largest consumers of transport engineering products. Thus, the industry should be faced with the task of not only remaining the dominant supplier in the CIS markets, which cannot be lost, but also becoming the main supplier of products and technologies for the Asian markets, primarily the Southeast region.

It is expected that the favorable situation in the industry will be ensured mainly due to the action of two main factors:

a sharp increase in demand, because a large-scale renewal of rolling stock is planned as part of the investment program of RAO Russian Railways;

high level of government support. Domestic manufacturers of railway equipment are largely under state protectorate, import positions and the presence of foreign companies in the domestic market are regulated.

Limitations and risks:

The dominance of a large consumer (RAO RZhD) on the market makes railway engineering enterprises highly dependent on its pricing procurement policy, as well as the procurement plans themselves. The effect of this factor will weaken gradually as independent carriers develop.

Excessive state protection of domestic railway engineering enterprises has a disincentive effect on technical progress in the industry. As a result, the products of domestic producers lag significantly behind imported ones in many respects, and in the event of a decrease in the level of state support, it may turn out to be uncompetitive. Technological lag is observed, first of all, in terms of modern electric locomotive building, as well as high-speed locomotives and cars, as well as in terms of efficiency and operating costs of rolling stock.

Lack of production capacity. The low rates of rolling stock renewal at RAO Russian Railways in the 90s and the beginning of their modernization in the 2000s have led to the fact that already at present, the level of utilization of production capacities exceeds 80%. In the future, given the projected growth rates of demand, domestic producers will not be able to fully satisfy it.

For the near future, within the framework of the implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Transport Engineering until 2010, the following directions of technological modernization of railway transport have been adopted as priorities:

development and launch of a family of one- and two-system electric locomotives with brushless traction motors;

development and launch of a family of hybrid shunting diesel locomotives with highly efficient energy storage systems;

development and launch into production of diesel locomotive engines with improved efficiency and environmental safety;

development and production of a high-tech component base in transport engineering: power converters, cassette bearings, high-temperature cables.

Among the key tasks of the automotive industry are maintaining positions in the domestic passenger car market in the future (including through industrial assembly) and accelerating the development of localization of production of foreign cars in Russia. On the one hand, already in the medium term, cheap cars made in China and the CIS countries will enter the Russian market (including the rapidly developing production of passenger cars in Ukraine). On the other hand, in developed countries, the penetration of high technologies (ICT, the use of nanomaterials, etc.) into the auto industry will lead to the emergence of new consumer properties, some of which may become a de facto standard (the use of ICT in traffic management, reduction in fuel consumption) or de jure (compliance with environmental requirements).

In the truck market, there is an opportunity to strengthen its position in the markets of high-traffic trucks with a carrying capacity of 5-8 tons, which are in demand for regions with difficult natural and climatic operating conditions, as well as for defense purposes in a number of countries.

The main technological directions for the development of the automotive industry in the future:

localization of the production of components according to technologies used by the world's leading manufacturers, ensuring a slowdown in the dynamics of imports of cars (and, partially, trucks) and an increase in the export of cars

adaptation to increasingly stringent environmental requirements;

expanding the use of new technologies and technological solutions, including in the production of trucks - the use of new materials (carbon plastics, light metals, kevlar, nanomaterials), information and communication technologies, including global positioning systems, traffic dispatching, etc.

According to expert estimates, the industry should go through 2 stages of modernization:

5-7 years, until 2015 - meeting the current demand using technologies of the previous generation, purchasing traditional equipment, tools, components, mostly imported;

until 2025 (subject to the implementation of an innovative scenario for the development and development of products with improved quality parameters) mastering new Russian technologies and equipment with the trend of import substitution.

According to estimates, the cost of MSC production in comparable prices in 2007 will grow from RUB 4924 billion. in 2007 to:

1. For the energy-resource scenario: taking into account the "full" impact of technological modernization - 9623 billion rubles. in 2025

2. For the innovative scenario: taking into account the "full" impact of technological modernization - 14805 billion rubles. in 2025

Production volumes of MSK in 2007 prices, within the framework of an innovative scenario with an assessment of the "full" impact of technological modernization for the period 2010-2025. will grow 3.3 times. The level of production of manufactured products by MSC under the innovative scenario in 2025 is almost 1.55 times higher than in the base case, excluding technological modernization.

Possible forks in the technological development of the sector may arise, first of all, due to the lack of "state attention" to the prospects of the sector development. It should be noted that so far "private money" practically does not work in mechanical engineering. The enterprises of the sector, mostly state-owned from the military-industrial complex, are mainly forced to develop at their own expense in the face of tough industry competition. As a result, a low level of investment, as well as a high depreciation of production assets, are accompanied by a decrease in the volume of production of competitive products.

Separately, it is worth noting the solution to the problems of technological and state security associated with the use of dual-use technologies. Most of the machining equipment included in the lists of dual-use technologies is not produced in our country or is seriously inferior in its characteristics to foreign counterparts. Thus, Russian defense and civil engineering will be under the threat of losing access to advanced equipment and technologies, well controlled by Western states.

Assessing the likelihood of achieving the set goals, taking into account the existing starting conditions and trends, it seems possible to conclude that with appropriate funding for scientific developments in the field of new equipment, the prospects for the development of the Russian machine-building sector aimed at meeting growing domestic demand are quite favorable. In particular, for traditional and new products of heavy engineering, dominance of Russian manufacturers is possible, for a number of other branches of engineering, if not import substitution, then a significant weakening of dependence on imports is possible.

A high level of government support (primarily in railway engineering and the automotive industry) plays a special role.

On the contrary, the possibilities of supplying Russian technologies, engineering products and services on the world market should be assessed as limited.

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Content
1. COMPOSITION, VALUE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS
2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF MACHINE BUILDING
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
4. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF ENGINEERING
BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST

1. COMPOSITION, VALUE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS

The machine-building complex is the leading one among the intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes; it accounts for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all workers in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of fixed industrial production assets. In our country, this complex is not sufficiently developed. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the value of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry, in developing countries it is much less.

Compared to industry as a whole, machine building and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprises (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1700 people in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 for industry as a whole), higher capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of production. Complex engineering products require a varied profession and highly skilled workforce.

Among all industries, machine building takes the first place in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.

Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority branches as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Machine building, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. The industries providing the development of the scientific and technological revolution in the entire national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. The branches providing the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine-tool industry and the tool industry.

3. Branches that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged associated with the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, and household machines. The nature of products in the old branches of mechanical engineering has radically changed.

The main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this sector that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number industries and industries. The enterprises of the industry are closely related to each other, as well as with enterprises in other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a large consumer of metal, has broad ties, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial convergence of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely related to non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and many other industries. Engineering products are consumed by all, without exception, sectors of the national economy.

Currently, there are 19 independent industries in the structure of mechanical engineering, which include over 100 specialized subsectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, power and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc.

Heavy engineering. Plants in this industry are distinguished by high consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. The industry's enterprises produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical machine building, mining, lifting and transport machine building, diesel locomotive building and track machine building, car building, diesel building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear machine building, printing machine building.

The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large-scale production of steel and rolled products. The sub-industry produces equipment for sinter plants, blast furnaces and electric smelting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

The profile of mining engineering plants is machines for exploration, as well as open and closed ways mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and industry building materials, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce tunneling and shearers, rotary and walking excavators.

The products of lifting and transport engineering are of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half of them are manual labor. The sub-industry produces electric bridge cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, equipment for the complex mechanization of warehouses.

Diesel locomotive building, car building and track engineering provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.

This sub-industry also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal, etc.).

Turbine engineering supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry. The factories of the sub-industry produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of tank reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.

Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.

Electrical industry. The industry produces more than 100 thousand items of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly surpasses all subsectors of heavy engineering in aggregate. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production includes: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment.

The machine tool industry includes the production of metal cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. Metal-cutting machine tools account for about half of the production volume.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are notable for their low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly qualified workforce and research personnel. The factories of the industry specialize in the installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, office equipment. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for control of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering labor, information systems.

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitted, garment, footwear, leather, fur industry, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of placement is proximity to the consumer.

Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.

The rocket and space industry produces orbital spaceships, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships, and reusable spacecraft of the Buran type, which combines high technologies with a broad inter-industry complexity of production.

Automotive industry. By the volume of production, as well as by the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in the retail trade.

Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detailed specialization is carried out; significantly fewer factories are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul equipment. The industry produces various types of harvesters: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, caterpillar row-crop, etc.

Shipbuilding industry. Most of the industry's enterprises, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters they consume, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.

The distribution of industries in the countries of the world has developed under the influence of a large number of reasons, the main of which is the labor factor. The focus on labor determines the main shifts in the location of the industry: it has moved to areas with "cheap" labor. After the war, mechanical engineering developed especially rapidly in Japan, Italy, later in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and also in some countries of the "new industrialization".

The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. STP determines structural changes in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by the scientific and technological revolution predetermined the increase in the share of labor in the value of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor has become preferable to countries with resources.

Third, there is a systematic increase in the complexity of machine-building production, which predetermined the division of countries into producers of mass products and manufacturers of highly qualified science-intensive products, as well as the emergence of a tendency to “transfer” mass production facilities that do not require the cost of skilled labor to “new” countries and the preservation of highly qualified industries in old countries, "monopolists" of scientific and technological progress.

All of the above processes are superimposed on the tendency of increasing specialization and cooperation in mechanical engineering of individual countries and the whole world. This trend is driven primarily by the benefits of scale-up. In this regard, it can be argued that the practice of actions of TNCs creating a production and cooperative network designed for the markets of entire continents has certain technical and economic grounds.

Determine the level of development of mechanical engineering in different countries very difficult. However, by the sum of the features, the following groups of countries can be distinguished:

1. Countries with a full range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.

2. Countries with insignificant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - England.

3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.

4. Countries forced to import a part of engineering products from abroad.

5. Countries with uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: export of machinery covers less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).

This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and determine the role of individual regions in the location of the global mechanical engineering.

The region "North America" (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering.

This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly sophisticated products, heavy engineering products and science-intensive industries.

The region “Western Europe” accounts for 25 to 30% of the world's mechanical engineering production.

The third region is "East and Southeast Asia" (about 20% of mechanical engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.

The fourth region of the world mechanical engineering is being formed in Brazil.

In recent years, countries with cheap labor have found themselves in a more favorable position than countries with raw materials.

The second most important factor was scientific and technological progress. Machine-building production is becoming more complex, therefore, countries that produce mass products, manufacturers of complex science-intensive products stand out, specialization and intercountry cooperation are developing.

A feature of the mechanical engineering of developed countries in comparison with developing countries is the most complete structure of mechanical engineering and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence, high exportability and a large share in engineering products in the total value of exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).

General mechanical engineering is far from homogeneous in developed and developing countries. The first group of countries is dominated by machine tool building, heavy machine building, equipment manufacturing, while the other is dominated by agricultural machine building. Germany, the USA, Italy, Japan, and Sweden are the leaders in the machine tool industry. The entire group of developing countries accounts for only 6% of the output of machine tool products.

In the electrical industry, the electronics industry has rapidly advanced. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.

The first is the lot of economically developed countries, the second (requiring a large number of cheap labor) has become common for developing countries. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius export home appliances even to developed countries.

In the engineering industry itself, the process of internationalization of production has been developing in recent years. This process is carried out mainly between industrialized countries, where about 9/10 of the capacity of mechanical engineering and more than 9/10 of the volume of R&D are concentrated. In mechanical engineering, flexible automated production and computer-aided design systems are being introduced. In the production of equipment for these systems, the main roles are played by Japan and the USA.

The structure of transport engineering has also changed. The shipbuilding and automotive industries developed intensively. Moreover, the relocation of shipbuilding and rolling stock production to developing countries is noticeable.

Locomotives are produced by India, Brazil, Argentina, Turkey. Mexico, Egypt, Iran, Thailand stand out among the production of wagons.

Significant changes have also taken place in the automotive industry. Japan came out on top, overtaking the United States, then France, Italy, Spain, and Great Britain. Truck production is concentrated in the USA, Japan, CIS countries, Russia and Canada. In addition to Brazil and the Republic of Korea, auto assembly has spread all over the world in recent years. The automotive industry in China is growing significantly, stimulated by the development of car assembly in the "free economic zones".

Basically, the role of individual regions of the world in the placement of mechanical engineering is as follows: the countries of North America account for more than 30% of the world engineering production, the countries of Western Europe - 25-30%, the countries of East and Southeast Asia - 20%.

In terms of the most important indicator reflecting the scale of development of the industry, the cost of engineering products among developed countries, the USA, Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany are in the lead. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the world's mechanical engineering is about 90%.

In the CIS countries, the machine-building complex accounts for 30% of the value of industrial products. These countries occupy an intermediate position between the economically developed and developing countries of the world.

In general, the bulk of the output of engineering products is still concentrated in developed countries. The shift in mechanical engineering to countries with cheap labor was driven by the energy crisis. Despite this, the share of developing countries (especially countries of "new industrialization") in the production of mechanical engineering products continues to remain insignificant, and there is no need to talk about fundamental shifts in the world mechanical engineering.

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF MACHINE BUILDING

machine-building complex industry

The factors of placement are considered to be a set of various spatial unequal conditions and resources, when using which the best results are achieved in terms of the selected criteria and the set goal of the placed production facilities.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the presence of a social need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity. But in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the branches of the so-called "free allocation", it is to a lesser extent than any other branch of industry, is influenced by such factors as the natural environment, the availability of mineral resources, water, etc. At the same time, a number of economic factors have a strong impact on the location of machine-building enterprises, especially the concentration of production, its specialization, cooperation, the labor intensity of certain types of products, the convenience of transport and economic relations arising in the process of cooperation of machine-building enterprises. The specialization of mechanical engineering has reached a very high level of development. Subject specialization, technology specialization, and detailed specialization are widespread in the industry. Specialization in mechanical engineering is determined by the profile of engineering enterprises and the nature of the products produced - mass, large-scale, small-scale, individual. The release of mass products reduces the possibility of creating the entire technological process at enterprises and contributes to the development of technological specialization.

The development of all types of specialization in mechanical engineering has led to an exceptionally wide cooperation, both between its enterprises and with factories of other industries supplying structural materials, plastic products, glass, etc. At the same time, they specialize in the production of not only mass products (for example, cars, radios and other household appliances), but also small-scale and even individual ones (production of the largest turbine of 1200 thousand kW in St. Petersburg). The location of mechanical engineering is determined to a large extent by the labor intensity of products, the level of qualifications of the labor used, as well as the peculiarities of specialization and cooperative ties of enterprises. The level of metal consumption in itself is not a determining factor in the placement of mechanical engineering. Many types of mechanical engineering products, characterized by high metal consumption, are at the same time labor-consuming. Mass and large-scale production of finished products so greatly reduces the cost of its manufacture that this justifies long-distance transportation arising in the course of cooperative ties or deliveries of products to consumers. The deep specialization of factories makes them resort to apparently unprofitable transportation. The existence of this kind of transportation is inevitable in the conditions of the modern organization of machine-building production. The release of small-scale or individual products is episodic and cannot determine the location of enterprises for their production, depending on the metallurgical bases and consumers. The creation of complexes of interconnected industries in mechanical engineering in individual regions of the country is difficult due to the very fractional specialization of the industry and its enterprises. Volzhsky Automobile Plant has, for example, more than 300 subcontractors who supply it with over 1000 components and 500 types of materials. They account for more than 55% of the cost of car production.

With a small variety of products and materials supplied, it turns out to be impossible to create all subcontractors in the area of the head enterprise-consumer. The output of the final types of mechanical engineering products that go to other branches of the mechanical engineering itself or the national economy is intended to satisfy the entire national economy, everyday life and export. Consumers of these types of products are located in all regions of the country and abroad. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the location of engineering enterprises cannot be guided by the factor of consumption of its products. Only certain types of products intended for use in specific natural conditions or for certain mining and geological conditions are produced in the areas of their consumption (most often agricultural machines, machines and mechanisms for the forestry industry, mining equipment). The noted features of the location of machine building determine the large role and importance of the transport factor in the implementation of cooperative supplies and the provision of finished products to consumers. The rhythm of the operation of conveyors and production lines of machine-building plants depends on the precise work of both allied enterprises and transport. A developed transport network, the ability to use different types of transport between cooperating enterprises increases the reliability of intra- and inter-district communications. As a result of a sharp reduction in the cost of transporting products by all types of transport, the proximity of suppliers of products now plays a much smaller role than in the past.

In the context of the developed specialization of machine-building plants in the production of certain types of products, the unification of the production of certain types of machines, equipment, parts and tools produced at different but related enterprises of the industry is becoming increasingly important. This process also has a strong impact on the location of the engineering industry. Unified products allow each enterprise to provide a wider range of consumers, thereby strengthening and developing intra-district ties, contributing to the zoning of sales of products of related enterprises.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

In the territorial organization of the industry, the following main machine-building regions are distinguished:

a) Central region

b) Volga region

c) Uralsky district

The economy of the Central District, earlier than other territories, received an industrial orientation. Only from the end of the 19th century. here the accelerated development of mechanical engineering began, the production of steam locomotives, boilers at Kolomenskoye and Sormovskoye ( Nizhny Novgorod) factories. Industry developed especially rapidly during the pre-war five-year plans. It was then that most of the currently operating large machine-building plants were created: aviation (Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod), automobile, bearing, watch, machine-tool, heavy engineering, etc.

A specific feature of the Center's industry remained its focus on the production of products that do not require a large mass of raw materials and fuel (not raw materials, fuel, energy, metal-intensive types of products), but making high demands on the quality of work and qualifications of workers (labor-intensive, science-intensive).

If we briefly consider the regional aspect of the location of engineering industries, then the Central Economic Region will occupy the leading position among the engineering regions not only in Russia, but also in the CIS. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of mechanical engineering products for the light industry. Almost 80% of the products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the availability of qualified personnel, research and development and design organizations.

The Northwest Economic Region is part of the Central Region of Russia. The main share of mechanical engineering products falls on St. Petersburg, which concentrates energy, radio engineering, optical and mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, car building, machine tool building. Kaliningrad is an important center of marine shipbuilding.

The Volga region is the country's largest car manufacturer. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in the zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, it is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex makes it possible to organize wide cooperation ties.

The Volzhsky Automobile Plant was built in Togliatti in 3.5 years (1967-1971) and is the leader in the country's automotive industry in terms of the technical equipment of the shops, the level of automation and mechanization. VAZ has extensive ties with the Volga Region Enterprises (Nizhnekamsk Plant, Volzhsky Plant RGI, Dimitrovgrad plants in the Ulyanovsk Region), as well as with Enterprises specially built for VAZ in other regions of the country, for example, with the Vologda Bearing Plant.

KamAZ is the largest enterprise in Russia for the production of heavy-duty trucks. It includes seven factories: automobile, engine, pressor, blacksmith, foundry, wheel, repair and tool. KAMAZ has more than 100 subcontractors providing supplies of the necessary components. The Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant was founded in 1941 on the basis of the evacuated ZIL. A series of UAZ vehicles of high cross-country ability, intended for small-batch transportation of goods, has been created here.

The traditional industry of the Volga region is river shipbuilding, the largest center is Astrakhan.

The largest machine-building centers: Samara (machine-tool building, bearing production, aircraft manufacturing, automotive electrical equipment, mill and elevator equipment, etc.); Saratov (machine-tool industry, production of petrochemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, aircraft construction, electrical products, etc.); Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.); Ulyanovsk (machine tools, aircraft, automotive, engines, sprinklers, etc.); Togliatti (the complex of VAZ Enterprises - the leading one in the automotive industry of the country, production of equipment for the cement industry); Nizhnekamsk (complex of Enterprises of the Kama Automobile Plant for the production of trucks and diesel engines).

Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy, petrochemical industry, agricultural engineering, etc.), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation) are also important centers of mechanical engineering. The greatest development prospects in the Volga economic region are in the automobile and tractor construction.

The Ural was the first "real" mountainous region to which Muscovite Rus expanded in its expansion. While the method of smelting pig iron on bituminous coal remained unknown, the Urals, with its high-grade ores, rich forests and free labor, played a very important role in world metallurgy. In the Urals, giant factories have been built in Magnitogorsk (it is the largest in the world, melting up to 16 million tons of steel per year), in Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. Most of the hundreds of small Ural metallurgical plants have switched to metalworking and mechanical engineering, but about two dozen of them continue to produce high-quality steels.

Ural specializes in the heavy engineering industry. Plants in this industry are distinguished by high consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises that produce parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), and universal, producing serial or individual execution of different types of equipment ("Uralmash").

So, to summarize: the third large region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Urals. In terms of production volume, the region is inferior to the Central and Volga regions.

In 2009, the structure of the output of the listed groups looked as follows: (in percent) investment machine building - 18; high technology engineering - 14.6; tractor and agricultural - 2.7; mechanical engineering for light and food industries - 2.6; automotive industry - 30.6; other subsectors of mechanical engineering - 31.5.

However, there are other classifications of engineering industries. So, for example, according to the technical and economic characteristics of production, which determine the main differences in the requirements for the conditions for the location of enterprises, they distinguish metal-intensive, labor-intensive and high-tech machine building: according to the technologies used, they are low-cost and costly (medium- and high-tech).

In the structure of industrial production as a whole, mechanical engineering occupies a leading position, as evidenced by the data in Table 1.

Table 1 - Structure of production by main industries


All industry
electric power
fuel industry

Oil producing
Oil refining

Coal
Ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Chemical and petrochemical industry.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries
Building materials industry
Light industry
Food industry

Thus, one fifth of the industrial output produced in the country falls on mechanical engineering.

Fig. 1. The share of GDP and automotive products in the worldproduction

The automotive industry is the leading mechanical engineering industry in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for the products of the entire industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the share of the industry in the total volume of mechanical engineering production is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automotive industry in the gross domestic product of the USA and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

In the exports of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars in value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for raising all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide expansion of manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries, including the United States, the leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand have almost reached their saturation limit cars(US 740 cars per 1000 inhabitants). In Russia, the achievement in 5 years of the level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants can be considered the most important socio-economic task.

Currently, the automotive industry in Russia employs up to 1 million people, and the share of the automotive industry in the mechanical engineering of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation of the industry. Due to excise taxes, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, car factories are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, the car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of the mass of the car produced, the income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have established numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, ZIL JSC has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

Automotive motors are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized factories. Most of these factories are located outside the automotive centers. They supply their products in cooperation to several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the national economy. It includes more than a dozen factories located in most of the country's economic regions. Each of the factories specializes in the production of certain standard sizes of bearings and supplies them to various enterprises in the country.

Automotive enterprises are located in various regions of the country, but the overwhelming part of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas for the location of the automotive industry are: central, Volgo-Vyatka, Povolzhsky. Particularly important is the role of the Moscow region, where ZIL, Likinsky bus plant, factories for the production of bearings and component parts are located.

Cars of upper and middle class are produced in Volgo-Vyatskiy (Nizhniy Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Uralskiy (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Togliatti), small cars - in Serpukhov.

Medium tonnage trucks are produced by factories of the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

Small-tonnage and heavy-duty vehicles are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volgo-Vyatsky (Pavlovo), Uralsky (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering, relatively well developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of low-efficiency steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of wagons, the creation of new types of wagons for the transportation of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of construction materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, special heating units. tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central Region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has sharply increased; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for wide and narrow gauge are supplied mainly by enterprises of the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

The Kirov region, one of the largest regions in the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation, is located in the northeast of the European part of Russia and is part of the Volga Federal District. The total area of the territory within modern borders is 120.8 thousand square kilometers (0.7% of the area of the Russian Federation). The population of the region is 1461.3 thousand people.

The mechanical engineering of the region is represented by enterprises of the aviation, electrical, machine-tool and tool industries.

Actively develops new types of modern products of OJSC "Electromashinostroitelny zavod im. Lepse ", producing along with the main products (more than 600 types of aircraft electrical units), kitchen and household appliances (food processors" Gamma-7-01 ", electric pumps" Vodoley "), automotive components; power tools, electric motors, electrode steam boilers; medical equipment, complexes for electrochemical metal processing.

Among the large industrial enterprises of the region is OJSC Kirov Machine-Building Plant named after May 1 ", the largest enterprise in Russia for the production of special equipment for the construction and operation of railways. Kirovo-Chepetsk Chemical Plant is one of the largest manufacturers of fluoropolymer products in Russia.

In total, there are 446 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the Kirov region. The machine-building complex of the region includes 74 large and medium-sized enterprises (in 2007 - more than 32.3% of the gross regional product in the industry of the Kirov region), employing more than 30% of the industrial production personnel of the region's industry and about 17% of the value of the main industrial - production assets of the region (table 1).

The machine-building enterprises of the region manufacture such products as electric motors, low-voltage equipment, household electric and gas stoves, wires and cables for various purposes, switching products, metal-cutting and woodworking machines, elevators, winches, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, various electrical household technique, etc.

For a number of important products (non-insulated wire for overhead power lines, a large number of products for completing aircraft equipment, some products of the defense industry, the MPD-2 self-propelled motor platform, etc.), the Kirov region is the only manufacturer in Russia.

In the sectoral structure of production of the machine-building complex of the region, the leading positions are occupied by machine-building (86.3% of the volume of industrial products and services in the machine-building complex of the Kirov region).

There are several major subsectors in the region's mechanical engineering: power engineering, lifting and transport engineering, electrical engineering, chemical and petroleum engineering, machine tool and tool industry, inter-branch industries, instrument making, automotive industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, road construction and municipal engineering, mechanical engineering for light and food industries and household appliances (shares of industries - Fig. 2).

Table 2 - Main indicators of the machine-building complex of the Kirov region in 2009

Indicator name	Value
Number of large and medium-sized enterprises
The number of employees by the main type of activity (PPP) for large and medium-sized enterprises, thousand people
The volume of products (works, services) produced by the full range of enterprises in the current wholesale prices, billion rubles.
Industrial production index,%
Profit of profitable enterprises (for large and medium-sized enterprises), mln. Rubles
Loss of enterprises (for large and medium-sized enterprises), mln. Rubles
The number of unprofitable enterprises in the total number of large and medium-sized enterprises,%
Average annual full book value of fixed assets (for the main type of activity), mln. Rub.
The volume of investments in fixed assets, million rubles
Exports (machinery, equipment and vehicles), USD million
including to the CIS countries, USD mln.
Imports (machinery, equipment and vehicles), USD million
including from the CIS countries, million dollars

Table 3 - Indices of the physical volume of production of mechanical engineering products by large and medium-sized enterprises of the region

	in% to last year
Name of the industry, sub-industry
Mechanical engineering and metalworking, total
1. Mechanical engineering
including:
Diesel engineering
Hoisting and transport engineering
Railway engineering
Electrical industry
Chemical and petroleum engineering
Machine-tool and tool industry
Tractor and agricultural engineering
Mechanical engineering for light and food industries and household appliances
Manufacture of sanitary and gas equipment and products
2. Industry of metal structures and products
3. Repair of machinery and equipment

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the machine-building complex, as evidenced by the dynamics of indicators of production volumes by industry and sub-industry (Table 2).

Fig. 2 The structure of the region's mechanical engineering

It should be noted, however, that since mechanical engineering provides the production of an extremely wide range of different types of products intended for various groups of consumers, the development trends and dynamics of the industrial production index in different subsectors of mechanical engineering may differ significantly, since factors specific to the subsectors have a significant impact on the situation in the subsectors. for each sub-sector.

The drop in production in the electrical industry and hoisting-and-transport engineering at the end of the 1990s turned out to be quite deep, but in these subsectors in the last three years there has been a rapid rise, associated with a number of reasons: for the electrical industry - an increase in the investment activity of RAO "UES of Russia" , obtaining large export orders by Russian enterprises; for lifting and transport engineering - industrial growth and an increase in the volume of transportation. Growth is also observed in railway engineering, the industry of metal structures and products, and the repair of machinery and equipment.

In some sectors, there is a constant decline in production volumes - chemical and oil engineering, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries and household appliances.

In other sub-sectors, there is a fluctuation in production volumes both in the positive and in the negative direction.

The most significant drop in production is observed in the machine-tool and tool industry, tractor and agricultural engineering. Machine-tool building largely determines the technological level of the machine building itself and many other industries, and therefore the protracted decline in this sub-industry, which indicates extremely low investment in the renewal of the machine tool park, also speaks of the accumulation of the technological lag of the Russian machine-building industry from the machine-building of foreign industrialized countries. ...

Mechanical engineering and metalworking of the region as a whole in recent years have been constantly reducing production volumes, which indicates a negative trend in the development of the complex in the Kirov region.

The situation with the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the defense-industrial complex) affects the machine-building industry of the Kirov region especially strongly, since half of the large machine-building enterprises in the region are enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

The importance of the enterprises of the defense industry of the Kirov region and their current state are characterized by the following indicators. The average number of employees at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex is about 30 thousand people, or 78.1% of those employed in mechanical engineering or 6.8% of those employed in all sectors of the regional economy.

According to the results of work in 2007, the enterprises of the military-industrial complex produced 54.3% of the output of mechanical engineering or 20.4% of the industrial output of the region in the volume of production of all marketable products.

The decline in production in the military-industrial complex in 1991-97. turned out to be especially deep, and largely determined the lag of the index of industrial production in machine building and metalworking from the corresponding index for the entire industry of Russia.

If we compare the defense industry complex with other mechanical engineering sectors in terms of the range of products it produces, it will turn out to be the most extensive. This is due to both the variety of products manufactured by the defense industry and its complexity. Although high-tech science-intensive products are also produced by civil engineering, it is in the defense industry that the development and production of most of such products are concentrated.

Considering the production of defense industry products, one more circumstance can be noted. The defense industry enterprises produce not only military products, but also civilian products, and in large volumes. Conversion of existing production for the production of civilian products is still diverting funds from defense enterprises. Also, the decrease in production rates is affected by the need to constantly maintain the mobilization capacities of enterprises.

As a result, the indicators of the machine-building industry of the Kirov region in 2009 are significantly lower than those of the machine-building industry in Russia as a whole (the average index of machine-building production in Russia in 2009 is 111.7%).

The share of unprofitable enterprises in the total number of large and medium-sized enterprises of the machine-building complex of the region in 2009 is 37.7%. There is a positive trend in this indicator, since in 2008 the share of such enterprises was 42.6%. The indicators of the Kirov region in terms of the number of unprofitable enterprises are comparable with the all-Russian ones.

The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises of the machine-building and metalworking industry exceeds the average for the industry. Only chemical and petrochemical enterprises have a higher degree of wear. This conclusion is confirmed by the data of a market survey of industrial enterprises conducted at the end of 2005 by the Center for Economic Situations under the Government of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - CEC). They show that almost 60% of machine-building and metalworking enterprises in Russia (excluding the medical equipment industry) are equipped with equipment manufactured before 1980, and the average age of machinery and equipment is more than 20 years.

The situation in the military-industrial complex is somewhat better - about 30% of machinery and equipment there are over 20 years old; but still, most of the machinery and equipment were purchased more than 10 years ago.

The high value of the average age of machinery and equipment has a significant impact on the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, since machine building and metalworking is characterized by a higher share of machinery and equipment in the structure of fixed assets for industrial purposes than the industry average.

In recent years, the region has exacerbated the problem of the technological structure of production, which is based on the replacement of outdated technologies and fixed assets with modern ones. Accordingly, the processes of degradation of production potential are increasing every year: the degree of wear and tear of fixed assets of machine-building enterprises in the region is more than 50%, including for machines and equipment - about 72% (with an annual increase of 1.5-2%), and the share production corresponding to the fifth technological order (which emerged in developed countries in the 90s) is less than 10%.

The process of steady aging and deterioration of the qualitative composition of engineering and production personnel (the average age of engineers and technicians is 50-60 years) is growing, which is largely predetermined by the low level of wages and the lack of the necessary complex of social events, and at the same time the loss of prestige of engineering specialties for young people. ... As a result, qualifications are sharply reduced, and the continuity of generations is lost.

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1. COMPOSITION, VALUE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS

The machine-building complex is the leading one among the intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF MACHINE BUILDING

machine-building complex industry

The factors of placement are considered to be a set of various spatial unequal conditions and resources, when using which the best results are achieved in terms of the selected criteria and the set goal of the placed production facilities.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

In the territorial organization of the industry, the following main machine-building regions are distinguished:

a) Central region

b) Volga region

c) Uralsky district

The traditional industry of the Volga region is river shipbuilding, the largest center is Astrakhan.

So, to summarize: the third large region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Urals. In terms of production volume, the region is inferior to the Central and Volga regions.

In the structure of industrial production as a whole, mechanical engineering occupies a leading position, as evidenced by the data in Table 1.

Table 1 - Structure of production by main industries

Thus, one fifth of the industrial output produced in the country falls on mechanical engineering.

Fig. 1. The share of GDP and automotive products in the worldproduction

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have established numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, ZIL JSC has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

Cars of upper and middle class are produced in Volgo-Vyatskiy (Nizhniy Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Uralskiy (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Togliatti), small cars - in Serpukhov.

Medium tonnage trucks are produced by factories of the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

Small-tonnage and heavy-duty vehicles are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volgo-Vyatsky (Pavlovo), Uralsky (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central Region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has sharply increased; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for wide and narrow gauge are supplied mainly by enterprises of the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

Table 2 - Main indicators of the machine-building complex of the Kirov region in 2009

Table 3 - Indices of the physical volume of production of mechanical engineering products by large and medium-sized enterprises of the region

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the machine-building complex, as evidenced by the dynamics of indicators of production volumes by industry and sub-industry (Table 2).

Fig. 2 The structure of the region's mechanical engineering

In some sectors, there is a constant decline in production volumes - chemical and oil engineering, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries and household appliances.

In other sub-sectors, there is a fluctuation in production volumes both in the positive and in the negative direction.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking of the region as a whole in recent years have been constantly reducing production volumes, which indicates a negative trend in the development of the complex in the Kirov region.

According to the results of work in 2007, the enterprises of the military-industrial complex produced 54.3% of the output of mechanical engineering or 20.4% of the industrial output of the region in the volume of production of all marketable products.

The decline in production in the military-industrial complex in 1991-97. turned out to be especially deep, and largely determined the lag of the index of industrial production in machine building and metalworking from the corresponding index for the entire industry of Russia.

As a result, the indicators of the machine-building industry of the Kirov region in 2009 are significantly lower than those of the machine-building industry in Russia as a whole (the average index of machine-building production in Russia in 2009 is 111.7%).

The situation in the military-industrial complex is somewhat better - about 30% of machinery and equipment there are over 20 years old; but still, most of the machinery and equipment were purchased more than 10 years ago.

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