Loneliness like social problem
List of used literature
Loneliness as a social problem
Loneliness is a socio-psychological state characterized by narrowness or lack of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional disengagement of the individual; also a social disease, which consists in the mass presence of individuals experiencing such conditions.
Loneliness is one of the main social problems that are the subject of social work, and social work- one of the most important tools for eliminating or at least alleviating this social disease. Among the means of combating loneliness are socio-psychological ones: personal diagnostics and identification of individuals with an increased risk of loneliness, communicative trainings to develop communication skills, psychotherapy and psychocorrection to eliminate the painful effects of loneliness, etc.; organizational: the creation of clubs and communication groups, the formation of new social ties among clients and the promotion of new interests to replace those lost, for example, as a result of divorce or widowhood, etc.; socio-medical: education of skills of self-preserving behavior and teaching the basics healthy lifestyle life. Helping lonely people Social worker should have a good idea of the completeness of the problem and the multifactorial nature of its possible solution.
Loneliness is scientifically one of the least developed social concepts. In selective studies, the following types were identified among the lonely. The first type is "hopelessly lonely", completely dissatisfied with their relationship. These people did not have a sexual partner or spouse. They rarely connected with anyone (for example, with neighbors). They have a strong sense of dissatisfaction with their relationships with peers, emptiness, abandonment. More than others, they tend to blame other people for their loneliness. This group includes the majority of divorced men and women.
The second type is "periodically and temporarily lonely." They are sufficiently connected with their friends, acquaintances, although they lack close affection or are not married. They are more likely than others to enter into social contacts in various places. Compared to other singles, they are the most socially active. These people consider their loneliness to be transient, they feel abandoned much less often than other lonely people. Most of them are men and women who have never been married.
The third type is "passive and persistently lonely". Despite the fact that they lack an intimate partner and lack other connections, they do not express such dissatisfaction about this as the respondents belonging to the first and second types. These are people who have come to terms with their situation, accepting it as inevitable. Most of them are widowed people.
Increased marriage and family dynamics (first of all, the nuclearization of families and an increase in the level of divorce), the depersonalization of large cities, the strengthening of the principles of individualism - all these are factors that primarily affect the increase in the scale of loneliness. In addition, socio-medical factors that are positively correlated with the increase in loneliness are the increase in psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia) and borderline conditions and the spread of autism, i.e. painful inability to communicate as a result of defects in obstetrics (“rough hands of a doctor”) and education.
The growth in the number of single people, the assertion of loneliness as an acceptable lifestyle, causes the formation of a specific service industry for this category of the population. It has been established that single people have the opportunity and desire to spend more money on their hobbies, on tourism and recreation, they more often purchase expensive goods, primarily for sports and tourism purposes. Abroad, special residential complexes are being built for the familyless; any of their needs can be satisfied in the service market. Of course, this applies only to those people for whom loneliness is a conscious and comfortable choice, and who does not feel the need for family ties.
The specifics of Russian loneliness are predominantly different. First of all, this is the result high level mortality of the male population (Russian women live much longer than men) and mortality from unnatural causes (it is estimated that approximately one in three mothers has the opportunity to outlive their children). In addition, the general social and family disorganization, the lack of developed technologies for helping lonely people or those at risk of remaining lonely, turn loneliness in its Russian version into a rather malignant social disease.
The concept of loneliness is associated with the experience of situations that are subjectively perceived as undesirable, personally unacceptable for a person, lack of communication and positive intimate relationships with other people. Loneliness is not always accompanied by the social isolation of the individual. You can constantly be among people, contact them and at the same time feel your psychological isolation from them, i.e. loneliness (if, for example, these are strangers or people alien to the individual).
The degree of loneliness experienced is also unrelated to the number of years a person has spent without human contact; people who live alone all their lives sometimes feel less lonely than those who often have to communicate with others. Lonely cannot be called a person who, interacting little with others, does not show either psychological or behavioral reactions of loneliness. In addition, people may not realize that there are discrepancies between real and desirable relationships with others.
Genuine subjective states of loneliness usually accompany symptoms of mental disorders, which take the form of affects with a clearly negative emotional coloring, and different people have different affective reactions to loneliness. Some lonely people complain, for example, of feeling sad and depressed, others say that they feel fear and anxiety, and others report bitterness and anger.
The experience of loneliness is influenced not so much by real relationships, but by the ideal idea of \u200b\u200bwhat they should be. A person who has a strong need for communication will feel lonely if his contacts are limited to one or two people, and he would like to communicate with many; at the same time, someone who does not feel such a need may not feel his loneliness at all, even in the absence of communication with other people.
Loneliness is accompanied by some typical symptoms. Usually lonely people feel psychologically isolated from other people, incapable of normal interpersonal communication, of establishing intimate interpersonal relationships with others such as friendship or love. A lonely person is a depressive or depressed person who experiences, among other things, a lack of communication skills.
A lonely person feels different from everyone else, and considers himself an unattractive person. He claims that no one loves or respects him. Such features of a lonely person's attitude towards himself are often accompanied by specific negative affects, including feelings of anger, sadness, and deep unhappiness. A lonely person avoids social contacts, he isolates himself from other people. He, more than other people, is characterized by the so-called paranormality, impulsiveness, excessive irritability, fear, anxiety, a feeling of weakness and frustration.
Lonely people are more pessimistic than non-lonely people, they experience an exaggerated sense of self-pity, they expect only trouble from other people, and only the worst from the future. They also see their own lives and the lives of others as meaningless. Lonely people are not talkative, behave quietly, try to be inconspicuous, most often they look sad. They often have a tired appearance and increased drowsiness.
An impressive list of typical emotional states, which from time to time cover a chronically lonely person. These are despair, longing, impatience, feeling unattractive, helplessness, panic fear, depression, inner emptiness, boredom, desire to change places, a feeling of underdevelopment, loss of hope, isolation, self-pity, stiffness, irritability, insecurity, abandonment, melancholy, alienation (the list was obtained by factorial analysis of the responses of many lonely people to a special questionnaire).
Lonely people tend to dislike others, especially those who are outgoing and happy. This is their defensive reaction, which in turn prevents them from establishing good relations with people themselves. It is suggested that it is loneliness that forces some people to abuse alcohol or drugs, even if they themselves do not recognize themselves as lonely. A lonely person is characterized by an exceptional focus on himself, on his personal problems and inner experiences. He is characterized by increased anxiety and fear of the catastrophic consequences of an unfavorable set of circumstances in the future.
Having inadequate self-esteem, lonely people either neglect how others perceive and evaluate them, or by all means try to please them. Single people are particularly concerned about problems related to personal sociability, including dating, introducing others, complicity in various affairs, looseness and openness in communication. Lonely people tend to see themselves as less competent than non-lonely people and tend to attribute their failures in establishing interpersonal contacts to a lack of ability. Many tasks associated with establishing intimate relationships cause them increased anxiety and reduce interpersonal activity. Lonely people are less creative in finding ways to solve problems that arise in situations of interpersonal communication. It has been established that loneliness depends on how a person treats himself, i.e. from his self-esteem. For many people, the feeling of loneliness is associated with a clearly low self-esteem. The feeling of loneliness generated by it often leads to a feeling of unfitness and worthlessness in a person.
The emotional states of a lonely person are despair (panic, vulnerability, helplessness, isolation, self-pity), boredom (impatience, desire to change everything, stiffness, irritability), self-abasement (feeling of one's own unattractiveness, stupidity, worthlessness, shyness). A lonely person seems to say: "I am helpless and unhappy, love me, caress me." Against the background of a strong desire for such communication, the phenomenon of “mental moratorium” (E. Erickson’s term) arises:
a return to a childish level of behavior and a desire to delay the acquisition of adult status as long as possible;
a vague but persistent state of anxiety;
feelings of isolation and emptiness;
constant being in a state of something such that something will happen, affect emotionally and life will change dramatically;
fear of intimate communication and inability to emotionally influence persons of the opposite sex;
hostility and contempt for all recognized social roles, down to male and female roles;
contempt for everything national and an unrealistic overestimation of everything foreign (well, where we are not).
Better "active privacy". Start writing something, do what you love, go to the cinema or theater, read, play music, do exercise, listen to music and dance, sit down to study or start doing some work, go to the store and spend the money you saved.
We must not run away from loneliness, but think about what can be done to overcome our loneliness. Remind yourself what you really have a good relationship with other people. Think about what you have good qualities (heartfelt, deep feelings, responsiveness, etc.).
Tell yourself that loneliness is not forever and that things will get better. Think about the activities in which you have always excelled in life (sports, studies, housework, art, etc.). Tell yourself that most people are lonely at one time or another. Take your mind off feelings of loneliness by thinking seriously about something else. Think about the possible benefits of the loneliness you have experienced.
Personality is a stable system of worldview, psychological and behavioral features that characterize a person.
Man is a being embodying the highest stage of development of life, the subject of socio-historical activity.
An individual is a representative of society, a fundamentally indecomposable element of the existence of society.
The social structure of a personality is a combination of individual psychological and socio-psychological qualities of a personality, manifested through the attitude of an employee to surrounding phenomena and events.
The theory of roles - the theory of symbol, interactionism (J. Mead, G. Bloomer, E. Hoffman, M. Kuhn, etc.) considers a person from the point of view of her social roles.
Social status - the relative position of an individual or a social group in a social system, determined by a number of features characteristic of this system.
Social freedom is the ability of a person to act in accordance with his interests and goals, based on the knowledge of objective necessity.
Personality types - an abstract model of personal characteristics inherent in a certain population of people.
Dispositions of personality - numerous personality traits (from 18 to 5 thousand), forming a complex of predispositions to a certain reaction of the subject to the external environment.
The value orientations of a person are a reflection in the mind of a person of values that he recognizes as strategic.
Self-realization is the identification and development of personal abilities by an individual in all spheres of activity.
Mentality - a set of ethno-cultural, social skills and spiritual attitudes, stereotypes.
Motivation - active states of the psyche that encourage a person to perform certain types of actions.
A social attitude is a predisposition fixed in the social experience of an individual (group) to perceive and evaluate socially significant objects, as well as the readiness of an individual (group) for certain actions.
Socialization is the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity.
Internalization is the formation of the structures of the human psyche due to the assimilation of the structures of external social activity.
Conformity - the tendency of an individual to learn norms, habits and values, to change their initial assessments under the influence of the opinions of others.
Anomia - a psychological state: - characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life; - arising when an individual is faced with the need to comply with conflicting norms.
Social satisfaction is a set of perceptions and assessments of the conditions of one's social life, the quality of life, generalized in the mind of an individual.
Interpersonal relationships are a system of attitudes, expectations, stereotypes, orientations through which people perceive and evaluate each other.
The leader is a member of the group, for whom she recognizes the right to make responsible decisions in situations that are significant for her, i.e. the most authoritative person.
Deviant behavior is a form of manifestation of the attitudes of individuals and social groups to the norms and values of the social system in which they operate.
Social control is a mechanism of self-regulation of a system that ensures the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through normative regulation.
Social well-being is a phenomenon of social consciousness, the prevailing state of feelings and minds of certain social groups in a certain period of time.
Social sanctions are measures of the influence of a social group on the behavior of an individual, deviating in a positive or negative sense from social expectations, norms and values.
Do you agree with G. Tarde, who believed that "the so-called" social pressure "only contributes to self-determination and a more vivid expression of each individual personality. Without this support, which provides him with a certain resistance, the individual could not move in the social environment, similar to the one like a bird could not fly without the help of the air resisting its wings "(New ideas in sociology. Sat. N2 // Sociology and psychology. St. Petersburg, 1914. P. 80).
Overcoming the barrier of social pressure becomes possible with the expansion of the degree of internal freedom of the individual. In this case, a freer person gets advantages over less free people, whose behavior is predictable and determined by social norms. If such a person expands the number of his social contacts, then he begins to be pushed up like a cork from the water column. The reason is that in every interpersonal contact the freer person influences the less free one. The more cases this happens, and if the contacts are caused by some socially significant issues, the greater and stronger the influence of this person on society as a whole. In this way, the personal power of the individual is extended to more and more members of society, which is social success.
. "The more primitive the society, the more similarities between the individuals that make them up" (Durkheim E. Method of Sociology. M., 1990. P. 129). How do you understand this statement?
In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual does not belong to himself and is absorbed by the collective. On the contrary, in a developed society based on organic solidarity, both complement each other. The more primitive the society, the more similar people are to each other, the higher the level of coercion and violence, the lower the level of division of labor and the diversity of individuals. The greater the diversity in society, the higher the tolerance of people towards each other, the wider the basis of democracy. In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual consciousness follows and obeys the collective consciousness in everything. The individual here does not belong to himself, he is absorbed by the collective.
Do you agree with the statement that the beginning of individuality is more developed in a woman, and personality in a man? Justify your answer.
I agree. Individuality is a manifestation in the physical space of the essence of a woman - her soul, therefore, the true charm and beauty of a woman is contained in individuality. For most men, getting out of a state of selfishness takes a very long time.
Confirm or refute given judgment: "Modern sciences It is assumed that each individual person personifies the whole of humanity. He is unique with his individual features At the same time, it is repeatable, for it contains all the incriminating features of the human race.
A true man is a man of the world, he contains within himself the whole of humanity. However, being in a damaged state, driven by egoism, which contains alienation from other personalities, people protect themselves in their isolation and are not even able to see the unity of the human race, they cannot accept and contain all of humanity. The unity of humanity is not an empty concept, it has a real basis in human personalities. How a person lives determines whether he unites or divides the whole of humanity.
Below is the judgment. Read it carefully: "Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the old, insufficiently mastered or outdated ones. It includes a lot: from classes to correct reading skills to vocational training for workers. Psychotherapy is also one of the forms of resocialization: people try to find a way out from conflict situations, change their behavior "(Spasibenko S.G. Generations as subjects of public life // Socio-political journal. 1995. N 3. P. 122). What do you think, is it correct or not? What is called resocialization and what types of human activity are related to it? Justify your answer.
Resocialization (lat.<#"justify">1.Komarov M.S. Introduction to sociology. M.: Nauka, 2014. - 364 p. 2.Kravchenko A.I. Sociology. M.: Academ. project, 2015. - 736s. .Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2013. - 546 p. .Frolov S.S. Fundamentals of sociology. M.: Jurist, 2014. - 428s. 5.Fernham A., Haven P. Personality and social behavior. / Per. from English. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013. - 368s.
Loneliness as a social problem
Loneliness is a socio-psychological state characterized by narrowness or lack of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional disengagement of the individual; also a social disease, which consists in the mass presence of individuals experiencing such conditions.
Loneliness is one of the main social problems that are the subject of social work, and social work is one of the most important tools for eliminating or at least alleviating this social disease. Among the means of combating loneliness are socio-psychological ones: personal diagnostics and identification of individuals with an increased risk of loneliness, communicative trainings to develop communication skills, psychotherapy and psychocorrection to eliminate the painful effects of loneliness, etc.; organizational: the creation of clubs and communication groups, the formation of new social ties among clients and the promotion of new interests to replace those lost, for example, as a result of divorce or widowhood, etc.; socio-medical: education of skills of self-preserving behavior and teaching the basics of a healthy lifestyle. When helping lonely people, a social worker should have a good idea of the completeness of the problem and the multifactorial nature of its possible solution.
Loneliness is scientifically one of the least developed social concepts. In selective studies, the following types were identified among the lonely. The first type is "hopelessly lonely", completely dissatisfied with their relationship. These people did not have a sexual partner or spouse. They rarely connected with anyone (for example, with neighbors). They have a strong sense of dissatisfaction with their relationships with peers, emptiness, abandonment. More than others, they tend to blame other people for their loneliness. This group includes the majority of divorced men and women.
The second type is "periodically and temporarily lonely." They are sufficiently connected with their friends, acquaintances, although they lack close affection or are not married. They are more likely than others to enter into social contacts in various places. Compared to other singles, they are the most socially active. These people consider their loneliness to be transient, they feel abandoned much less often than other lonely people. Most of them are men and women who have never been married.
The third type is "passive and persistently lonely". Despite the fact that they lack an intimate partner and lack other connections, they do not express such dissatisfaction about this as the respondents belonging to the first and second types. These are people who have come to terms with their situation, accepting it as inevitable. Most of them are widowed people.
Increased marriage and family dynamics (first of all, the nuclearization of families and an increase in the level of divorce), the depersonalization of large cities, the strengthening of the principles of individualism - all these are factors that primarily affect the increase in the scale of loneliness. In addition, socio-medical factors that are positively correlated with the increase in loneliness are the increase in psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia) and borderline conditions and the spread of autism, i.e. painful inability to communicate as a result of defects in obstetrics (“rough hands of a doctor”) and education.
The growth in the number of single people, the assertion of loneliness as an acceptable lifestyle, causes the formation of a specific service industry for this category of the population. It has been established that single people have the opportunity and desire to spend more money on their hobbies, on tourism and recreation, they more often purchase expensive goods, primarily for sports and tourism purposes. Abroad, special residential complexes are being built for the familyless; any of their needs can be satisfied in the service market. Of course, this applies only to those people for whom loneliness is a conscious and comfortable choice, and who does not feel the need for family ties.
The specifics of Russian loneliness are predominantly different. First of all, this is the result of the high mortality rate of the male population (Russian women live much longer than men) and mortality from unnatural causes (it is estimated that about one in three mothers has the opportunity to outlive their children). In addition, the general social and family disorganization, the lack of developed technologies for helping lonely people or those at risk of remaining lonely, turn loneliness in its Russian version into a rather malignant social disease.
The concept of loneliness is associated with the experience of situations that are subjectively perceived as undesirable, personally unacceptable for a person, lack of communication and positive intimate relationships with other people. Loneliness is not always accompanied by the social isolation of the individual. You can constantly be among people, contact them and at the same time feel your psychological isolation from them, i.e. loneliness (if, for example, these are strangers or people alien to the individual).
The degree of loneliness experienced is also unrelated to the number of years a person has spent without human contact; people who live alone all their lives sometimes feel less lonely than those who often have to communicate with others. Lonely cannot be called a person who, interacting little with others, does not show either psychological or behavioral reactions of loneliness. In addition, people may not realize that there are discrepancies between real and desirable relationships with others.
Genuine subjective states of loneliness usually accompany symptoms of mental disorders, which take the form of affects with a clearly negative emotional coloring, and different people have different affective reactions to loneliness. Some lonely people complain, for example, of feeling sad and depressed, others say that they feel fear and anxiety, and others report bitterness and anger.
The experience of loneliness is influenced not so much by real relationships, but by the ideal idea of \u200b\u200bwhat they should be. A person who has a strong need for communication will feel lonely if his contacts are limited to one or two people, and he would like to communicate with many; at the same time, someone who does not feel such a need may not feel his loneliness at all, even in the absence of communication with other people.
Loneliness is accompanied by some typical symptoms. Usually lonely people feel psychologically isolated from other people, incapable of normal interpersonal communication, of establishing intimate interpersonal relationships with others such as friendship or love. A lonely person is a depressive or depressed person who experiences, among other things, a lack of communication skills.
A lonely person feels different from everyone else, and considers himself an unattractive person. He claims that no one loves or respects him. Such features of a lonely person's attitude towards himself are often accompanied by specific negative affects, including feelings of anger, sadness, and deep unhappiness. A lonely person avoids social contacts, he isolates himself from other people. He, more than other people, is characterized by the so-called paranormality, impulsiveness, excessive irritability, fear, anxiety, a feeling of weakness and frustration.
Lonely people are more pessimistic than non-lonely people, they experience an exaggerated sense of self-pity, they expect only trouble from other people, and only the worst from the future. They also see their own lives and the lives of others as meaningless. Lonely people are not talkative, behave quietly, try to be inconspicuous, most often they look sad. They often have a tired appearance and increased drowsiness.
When a gap is found between real and actual relationships, which is characteristic of the state of loneliness, then different people react to it differently. Helplessness as one of the possible reactions to this situation is accompanied by an increase in anxiety. If people blame their loneliness not on themselves, but on others, they may experience feelings of anger and bitterness, which stimulates the emergence of an attitude of enmity. If people are convinced that they are responsible for their own loneliness, and do not believe that they can change themselves, then they are likely to be saddened and condemn themselves. Over time, this condition can develop into chronic depression. If, finally, a person is convinced that loneliness challenges him, then he will actively fight against it, make efforts to get rid of loneliness.
The list of typical emotional states, which from time to time cover a chronically lonely person, is impressive. These are despair, longing, impatience, feeling unattractive, helplessness, panic fear, depression, inner emptiness, boredom, desire to change places, a feeling of underdevelopment, loss of hope, isolation, self-pity, stiffness, irritability, insecurity, abandonment, melancholy, alienation (the list was obtained by factorial analysis of the responses of many lonely people to a special questionnaire).
Lonely people tend to dislike others, especially those who are outgoing and happy. This is their defensive reaction, which in turn prevents them from establishing good relations with people themselves. It is suggested that it is loneliness that forces some people to abuse alcohol or drugs, even if they themselves do not recognize themselves as lonely. A lonely person is characterized by an exceptional focus on himself, on his personal problems and inner experiences. He is characterized by increased anxiety and fear of the catastrophic consequences of an unfavorable set of circumstances in the future.
Having inadequate self-esteem, lonely people either neglect how others perceive and evaluate them, or by all means try to please them. Single people are particularly concerned about problems related to personal sociability, including dating, introducing others, complicity in various affairs, looseness and openness in communication. Lonely people tend to see themselves as less competent than non-lonely people and tend to attribute their failures in establishing interpersonal contacts to a lack of ability. Many tasks associated with establishing intimate relationships cause them increased anxiety and reduce interpersonal activity. Lonely people are less creative in finding ways to solve problems that arise in situations of interpersonal communication. It has been established that loneliness depends on how a person treats himself, i.e. from his self-esteem. For many people, the feeling of loneliness is associated with a clearly low self-esteem. The feeling of loneliness generated by it often leads to a feeling of unfitness and worthlessness in a person.
The emotional states of a lonely person are despair (panic, vulnerability, helplessness, isolation, self-pity), boredom (impatience, desire to change everything, stiffness, irritability), self-abasement (feeling of one's own unattractiveness, stupidity, worthlessness, shyness). A lonely person seems to say: "I am helpless and unhappy, love me, caress me." Against the background of a strong desire for such communication, the phenomenon of “mental moratorium” (E. Erickson’s term) arises:
Return to the childish level of behavior and the desire to delay the acquisition of adult status as long as possible;
A vague but persistent state of anxiety;
Feelings of isolation and emptiness;
Constantly being in a state of something such that something will happen, affect emotionally and life will change dramatically;
Fear of intimate communication and inability to emotionally affect persons of the opposite sex;
Hostility and contempt for all recognized social roles, down to male and female roles;
Contempt for everything national and an unrealistic overestimation of everything foreign (well, where we are not).
Better "active privacy". Start writing something, do something you love, go to the cinema or theater, read, play music, exercise, listen to music and dance, sit down to study or start doing some work, go to the store and spend the money you saved.
We must not run away from loneliness, but think about what can be done to overcome our loneliness. Remind yourself that you actually have good relationships with other people. Think about what you have good qualities (heartfelt, deep feelings, responsiveness, etc.).
Tell yourself that loneliness is not forever and that things will get better. Think about the activities in which you have always excelled in life (sports, studies, housework, art, etc.). Tell yourself that most people are lonely at one time or another. Take your mind off feelings of loneliness by thinking seriously about something else. Think about the possible benefits of the loneliness you have experienced.
Personality is a stable system of worldview, psychological and behavioral features that characterize a person.
Man is a being embodying the highest stage of development of life, the subject of socio-historical activity.
An individual is a representative of society, a fundamentally indecomposable element of the existence of society.
The social structure of a personality is a combination of individual psychological and socio-psychological qualities of a personality, manifested through the attitude of an employee to surrounding phenomena and events.
The theory of roles - the theory of symbol, interactionism (J. Mead, G. Bloomer, E. Hoffman, M. Kuhn, etc.) considers a person from the point of view of her social roles.
Social position - the place, position of an individual or group in the system of relations in society, determined by a number of specific features and regulating the style of behavior.
Social status - the relative position of an individual or a social group in a social system, determined by a number of features characteristic of this system.
Social freedom is the ability of a person to act in accordance with his interests and goals, based on the knowledge of objective necessity.
Personality types - an abstract model of personal characteristics inherent in a certain population of people.
Dispositions of personality - numerous personality traits (from 18 to 5 thousand), forming a complex of predispositions to a certain reaction of the subject to the external environment.
The value orientations of a person are a reflection in the mind of a person of values that he recognizes as strategic.
Self-realization is the identification and development of personal abilities by an individual in all spheres of activity.
Mentality - a set of ethno-cultural, social skills and spiritual attitudes, stereotypes.
Motivation - active states of the psyche that encourage a person to perform certain types of actions.
A social attitude is a predisposition fixed in the social experience of an individual (group) to perceive and evaluate socially significant objects, as well as the readiness of an individual (group) for certain actions.
Socialization is the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity.
Internalization is the formation of the structures of the human psyche due to the assimilation of the structures of external social activity.
Conformity - the tendency of an individual to learn norms, habits and values, to change their initial assessments under the influence of the opinions of others.
Anomia - a psychological state: - characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life; - arising when an individual is faced with the need to comply with conflicting norms.
Social satisfaction is a set of perceptions and assessments of the conditions of one's social life, the quality of life, generalized in the mind of an individual.
Interpersonal relationships are a system of attitudes, expectations, stereotypes, orientations through which people perceive and evaluate each other.
The leader is a member of the group, for whom she recognizes the right to make responsible decisions in situations that are significant for her, i.e. the most authoritative person.
Deviant behavior is a form of manifestation of the attitudes of individuals and social groups to the norms and values of the social system in which they operate.
Social control is a mechanism of self-regulation of a system that ensures the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through normative regulation.
Social well-being is a phenomenon of social consciousness, the prevailing state of feelings and minds of certain social groups in a certain period of time.
Social sanctions are measures of the influence of a social group on the behavior of an individual, deviating in a positive or negative sense from social expectations, norms and values.
Logic task
1. Do you agree with G. Tarde, who believed that “the so-called“ social pressure ”only contributes to self-determination and a more vivid expression of each individual personality. Without this support, which provides him with a certain resistance, the individual could not move in the social environment, like how a bird could not fly without the help of the air resisting its wings "(New ideas in sociology. Sat. N2 // Sociology and psychology. St. Petersburg, 1914. P. 80).
Overcoming the barrier of social pressure becomes possible with the expansion of the degree of internal freedom of the individual. In this case, a freer person gets advantages over less free people, whose behavior is predictable and determined by social norms. If such a person expands the number of his social contacts, then he begins to be pushed up like a cork from the water column. The reason is that in every interpersonal contact the freer person influences the less free one. The more cases this happens, and if the contacts are caused by some socially significant issues, the greater and stronger the influence of this person on society as a whole. In this way, the personal power of the individual is extended to more and more members of society, which is social success.
2. "The more primitive the society, the more similarities between the individuals that make them up" (Durkheim E. Method of Sociology. M., 1990. P. 129). How do you understand this statement?
In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual does not belong to himself and is absorbed by the collective. On the contrary, in a developed society based on organic solidarity, both complement each other. The more primitive the society, the more similar people are to each other, the higher the level of coercion and violence, the lower the level of division of labor and the diversity of individuals. The greater the diversity in society, the higher the tolerance of people towards each other, the wider the basis of democracy. In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual consciousness follows and obeys the collective consciousness in everything. The individual here does not belong to himself, he is absorbed by the collective.
3. Do you agree with the statement that the beginning of individuality is more developed in a woman, and personality in a man? Justify your answer.
I agree. Individuality is a manifestation in the physical space of the essence of a woman - her soul, therefore, the true charm and beauty of a woman is contained in individuality. For most men, getting out of a state of selfishness takes a very long time.
4. Confirm or refute this judgment: "Modern sciences proceed from the fact that each individual person personifies the whole of humanity. He is unique with his individual characteristics, at the same time he is repeatable, because he contains all the incriminating features of the human race."
A true man is a man of the world, he contains within himself the whole of humanity. However, being in a damaged state, driven by egoism, which contains alienation from other personalities, people protect themselves in their isolation and are not even able to see the unity of the human race, they cannot accept and contain all of humanity. The unity of humanity is not an empty concept, it has a real basis in human personalities. How a person lives determines whether he unites or divides the whole of humanity.
5. The following is a judgment. Read it carefully: "Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the old, insufficiently mastered or outdated ones. It includes a lot: from classes to correct reading skills to vocational training for workers. Psychotherapy is also one of the forms of resocialization: people try to find a way out from conflict situations, change their behavior "(Spasibenko S.G. Generations as subjects of public life // Socio-political journal. 1995. N 3. P. 122). What do you think, is it correct or not? What is called resocialization and what types of human activity are related to it? Justify your answer.
Resocialization (lat. re (repeated, renewed action) + lat. socialis (public), English resocialization, German Resozialisierung) is a repeated socialization that occurs throughout the life of an individual. Resocialization is carried out by changing the individual's attitudes, goals, norms and values of life.
Resocialization can be just as deep. For example, a Russian who emigrated to America finds himself in a completely new, but no less versatile and rich culture. Weaning from old traditions, norms, values and roles is compensated by a new one. life experience. Leaving for a monastery involves no less radical changes in lifestyle, but spiritual impoverishment does not occur in this case either.
7. Prove or refute this statement: Personality is the result of a correctly flowing process of socialization. Socialization is a lifelong process of assimilation of social norms and assimilation of cultural norms.
Personal development can be seen as the progressive transformation of a given organism as it copes with new situations. Also, when considering a person's personality, they also mean such properties that can be described in social or socio-psychological terms, where the psychological is taken in its social conditionality and fullness. Socialization is more than formal education as it involves the acquisition of attitudes, values, behaviors, habits, skills, transmitted not only by the school but also by the family, peer group, media.
Issue for discussion
There are different opinions about the identity of the "gray" student. Some say it's a bum, a dumbass. Others are a person who does not know much. And still others believe that this is the one who does not want to learn on his own, interferes with others and still boasts of his ignorance (for more details, see: Lisovsky V.T. Soviet students: Sociological essays. M., 1990. P. 295). So who is he - "gray student"?
If there are 60-100 people in the lecture hall, of which at best half are ready to study, then, firstly, this greatly complicates the task of the lecturer, and secondly, the other half definitely interferes with those who want to study. And the fact that they won’t do anything bad for the country - let me disagree: they went to the university because they have to, and they go to the company because they suit them. Of course, it’s more difficult with work, they’ll be expelled rather than expelled from the institute, but still I often saw people who don’t want to work at all and don’t know how, but for some reason they are kept (the reasons are always different, but there is always a paradox!) . So they still do harm.
Problem tasks
3. American sociologists have identified a connection between socialization methods and people's willingness to accept society's values. For example, depending on how young men and women see their parents - overseers or assistants - they either rebel against the existing system of power, or easily merge into it. Those who receive little support but a lot of discipline (especially from fathers) often become non-conformists in matters of religion, and many of them rebel, opposing their own values to those of society (see: Smelser N. Sociology // sociological research. 1991. N6. P.131).
Is it right to regard such a result of socialization as a failure and a threat to society?
Socialization with iron necessity implies adaptation. Traditional education also sets a person up to adapt to changing conditions, at least by setting them to teach to learn. Almost any traditional value system includes, to one degree or another, tolerance for other people's beliefs and lifestyles. This is vital for survival, especially in a world that is sharply decreasing due to the demographic situation. The traditional value system also includes the recognition (at least ideally) of the legal equality of members of certain social groups, and this recognition is gradually expanding in the course of history to the idea of the legal equality of all members of society. Thus, the ideal conformist is a degenerate case. In its purest form - of course, but we are talking about settings and consider ideal cases. Yes, at least one value, namely the value of guaranteeing the freedom of the individual, should be included as a core value in the system of changing values of the conformist. Under these conditions, a lifestyle based on the dictates of fashion (on political and other beliefs, on ways of organizing a way of life, including friendships, on interests, on ways of spending time, etc.) replaces a lifestyle formed on the basis of personally acquired value orientations. It will happen, as it is observed in modern world, the spread of society into separate social groups that have nothing in common with each other and oppose each other with increasing aggressiveness, while civil society as a whole is gradually losing its significance.
4. At the XII World Sociological Congress (1990), the concept of postmodernism was presented as one of the leading ideas. It is a development of the theory of the prominent German sociologist Max Weber about two types of society - traditional and modernist. In a traditional society, human behavior is regulated by traditions, according to the principle "do as they did before you." In a modernist society, behavior is governed by the principle of rationality, rationality and efficiency. social behavior. In a postmodern society, which, according to many Western sociologists, is being formed today, the principle of behavior is the interests of the individual, the collective, the people, the goals that they set for themselves, and the means they choose. Think about what principles govern your behavior, the behavior of the majority of members of Russian society today? What type of society - traditional, modern, postmodern, or some other - does our society belong to?
Modernization is, first of all, a process during which the economic and political possibilities of a given society increase: economic - through industrialization, political - through bureaucratization. Modernization has great appeal because it allows society to move from a state of poverty to a state of wealth.
An important component of the postmodern shift is a shift that turns away from both religious and bureaucratic power and leads to a decrease in the significance of any kind of power and authority. For obedience to power comes with high costs: the personal goals of the individual have to be subordinated to the goals of a broader subjectivity. But in conditions of uncertainty about the future, people are more than willing to do this.
The rise of postmodernism is the opposite of the authoritarian reflex: postmaterial values characterize the most protected segment of an advanced industrial society. They developed in the context of historically unprecedented economic growth and the functioning of welfare states that emerged after the Second World War.
8. Each adult performs many social roles, which often leads to the emergence of intra-role, inter-role and personality-role conflicts. Analyze the accumulated experience of student life and name typical conflicts of various kinds. What are the most successful ways to resolve these conflicts?
Among university students, 4 most common conflict situations in conflict interaction can be distinguished: 1) discrimination by a student with more pronounced personal characteristics of a student with less pronounced personal characteristics; 2) the fact of personally significant ingratitude; 3) subjective factor differentiated approach; 4) pronounced competition.
Ways to resolve these conflicts. Under the influence of the study group, in the process of socialization and a psychological training program aimed at improving the effectiveness of communication, minimizing and resolving conflict situations, university students with a dominantly aggressive style of behavior in a conflict develop empathy, students with a dominantly passive style decrease identification, and also decrease reflection among university students with a dominantly aggressive style of behavior in a conflict, as a result of which, in the educational team, there is a decrease in leveling between aggressive and passive styles of behavior in a conflict situation.
loneliness social psychological emotional
Opportunities for the activities of a social work specialist in solving the problem of loneliness of the elderly (on the example of the department of social services at home for the elderly and disabled citizens of the MU KTSSON "Harmony" in Ustyuzhna)
The age of older people as a factor in changing their personality traits
One of the fundamental problems of gerontology is the following, what should be considered the aging process - normal, physiological or painful ...
Loneliness as a social problem and ways to solve it when serving elderly people with disabilities at home
Loneliness of the elderly and social work with them
Every year there are more and more elderly people on Earth. The share of elderly and senile people in the total population of Russia for last years increased significantly and today is about 23%...
Features of the prevention of alcoholism among young people
Today in Russia there are many unresolved problems that are periodically voiced in civil society, such as poverty, the low standard of living of the population, the high level of crime, the increased percentage of problems of the nation's alcoholism...
The problem of smoking among young people
Today's teenagers are well aware of negative influence tobacco for health. Some of them claim to see the negative effects of smoking on their fellow smokers...
Divorce problem
The problem of divorce is closely related to the change in the type of relationships in the modern family: new family models give rise to their own forms of breaking these relationships. If in a traditional marriage divorce is understood as a break in relations in a legal ...
Leisure problems of the elderly
The problem of human aging is one that affects everyone equally and at any age. What problems does it face old man in modern society...
Development of a system of measures for the prevention of youth drug addiction in Nizhnekamsk municipal area
The use by people of various substances that change behavior has been known since ancient times. Only tribal leaders, shamans, and priests had the right to use drugs. For mere mortals, these funds were taboo ...
Modern realities of social work with the homeless in various regions
Special mention should be made of refugees, as it is they who are the risk group, in the depths of which problems are ripening, leading to an increase in the number of people without a fixed place of residence. It is the refugees who, having not found housing for themselves, join the ranks of the homeless...
Social adaptation of lonely elderly men
According to R.S. Yatsemirskaya, loneliness is a painful feeling of a growing gap with others, fear of the consequences of a lonely lifestyle, a difficult experience ...
Social work in the city of Pushchino
Considering the essence of the very concept of "social work", we note that this is a kind of professional activity, which is endowed with the goal of assisting the population, a social group in overcoming personal and social difficulties with the support ...
Social Work in Poverty Prevention
Social work with lonely elderly people
In old age, the reality of aging brings with it many causes of loneliness. Old friends die, and although they can be replaced by new acquaintances, the thought that you continue to exist is not comfort enough ...
Theoretical foundations of the problem of drug addiction prevention among adolescents
The concepts of "drug addiction", "drugs", "drug addict" have become part of the life of mankind and a special problem quite recently, in the 20th century, in its second half. The concept of drug addiction as a special sphere of social pathology...
49. Loneliness as a social problem
Loneliness is a painful feeling of a growing gap with others, fear of the consequences of a lonely lifestyle, a difficult experience associated with the loss of existing life values or loved ones; a constant feeling of abandonment, uselessness and uselessness of one's own existence.
Loneliness in old age is an ambiguous concept that has a social meaning, it is primarily the absence of relatives, as well as separate living from young family members, or a complete lack of human communication. This is a social condition that reflects the psychophysical status of an elderly person, which makes it difficult for him to make new and maintain old contacts and connections. It can be due to various reasons, both mental and socio-economic.
Isolation and self-isolation are inapplicable attributes of old age (in the sixth decade, the attraction to loneliness is normal and even instinctive). Loneliness is not related to the number of social contacts, but is largely a subjective mental state.
Classification of loneliness models:
Psychodynamic Model (Simburg), 1938.
According to this model, loneliness is a reflection characteristic features personality. According to this approach, loneliness is the result of early childhood influences on personal development.
The Phenomenological Model (Carl Rogers), 1961.
This theory focuses on therapy directed at the personality of the patient. According to Rogers, the actions of an individual are the result of patterns formed in society that restrict a person's freedom by socially justified methods. In this regard, a contradiction is created between the true "I" of a person and his manifestations in relations with other people. Rogers believes that loneliness is the result of a person's weak adaptation to socio-economic conditions. He believes that the cause of loneliness lies within the individual, in the discrepancy between the individual's ideas about his own "I".
An Existential Approach (Mustaphos), 1961.
This approach is based on the idea of the initial loneliness of all people. Loneliness is a system of defense mechanisms that separates a person from solving life issues, and which constantly encourages him to strive for activity for the sake of activity together with other people. True loneliness stems from the concrete reality of a lonely existence and the collision of a person with borderline life situations experienced alone.
4. Sociological Approach (Bowman) 1955, (Chrisman) 1961, (Slator) 1976.
Bowman hypothesized three forces leading to increased loneliness:
weakening ties in the primary group;
increased family mobility;
increase in social mobility.
Chrisman and Slator relate their analysis to the study of character and the ability of society to meet the needs of its members. Loneliness is a normative general statistical indicator characterizing society. In determining the causes of loneliness, special emphasis is placed on the significance of events occurring in a person's life in adulthood and on socialization, which, under the influence of certain factors, negatively affects the personality (media).
5. Interactionist Approach (Beis), 1973.
Loneliness appears as a result of the insufficiency of the social interaction of the individual, the interaction that satisfies the basic social needs of the individual.
2 types of loneliness:
emotional (lack of close intimate affection);
social (lack of meaningful friendships or a sense of community).
Bays sees loneliness as a normal reaction.
6. Cognitive approach (Ash), 70s.
He emphasizes the role of cognition as a factor that determines the relationship between the lack of sociality and the feeling of loneliness. Loneliness occurs when an individual realizes the discrepancy between the desired and achieved level of their own social contacts.
7. Intimate approach (Derlega, Mareulis), 1982.
The concept of intimacy is used to interpret loneliness. Loneliness occurs when an individual's interpersonal relationships lack the intimacy necessary for trusting communication. The intimate approach is based on the assumption that the individual strives to maintain a balance between the desired and achieved levels of social contact. These researchers believe that both intra-individual and environmental factors can lead to loneliness.
8. Systems Approach (Landers), 1982.
He regards loneliness as a potentially hidden state that suspends the mechanism feedback which helps the individual and society to maintain a stable optimal level of human contacts. Landers sees loneliness as a beneficial mechanism that ultimately contributes to the well-being of the individual and society.
He distinguishes two motives of behavior:
individual;
situational.
Based on these motives, different degrees and types of loneliness are formed. The distinctions between these types are made on grounds relating to the assessment of the individual, his social position, the type of social deficit he has experienced, and the time perspective associated with loneliness. The emotional characteristics of loneliness reveal the absence of positive emotions such as happiness, affection, and the presence of negative emotions - fear, insecurity. The type of inferiority is determined by the nature of insufficient social relations. The main thing is to collect information about relationships that are significant for the individual.
In ancient times, when the existence of people was purely communal, collective, tribal, we can talk about three forms of loneliness:
1. Rites, rituals, tests.
2. Punishment by loneliness, expressed in exile from the clan and dooming the punished to almost certain death.
3. Voluntary seclusion of certain individuals, which took shape in a separate institution of hermitage, which lasted at least 2.5 thousand years.
In philosophical research, there are several approaches to the problems of loneliness:
1. Evaluative pathology (Parkert, Zimerman).
Typology of Kelbel, 4 types of loneliness:
positive inner type - proud loneliness, experienced as a necessary means of discovering new forms of communication with other people;
negative internal type - loneliness, experienced as alienation from one's "I" and from other people;
positive external type- prevails in situations of physical solitude, when positive experiences are sought;
negative external type - appears when external circumstances lead to very negative feelings.
2. Sociological approach.
Time Perspective Typology (Young, Beg) 1978, three types of loneliness:
chronic - typical for those people who were not satisfied with their social connections and relationships for 2 or more years in a row;
situational - occurs as a result of significant stressful events in life. The situationally lonely person, after a short period of distress, usually comes to terms with their loss and overcomes the loneliness;
transient.
Dirson, Periman, 1979:
hopelessly lonely people, these people do not have spouses, intimate relationships. Distinctive feature: feeling of dissatisfaction with connections with peers;
periodically or temporarily lonely, people connected by social relations with relatives, but not attached. Distinctive feature: no close relationship;
passively or persistently lonely people, people resigned to their situation and consider it inevitable.
Social work with lonely elderly people should contribute to their integration into the communicative sphere.
Arkharova Ekaterina, student of 11 "a" class MBOU secondary school No. 24, Volzhsky
Loneliness has no face. This feeling is familiar to children, and young and wise age. Loneliness often scares us. But is it worth it to be afraid? Why is it given to us? We tried to find answers to these questions in this project work.
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Social project "Loneliness" Worked on the project: Ekaterina Arkharova, student of 11 "a" class. Project leader, pedagogue-psychologist Yaner O.I.
Loneliness is the eternal refrain of life. It is no worse or better than anything else. There is just too much talk about him. Man is alone always and never. Erich Maria Remarque
Loneliness is a common phenomenon in large cities, where communication with various people occurs briefly and superficially, and there is not enough time to establish long-term and trusting relationships. Loneliness can be experienced by a young man or girl who cannot find a suitable partner, or an elderly person who has lost friends and relatives and cannot find mutual language with the younger generation. Loneliness is often experienced by people with an inert nervous system, with difficulty making new contacts, slowly getting used to new acquaintances. In extreme cases, loneliness can lead to depression. Loneliness is a mystery that worries people from century to century. Understanding our feelings and emotions, we know ourselves. Loneliness is a part of us, in which we are all, each in our own way .... Project relevance
Understand the meaning of loneliness and find the strengths and weaknesses of this state
Teenagers. Target group
Problematic question Loneliness is a punishment or a resource
Work plan 1. got acquainted with the concept of "loneliness" 2. identified the causes of loneliness 3. analyzed childhood memories 4. identified the strengths and weaknesses of this condition 5. conclusion 6. recommendations
Loneliness is a socio-psychological phenomenon, the emotional state of a person associated with the absence of close, positive emotional ties with people and / or with the fear of losing them as a result of forced or psychologically caused social isolation. Within the framework of this concept, two different phenomena are distinguished - positive (loneliness) and negative (isolation) loneliness.
Causes of loneliness Low self-esteem, which leads to avoidance of contact with other people for fear of being criticized; Weak communication skills; Fear of failing or falling into relationships psychological dependence; An ever-growing sense of misunderstanding and lack of demand from others; Sensory deprivation in one form or another (in other words, the lack of one or another type of information or impressions); The transition from one society to another: in other words, "change of the social matrix".
Introspection Loneliness for me is a special inner world that has boundaries, since this world exists only for one person. But on the other hand, loneliness is a universe, which I study, you get to know yourself more and more deeply.
Situation Consequence In childhood, often left alone, the only connection with the world was through TV Low social activity, reduced need to communicate with peers, favorite game is to draw and fantasize Parents' divorce primary school almost erased The change in society led to disorientation Strict upbringing, parental control, limited communication with peers Low social activity, reduced need for communication with peers, a sense of insecurity Lack of communication with family members due to mom being overly busy, spent free time from school at home Lack of emotional warmth, inner uncertainty. Interests in drawing and development of imagination Quarrels, conflict situations with mother and classmates Outbursts of anger, desire to express oneself, intolerance to a different position.
Withdrawal Low social activity Short temper Self-doubt Low self-esteem Weaknesses of loneliness
Strengths of loneliness Self-reliance Independence (from others) Self-knowledge Good imagination
Conclusion The work on this project allowed to expand knowledge about loneliness. I looked at the situation from two sides: what loneliness gives me and what it deprives me of. I realized that loneliness was a kind of test for me, a lesson in life. I began to realize that communication with people is an important part of life. It is important to be in harmony not only with yourself, but also with the world around you.
Recommendations Do not be afraid of loneliness. The fear of being alone sometimes pushes us to communicate with people, which is not always good for us. Loneliness is a unique opportunity to get to know interesting person- With myself. Loneliness is not a given reality, it is just your attitude to the world. Change it and take a step towards people. Loneliness is a sign calling for change. This is the time to make choices and decisions. This is the boundary between the familiar present and the new future.
Thank you for your attention!
Loneliness is a socio-psychological state characterized by narrowness or lack of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional disengagement of the individual; also a social disease, which consists in the mass presence of individuals experiencing such conditions.
Loneliness is one of the main social problems that are the subject of social work, and social work is one of the most important tools for eliminating or at least alleviating this social disease. Among the means of combating loneliness are socio-psychological ones: personal diagnostics and identification of individuals with an increased risk of loneliness, communicative trainings to develop communication skills, psychotherapy and psychocorrection to eliminate the painful effects of loneliness, etc.; organizational: the creation of clubs and communication groups, the formation of new social ties among clients and the promotion of new interests to replace those lost, for example, as a result of divorce or widowhood, etc.; socio-medical: education of skills of self-preserving behavior and teaching the basics of a healthy lifestyle. When helping lonely people, a social worker should have a good idea of the completeness of the problem and the multifactorial nature of its possible solution.
Loneliness is scientifically one of the least developed social concepts. In selective studies, the following types were identified among the lonely. The first type is "hopelessly lonely", completely dissatisfied with their relationship. These people did not have a sexual partner or spouse. They rarely connected with anyone (for example, with neighbors). They have a strong sense of dissatisfaction with their relationships with peers, emptiness, abandonment. More than others, they tend to blame other people for their loneliness. This group includes the majority of divorced men and women.
The second type is "periodically and temporarily lonely." They are sufficiently connected with their friends, acquaintances, although they lack close affection or are not married. They are more likely than others to enter into social contacts in various places. Compared to other singles, they are the most socially active. These people consider their loneliness to be transient, they feel abandoned much less often than other lonely people. Most of them are men and women who have never been married.
The third type is "passive and persistently lonely". Despite the fact that they lack an intimate partner and lack other connections, they do not express such dissatisfaction about this as the respondents belonging to the first and second types. These are people who have come to terms with their situation, accepting it as inevitable. Most of them are widowed people.
Increased marriage and family dynamics (first of all, the nuclearization of families and an increase in the level of divorce), the depersonalization of large cities, the strengthening of the principles of individualism - all these are factors that primarily affect the increase in the scale of loneliness. In addition, socio-medical factors that are positively correlated with the increase in loneliness are the increase in psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia) and borderline conditions and the spread of autism, i.e. painful inability to communicate as a result of defects in obstetrics (“rough hands of a doctor”) and education.
The growth in the number of single people, the assertion of loneliness as an acceptable lifestyle, causes the formation of a specific service industry for this category of the population. It has been established that single people have the opportunity and desire to spend more money on their hobbies, on tourism and recreation, they more often purchase expensive goods, primarily for sports and tourism purposes. Abroad, special residential complexes are being built for the familyless; any of their needs can be satisfied in the service market. Of course, this applies only to those people for whom loneliness is a conscious and comfortable choice, and who does not feel the need for family ties.
The specifics of Russian loneliness are predominantly different. First of all, this is the result of the high mortality rate of the male population (Russian women live much longer than men) and mortality from unnatural causes (it is estimated that about one in three mothers has the opportunity to outlive their children). In addition, the general social and family disorganization, the lack of developed technologies for helping lonely people or those at risk of remaining lonely, turn loneliness in its Russian version into a rather malignant social disease.
The concept of loneliness is associated with the experience of situations that are subjectively perceived as undesirable, personally unacceptable for a person, lack of communication and positive intimate relationships with other people. Loneliness is not always accompanied by the social isolation of the individual. You can constantly be among people, contact them and at the same time feel your psychological isolation from them, i.e. loneliness (if, for example, these are strangers or people alien to the individual).
The degree of loneliness experienced is also unrelated to the number of years a person has spent without human contact; people who live alone all their lives sometimes feel less lonely than those who often have to communicate with others. Lonely cannot be called a person who, interacting little with others, does not show either psychological or behavioral reactions of loneliness. In addition, people may not realize that there are discrepancies between real and desirable relationships with others.
Genuine subjective states of loneliness usually accompany symptoms of mental disorders, which take the form of affects with a clearly negative emotional coloring, and different people have different affective reactions to loneliness. Some lonely people complain, for example, of feeling sad and depressed, others say that they feel fear and anxiety, and others report bitterness and anger.
The experience of loneliness is influenced not so much by real relationships, but by the ideal idea of \u200b\u200bwhat they should be. A person who has a strong need for communication will feel lonely if his contacts are limited to one or two people, and he would like to communicate with many; at the same time, someone who does not feel such a need may not feel his loneliness at all, even in the absence of communication with other people.
Loneliness is accompanied by some typical symptoms. Usually lonely people feel psychologically isolated from other people, incapable of normal interpersonal communication, of establishing intimate interpersonal relationships with others such as friendship or love. A lonely person is a depressive or depressed person who experiences, among other things, a lack of communication skills.
A lonely person feels different from everyone else, and considers himself an unattractive person. He claims that no one loves or respects him. Such features of a lonely person's attitude towards himself are often accompanied by specific negative affects, including feelings of anger, sadness, and deep unhappiness. A lonely person avoids social contacts, he isolates himself from other people. He, more than other people, is characterized by the so-called paranormality, impulsiveness, excessive irritability, fear, anxiety, a feeling of weakness and frustration.
Lonely people are more pessimistic than non-lonely people, they experience an exaggerated sense of self-pity, they expect only trouble from other people, and only the worst from the future. They also see their own lives and the lives of others as meaningless. Lonely people are not talkative, behave quietly, try to be inconspicuous, most often they look sad. They often have a tired appearance and increased drowsiness.
When a gap is found between real and actual relationships, which is characteristic of the state of loneliness, then different people react to this in different ways. Helplessness as one of the possible reactions to this situation is accompanied by an increase in anxiety. If people blame their loneliness not on themselves, but on others, they may experience feelings of anger and bitterness, which stimulates the emergence of an attitude of enmity. If people are convinced that they are responsible for their own loneliness, and do not believe that they can change themselves, then they are likely to be saddened and condemn themselves. Over time, this condition can develop into chronic depression. If, finally, a person is convinced that loneliness challenges him, then he will actively fight against it, make efforts to get rid of loneliness.
The list of typical emotional states, which from time to time cover a chronically lonely person, is impressive. These are despair, longing, impatience, feeling unattractive, helplessness, panic fear, depression, inner emptiness, boredom, desire to change places, a feeling of underdevelopment, loss of hope, isolation, self-pity, stiffness, irritability, insecurity, abandonment, melancholy, alienation (the list was obtained by factorial analysis of the responses of many lonely people to a special questionnaire).
Lonely people tend to dislike others, especially those who are outgoing and happy. This is their defensive reaction, which in turn prevents them from establishing good relations with people themselves. It is suggested that it is loneliness that forces some people to abuse alcohol or drugs, even if they themselves do not recognize themselves as lonely. A lonely person is characterized by an exceptional focus on himself, on his personal problems and inner experiences. He is characterized by increased anxiety and fear of the catastrophic consequences of an unfavorable set of circumstances in the future.
Having inadequate self-esteem, lonely people either neglect how others perceive and evaluate them, or by all means try to please them. Single people are particularly concerned about problems related to personal sociability, including dating, introducing others, complicity in various affairs, looseness and openness in communication. Lonely people tend to see themselves as less competent than non-lonely people and tend to attribute their failures in establishing interpersonal contacts to a lack of ability. Many tasks associated with establishing intimate relationships cause them increased anxiety and reduce interpersonal activity. Lonely people are less creative in finding ways to solve problems that arise in situations of interpersonal communication. It has been established that loneliness depends on how a person treats himself, i.e. from his self-esteem. For many people, the feeling of loneliness is associated with a clearly low self-esteem. The feeling of loneliness generated by it often leads to a feeling of unfitness and worthlessness in a person.
The emotional states of a lonely person are despair (panic, vulnerability, helplessness, isolation, self-pity), boredom (impatience, desire to change everything, stiffness, irritability), self-abasement (feeling of one's own unattractiveness, stupidity, worthlessness, shyness). A lonely person seems to say: "I am helpless and unhappy, love me, caress me." Against the background of a strong desire for such communication, the phenomenon of “mental moratorium” (E. Erickson’s term) arises:
Return to the childish level of behavior and the desire to delay the acquisition of adult status as long as possible;
A vague but persistent state of anxiety;
Feelings of isolation and emptiness;
Constantly being in a state of something such that something will happen, affect emotionally and life will change dramatically;
Fear of intimate communication and inability to emotionally affect persons of the opposite sex;
Hostility and contempt for all recognized social roles, down to male and female roles;
Contempt for everything national and an unrealistic overestimation of everything foreign (well, where we are not).
Better "active privacy". Start writing something, do something you love, go to the cinema or theater, read, play music, exercise, listen to music and dance, sit down to study or start doing some work, go to the store and spend the money you saved.
We must not run away from loneliness, but think about what can be done to overcome our loneliness. Remind yourself that you actually have good relationships with other people. Think about what you have good qualities (heartfelt, deep feelings, responsiveness, etc.).
Tell yourself that loneliness is not forever and that things will get better. Think about the activities in which you have always excelled in life (sports, studies, housework, art, etc.). Tell yourself that most people are lonely at one time or another. Take your mind off feelings of loneliness by thinking seriously about something else. Think about the possible benefits of the loneliness you have experienced.
Personality is a stable system of worldview, psychological and behavioral features that characterize a person.
Man is a being embodying the highest stage of development of life, the subject of socio-historical activity.
An individual is a representative of society, a fundamentally indecomposable element of the existence of society.
The social structure of a personality is a combination of individual psychological and socio-psychological qualities of a personality, manifested through the attitude of an employee to surrounding phenomena and events.
The theory of roles - the theory of symbol, interactionism (J. Mead, G. Bloomer, E. Hoffman, M. Kuhn, etc.) considers a person from the point of view of her social roles.
Social position - the place, position of an individual or group in the system of relations in society, determined by a number of specific features and regulating the style of behavior.
Social status - the relative position of an individual or a social group in a social system, determined by a number of features characteristic of this system.
Social freedom is the ability of a person to act in accordance with his interests and goals, based on the knowledge of objective necessity.
Personality types - an abstract model of personal characteristics inherent in a certain population of people.
Dispositions of personality - numerous personality traits (from 18 to 5 thousand), forming a complex of predispositions to a certain reaction of the subject to the external environment.
The value orientations of a person are a reflection in the mind of a person of values that he recognizes as strategic.
Self-realization is the identification and development of personal abilities by an individual in all spheres of activity.
Mentality - a set of ethno-cultural, social skills and spiritual attitudes, stereotypes.
Motivation - active states of the psyche that encourage a person to perform certain types of actions.
A social attitude is a predisposition fixed in the social experience of an individual (group) to perceive and evaluate socially significant objects, as well as the readiness of an individual (group) for certain actions.
Socialization is the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity.
Internalization is the formation of the structures of the human psyche due to the assimilation of the structures of external social activity.
Conformity - the tendency of an individual to learn norms, habits and values, to change their initial assessments under the influence of the opinions of others.
Anomia - a psychological state: - characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life; - arising when an individual is faced with the need to comply with conflicting norms.
Social satisfaction is a set of perceptions and assessments of the conditions of one's social life, the quality of life, generalized in the mind of an individual.
Interpersonal relationships are a system of attitudes, expectations, stereotypes, orientations through which people perceive and evaluate each other.
The leader is a member of the group, for whom she recognizes the right to make responsible decisions in situations that are significant for her, i.e. the most authoritative person.
Deviant behavior is a form of manifestation of the attitudes of individuals and social groups to the norms and values of the social system in which they operate.
Social control is a mechanism of self-regulation of a system that ensures the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through normative regulation.
Social well-being is a phenomenon of social consciousness, the prevailing state of feelings and minds of certain social groups in a certain period of time.
Social sanctions are measures of the influence of a social group on the behavior of an individual, deviating in a positive or negative sense from social expectations, norms and values.
Logic task
1. Do you agree with G. Tarde, who believed that “the so-called“ social pressure ”only contributes to self-determination and a more vivid expression of each individual personality. Without this support, which provides him with a certain resistance, the individual could not move in the social environment, like how a bird could not fly without the help of the air resisting its wings "(New ideas in sociology. Sat. N2 // Sociology and psychology. St. Petersburg, 1914. P. 80).
Overcoming the barrier of social pressure becomes possible with the expansion of the degree of internal freedom of the individual. In this case, a freer person gets advantages over less free people, whose behavior is predictable and determined by social norms. If such a person expands the number of his social contacts, then he begins to be pushed up like a cork from the water column. The reason is that in every interpersonal contact the freer person influences the less free one. The more cases this happens, and if the contacts are caused by some socially significant issues, the greater and stronger the influence of this person on society as a whole. In this way, the personal power of the individual is extended to more and more members of society, which is social success.
2. "The more primitive the society, the more similarities between the individuals that make them up" (Durkheim E. Method of Sociology. M., 1990. P. 129). How do you understand this statement?
In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual does not belong to himself and is absorbed by the collective. On the contrary, in a developed society based on organic solidarity, both complement each other. The more primitive the society, the more similar people are to each other, the higher the level of coercion and violence, the lower the level of division of labor and the diversity of individuals. The greater the diversity in society, the higher the tolerance of people towards each other, the wider the basis of democracy. In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual consciousness follows and obeys the collective consciousness in everything. The individual here does not belong to himself, he is absorbed by the collective.
3. Do you agree with the statement that the beginning of individuality is more developed in a woman, and personality in a man? Justify your answer.
I agree. Individuality is a manifestation in the physical space of the essence of a woman - her soul, therefore, the true charm and beauty of a woman is contained in individuality. For most men, getting out of a state of selfishness takes a very long time.
4. Confirm or refute this judgment: "Modern sciences proceed from the fact that each individual person personifies the whole of humanity. He is unique with his individual characteristics, at the same time he is repeatable, because he contains all the incriminating features of the human race."
A true man is a man of the world, he contains within himself the whole of humanity. However, being in a damaged state, driven by egoism, which contains alienation from other personalities, people protect themselves in their isolation and are not even able to see the unity of the human race, they cannot accept and contain all of humanity. The unity of humanity is not an empty concept, it has a real basis in human personalities. How a person lives determines whether he unites or divides the whole of humanity.
5. The following is a judgment. Read it carefully: "Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the old, insufficiently mastered or outdated ones. It includes a lot: from classes to correct reading skills to vocational training for workers. Psychotherapy is also one of the forms of resocialization: people try to find a way out from conflict situations, change their behavior "(Spasibenko S.G. Generations as subjects of public life // Socio-political journal. 1995. N 3. P. 122). What do you think, is it correct or not? What is called resocialization and what types of human activity are related to it? Justify your answer.
Resocialization (lat. re (repeated, renewed action) + lat. socialis (public), English resocialization, German Resozialisierung) is a repeated socialization that occurs throughout the life of an individual. Resocialization is carried out by changing the individual's attitudes, goals, norms and values of life.
Resocialization can be just as deep. For example, a Russian who emigrated to America finds himself in a completely new, but no less versatile and rich culture. Weaning from old traditions, norms, values and roles is compensated by new life experiences. Leaving for a monastery involves no less radical changes in lifestyle, but spiritual impoverishment does not occur in this case either.
7. Prove or refute this statement: Personality is the result of a correctly flowing process of socialization. Socialization is a lifelong process of assimilation of social norms and assimilation of cultural norms.
Personal development can be seen as the progressive transformation of a given organism as it copes with new situations. Also, when considering a person's personality, they also mean such properties that can be described in social or socio-psychological terms, where the psychological is taken in its social conditionality and fullness. Socialization is more than formal education as it involves the acquisition of attitudes, values, behaviors, habits, skills, transmitted not only by the school but also by the family, peer group, media.
