Land transport.

Railway transport - Type of transport that carries out the transportation of goods on railways in cars (trains) with a locomotive traction. Railway path - A complex of structures and devices that form a road with a rail track for the movement of the rolling stock of railway transport. The main elementary route: upper structure, earthlings, engineering facilities (bridges, tunnels ...).

Railway transport refers to the intra-projectal type of transport. Serving transportation in the states of any region, it acquires the importance of the international type of transport. Railways do not always form a single system due to different width of the rut. In the Russian Federation, the Kolay corresponds to Western European, but wider East European.

Dignity Railway transport: high throughput and susceptible ability; Reliability of work due to independence from climatic conditions (an exception is a break of electrical wires during natural disasters); The possibility of facing ways to communicate on any land and water area in the presence of ferries; Direct links with industrial and agricultural enterprises of any sectors of the economy (individual industries have their own access roads to enter the main network); Mass transportation in combination with low cost and enough high speed delivery; more short way following compared to the natural ways of water transport.

disadvantages Railway transport: "Binding" to Keao; High initial value of fixed assets (car more expensive car, but cheaper than air or sea vessel); High metal, complexity, low labor productivity.

Railway transportation technology is complex. This is due to the binding to the railway track. The basis of the technology of work is the theory of schedules (timetable schedule); plan for the formation of trains in the direction of movement; The agreed plan for the formation of trains on the main direction with the work schedule of access routes of enterprises with communication with the main network of railways.

Principles of Railways:

1. On busy distillation, another train cannot leave (to increase the bandwidth, the distillations are crushed into the sections);

2. The movement is carried out only by trains (passenger, cargo, postal, mixed), which are reorbed by the route of movement;

3. Loads are followed between sorting stations, on which trains are reormed;

4. The transport process management is made through the dispatch center;

5. Changing the locomotive brigade is carried out after 100 - 120 km (water fence is required after 600 - 800 km); Modern traction allows you to change the brigade after 200 - 300 km, and locomotive is 1000 km;

6. Transportation occurs with different rut width;

7. Sending goods - pusons, small parties, train or route trains (characteristic of the transport of bulk goods).

The rolling stock of railway transport includes: locomotives (cargo, maneuver, electric trains for suburban reports and the metro) and wagons (cargo, passenger, special, specialized in type of cargo).

The emergence and development of rail transport belongs to the first half of the XIX century. and is associated with the rapid growth of the capitalist production method. The birthplace of this type of transport is United Kingdom.

The first railway of general use in Russia with a length of only 26 km of St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk was put into effect in 1837 and had a purely demonstration value. Three years before this, the factory railway in Nizhny Tagil is functioning. Russia was late in organizing railway communication in comparison with the developed countries of that time for 10 to 12 years.

The full start of the formation of the domestic railway network refers to 1851. Then the Two-War Railway Magistral Saint Petersburg was commissioned - Moscow. In the future, the construction of highways for radial areas from Moscow (Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov). As well as from the grain areas to the maritime export ports of the Baltic and Black Seas. Railway construction in Russia has acquired a particularly large scale at the end of the XIX - early XX century. The pre-revolutionary period was the main "backbone" of the modern railway network of the country. By this time, the Trans-Siberian Magistral (Moscow - Vladivostok) and railways were functioning all over its entire length of the Railways connecting Moscow with the Caucasus and Central Asia. Highway St. Petersburg - Warsaw - Berlin tied the capital of Russia with the railway network of Western Europe. The highways for Odessa and Murmansk gave St. Petersburg to enter the black and Barents seas.

In the Soviet period, the main focus was not made to the construction of new railways, but for the reconstruction and increase in the capacity of the most loaded existing highways. This approach was quite justified. The concentration of the main cargo and passenger traffic on relatively few highways made it possible to carry out the appropriate concentration of capital investments in their reconstruction and technical re-equipment. The result is a significant reduction in the specific costs of transportation of goods and passengers.

By the end of the 80s. Railway highways Soviet Union were the most charged in the world. They accounted for about half of the world freight turnover of railway transport. Moreover, the most intensive movement of trains was the roads of Russia. On the territory of our country there is the most downloaded highway of the world - Transsib. The maximum cargo flow on it is timed to the site Novosibirsk - Omsk, where in both directions in the pre-crisis 1990 transported more than 130 million tons of cargo.

The high intensity of the railway traffic in Russia made it possible to carry out such expensive and capital-intensive types of reconstruction as the transfer of railway transport on the electrical engineering.

New railways were mainly built in newly mastered areas of Siberia, the Far East and the European North. For the unloading of the Transsib, his "Doublers" was built - the Yuzhnosibirsk Magistral (Abakan - Novokuznetsk - Barnaul - Pavlodar - Tselinograd - Magnitogorsk) and the Mediumness (stone-on-Obi - Kokchetav - Kustanai - Chelyabinsk). A significant part of these roads falls on Kazakhstan. Therefore, today they have interstate importance. Along with the domestic Russian connections, they play a large role in the international territorial division of labor between Russia and Kazakhstan. Railways were also built for the development of European fuel and energy resources (Vorkuta - Konosha) and the West Siberian North (Tyumen - Surgut - Urengoy). The most significant road in the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East is also the Northern Dubler Transsiba - Baikal Amur Magistral (Tayshet - Ust-Kut - Severobaikalsk -Tynda - Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Soviet harbor). A small bass was built - the BAM trail - Tynda - Berkakit. This route gave the yo-yakutski TPK output on the Trans-Gas. In the future, it was planned to extend the small bams on Yakutsk and then through Susanum to Magadan to provide the third railway exit of Russia to Pacific Ocean. There are projects for the compounds of the "island" railway Dudinka - Norilsk - Talnn with the main network of Russia railways by extending Tyumen highway - Surgut - Urengoy to Dudinka with a bridge through Yenisei. However, the implementation of all these projects requires major capital investments.

To characterize the operation of railway transport on modern stage Development is increasingly important, not quantitative, and high-quality indicators, in particular, electrifyingness. By the length of electrified railways, Russia (75.3 thousand km) occupies the first place in the world, then the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, India and China are coming. Under the length of railways, Russia ranks 2nd - 124 thousand km. However, our country is on the thickness of the network on one of the last places. Especially rare network of railways in Siberia, in the Far East and the European North. Although today, by the total cargo turnover of railway transport, Russia holds leadership, however, the railway network, and the vehicles are largely physically worn and require immediate upgrade.

Such a state of railway transport and railways is the result of a systematic reduction in capital investments in the industry, as well as the practical cessation of the supply of rolling stock and different equipment from the former Allied republics and countries of the People's Democracy. Russia with its huge spaces and large volumes of mass cargo transportation over long distances is sharply needed well-developed railway transport (high-speed highlighters with high bandwidth and modern rolling stock).

The Government of the Russian Federation adopted a decree on the establishment of Russian Railways, the largest transport company, which began to economic activities from October 1, 2003. Today, railway transport reform is recognized as one of the most successfully developing reforms in the economic sphere. As a result of the implementation of the program of structural reform of railway transport, a breakthrough in the field of passenger traffic - passenger turning increased. Already in the first year of the company, the quality of freight traffic was improved: the speed of delivery of goods increased by 6%, the share of shipments delivered exactly on time exceeded 90%.

Such mass loads such as forest and timber, agricultural goods and largely grain, coal, always prevailed in the carriage of goods by railways of Russia. Later - oil and petroleum products, raw materials, rudes of black metals and metals, mineral-building materials. A much smaller share was the production of the manufacturing industry. And today this picture has changed little. Nevertheless, the last 2 - 3 decades have emerged a very positive trend - gradual (extremely slow) growth in the specific weight of the manufacturing industry in the total volume of cargo turnover and the reduction of the share of other types of goods.

In geography, cargo transportation is dominated by cargo flows of fuel and raw materials from Siberia in the west direction (in the European part of Russia, to Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic States, as well as the countries of Eastern and Western Europe). Also, the freight traffic of raw materials from the European North in the middle and southern strip of Russia is also large.

There is a project underwater tunnelconnecting the Russian Federation with the United States, but as long as it does not have the foundation.

In the passenger report, the Trans-Siberian Highway in its European part is especially loaded, Moscow - St. Petersburg, as well as the remaining radial highways divergent from Moscow.

The suburban passenger communication is most developed in the vicinity of Moscow, St. Petersburg and other major cities in Russia.

In the seven of the largest cities of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Kazan and Novosibirsk - there is a metropolitan. Metropolitan construction is also conducted in Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk and Ufa. In Volgograd, metrors are valid - the system of an underground high-speed tram. Metrol, despite the tram rolling stock, is actually considered the subway. The total length of the lines of Russian metropolitan is about 453.0 km, 280 stations are functioning. Over 4.2 billion passengers are transported annually. This is almost twice the passenger transportation of the entire network of railways of Russia. Russia ranks third among the countries of the world by the number of cities with existing metro and the fourth network of the total length of the network. The leading place among the Russian metro is occupied by Moscow.

In 1992, the construction of the first in Russia of the super-speed railway highway Moscow - St. Petersburg was launched. Thus, the first high-speed rail route in Russia - USUR-1 - Passenger Magistral Moscow - St. Petersburg for the appeal of specialized high-speed trains.

From December 18, 2009, the regular movement of the Saapsan train between Moscow and St. Petersburg on the schedule began. The initial time of the trip between the two capitals was 3 hours for 45 minutes. In the future, it was planned to reduce the time on the way. However, on the contrary, it was increased, and now varies from 3 hours 55 minutes to 4 hours 45 minutes.

High-speed train "Sapsan" (Velao Rus) - Joint Railways and Siemens project. The first train in Russia is formed from 10 cars. In the way, it develops speed up to 250 km / h. At the same time, on the tests, he accelerates to 281 km / h. Cars "Sapsana" have a two-class layout - a tourist and business class. A number of problems in the operation of the train arises due to the fact that the high-speed movement is organized by common with ordinary railway trains. In this regard, it was decided to build the first in Russia of a specialized high-speed railway highway Moscow - St. Petersburg. According to the new train, the train will be able to run at a speed of up to 400 km / h. The end of construction is scheduled for 2017. JSC "Russian Railways" plans to draw up an end-to-end ticket for Sapsan passengers (Moscow - St. Petersburg) and "Allegro" (St. Petersburg - Helsinki) - travel on both trains will be carried out at one ticket.

Second UsWh of Russia - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod. Move the route time is 3 hours 55 minutes, at a maximum speed of 160 km / h. On the following path, the composition makes two-minute stops in Vladimir, as well as in Dzerzhinsk. The first flight was carried out on July 30, 2010. The intensity of the movement is two pairs per day - one couple walks from St. Petersburg to Nizhny Novgorod and back through the Kursk Station of Moscow. From September 6, 2010, the second pair goes from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod from the Kursk railway station and back. Total travel time is 7 hours 55 minutes from St. Petersburg to Nizhny Novgorod and 3 hours 55 minutes from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod.

Currently, there are projects for the construction of new railway lines, where the "Sapsan" train will be operated: 1) Line Moscow - Kazan; 2) Line Moscow - Yaroslavl.

Railway quiz

How did the railway called the railway?
a) tin;

b) cast iron;

c) silver;

d) glass.

(Cast iron, gladian.)

How did the steam locomotive called in ancient times?
a) steamer;
b) self-propeller;
c) chimney;
d) span.
(It is so in the "backway song" on the words N.V. Puppetelo and music M.I. Glinka is called locomotive.)

Name the first king, which began to build railways in Russia.

a) Ivan. Vi;

b) Peter I;

c) Nikolai I;

d) Alexander II.

(In November 1851, the St. Petersburg-Moscow road, built in 9 years, Russian engineers was opened. Alexander II assigned the name of Nikolaevskaya to the throne in 1855 - named his father Nikolai I, the first king, which began to build railways in Russia.)

What year in Russia was the professional holiday of the day of the railway worker?

a) in 1896;

b) in 1917;

c) in 1936;

d) in 1985.

(The day of the railway worker was timed to the birthday of Emperor Nikolai I, which began construction of railways. During his reign, the first walking railway was built to the Tsarskoye Village, the first All-Russian highway from St. Petersburg to Moscow. This holiday in those years, up to 1917 year, celebrated on June 25. The festive tradition was revived in the USSR only after 20 years of oblivion - in 1936.)

What trains were before?
a) accounting;

b) doctoral;

c) courier;

d) bankers.
(So \u200b\u200bearlier called expression trains.)

How did the railway workers called the age of the eyelids?

a) yambs;

b) after
c) paths;

d) plantains.

Which of these professions exists?
a) the holder of the highways;

b) Pathways;
c) road supervisor;

d) Perron controller.
(This is a railway station, regularly coming to the purpose of observation and the protection of the railway track allotted by him.)

Professional carrier of suitcases At the railway station - who is this?
a) carrier;

b) Neson. ;
c) porter;

d) Movement.

What is the position in the staffing of the railway station?
a) compiler of rails;

b) Protocol compiler;
c) trains compiler;

d) Compiler suitcases.

How is the main conductor of the passenger train name?
a) foreman;

b) Programmer ;
c) brigadier;

d) Superconductor.

What is used to attach rails to wooden sleepers or bars?

a) cane;

b) crutch;

c) vulture;

d) spear.

(Travel crutch.)

What section has a traveling crutch?

a) round;

b) triangular;

c) oval;

d) square.

(The traveling crutch is a steel rod of a square cross section with an oval head and with a beveled on two sides, they are universally replaced by screws.)

How do railway workers stop wagons?
a) shoes;

b) Boots ;
c) heels;

d) Heels.
(Bashmak is a device imposed on the rail to stop the wheels. Hence the name of the railway profession - the shoe.)

Railway cars have brakes ... What?

a) sleeves;

b) pockets;

c) belt;

d) Lampas.

(Connecting brake hoses forming brake lines – The system of the air duct under the bottom of the car or train, which serves air from the locomotive compressor and contributes to the braking of the train.)

What is on the roof of electros and train?

a) pantograph;

b) cardiograph;

c) polygraph;

d) autograph.

(This is a current receiver with a lifting mechanism in the form of a hinge multi-visitor. It is used to ensure a reliable electrical connection with the contact wire of the contact network of the electric rolling lineage of the railway. The name of the Pantograph has happened from the device similar to it to copy the drawings, from here in the word root -graph.)

What device allows rolling stock (trains) to move from the main path to adjacent?
a) arrow;
b) barrier;
c) semaphore;
d) shoe.
(Arrower translation.)

What of these concepts does not exist?
a) railway node;
b) railway branch;
c) railway canvas;
d) railway needles.

What is the name of the end of the railway track?

a) node;

b) traveling;

c) distillation;

d) deadlock.

What is the part of the railway line between adjacent stations?

a) run;

b) distillation;

c) hire;

d) mileage.

What is the name of a rolling stock unit, specially intended for traction of trains and not adapted by itself for the transport of passengers or goods?
a) dynamo;
b) locomotive;
c) diesel;
d) Moters.

What kind of locomotives does not exist on Russian railways?
a) passenger;
b) cargo;
c) maneuver;
d) sports.

What is the name of the voluntary sports society of railway workers, founded in the USSR in 1936?
a) "Lokomotiv";
b) "beep";
c) "Semaphor";
d) "Express".
(Nowadays the Russian Physical Sports Society "Lokomotiv" RFCO Lokomotiv.)

What is the name of a specialist managing locomotive?
a) driver;

b) motorist;

c) dispatcher;

d) coach.

What is the name of the enterprise carrying out maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of railways?
a) hangar;
b) garage;
c) depot;
d) stall.

What freight cars are designed to transport liquid goods?

a) hoppers;

b) dumpcars;

c) tanks;

d) half-haul.

(Hoppers - for mass bulk cargo, dumps - for transportation and automated unloading of mining and earthen breeds, half-breeds - for bulk, stable and piece goods that do not require protection against atmospheric influences.)

What cars in the number of wheeled pairs (axes) make up most of the car park?

a) two-axis;

b) four-way;

c) sixosny;

c) eighty.

What is the name of the central newspaper of railway workers, founded in 1917?
a) "beep";

b) "Siren" ;
c) "whistle";

d) "Gong".

What railways exist?

a) monorail;

b) stereo tracks;

c) multirels;

d) firefight.

(Earlier it was called a single-tempered railway.)

Which of these phraseologism is not born in the railway environment?
a) translate arrows (on someone);
b) jump into the last car;
c) run ahead of the locomotive;
d) to kill iron while hot.

("Translate arrows" - to dump your guilt, responsibility to another. "Jump into the last car" - not to be late, have time to decide on anything. "Run ahead of the locomotive" - \u200b\u200ba few of the events, violate the normal course of development of the situation. "Kiss iron while hot "- not to waste time using favorable circumstances.)

What railway is part of JSC "Russian Railways"?
a) December;
b) May;
c) Oktyabrskaya;
d) november.
(Office is located in St. Petersburg.)

How many railways in Russia (branches of Russian Railways)?
a) 5;

b) 13;

c) 16;

d) 21.

(East Siberian, Gorky, Far Eastern, Zabaikalskaya, West Siberian, Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarskaya, Kuibyshevskaya, Moscow, Oktyabrskaya, Volga, Sverdlovskaya, North, North-Caucasian, Southeast, Yuzhno-Uralskaya.)

In which city is the Vitebsk station - the very first station in Russia?
a) in Moscow;
b) in St. Petersburg;
c) in Yekaterinburg;
d) in Krasnodar.
(The first single-storey wooden building of the Vitebsk station was erected in 1837 for the first in Russia of the Tsarskoye railway, tied St. Petersburg and the Tsarskoye Selo. The initial name is Tsarskoselsky, then Childsellsky.)

How many main railway stations in Moscow?
a) 3;

b) 5;

at 7;

d) 9.

(Belorussky, Kazan, Kiev, Kursky, Leningradsky, Paveletsky, Riga, Savölovsky, Yaroslavsky.)

How are the Komsomol Square in Moscow informally call?

a) the area of \u200b\u200bthe two stations;

b) the area of \u200b\u200bthree stations;

c) area of \u200b\u200bfive stations;

d) the area of \u200b\u200bseven stations.

What train station is not on the Komsomolskaya Square (Square of the Three Stations) of Moscow?

a) Leningrad;

b) Kiev;

c) Yaroslavsky;

d) Kazan.

What Russian city railway station is the highest building station in Europe and the largest railway station in Russia?
a) Chelyabinsk;
b) Ekaterinburg;
c) Samara;
d) Rostov-on-Don.
(The height of the Samara Station with a spire is 100 meters.)

Name the most railway city of Russia, in which every fourth resident is a railwayman.

a) Tambov;

b) Lipetsk;

c) leaves;

d) Balashov.

(City in the Voronezh region, which is a large railway node. On the coat of arms of the city depicted a winged wheel – The symbol of the decisive role of railways in the development of the city.)

Name the route of the country's main train named "Russia"?
a) Moscow - St. Petersburg;
b) Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod;
c) Moscow - Vladivostok;
d) Moscow - Chelyabinsk.
(The train "Russia" is the longest railway passenger route on the planet passing through the territory of one country. Route length – 9259 km. The train crosses almost all Eurasia on land, passes through 14 regions, 90 cities, 8 time zones. Located on the way 6 days.)

What kind of name did the train number 1, running between Moscow and St. Petersburg?
a) "Red Arrow";

b) "White Nights";

c) "Lotos";

d) "amber".

(Train "White Nights" runs along the route Santk Petersburg - Vologda, "Lotos" - on the route Astrakhan - Moscow, "Yantar" - on the route Kalinigrad - Moscow.)

What of the listed rivers do not cross the passenger train "Red Arrow"?
a) Volga;

b) Volkhov;
c) msta;

d) Don.

What kind of bird name got high-speed electric train Moscow– St. Petersburg?

a) "Hawk";

b) "Strege";

c) "Sapsan";

d) "Falcon".

Where is the Central Museum of Railway Transport of Russia?

a) in Moscow;

b) in St. Petersburg;

c) in Samara;

d) in Novosibirsk.

What railways are in the Russian Railways system?

a) toy;

b) children's;

c) junior;

d) student.

(Children's railways are institutions of additional education of children in which children of 8-15 years old are studying railway specialties. The main part of the DAZ is a narrow-chain railway line on which practical classes of young railway workers are held.)

How many children's railways are functioning in the System of Russian Railways?
a) 5;
b) 10;
in 20;
d) 25.

What DZ (Children's Railway) is the longest in Russia?
a) free JD;
b) Krasnoyarsk DZ;
c) Kazan;
d) Chelyabinsk.
(In the city is free, which is in the Amur region of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Trans-Baikal Railway. Its length is 11.4 km. Krasnoyarsk Dzh is the first in Russia "Small" road. Its length is the smallest - 1300 m.)

Which of these Russian writers was a pathway engineer, worked on the construction of the largest Russian railways?

a) Mamin-Siberian;

b) Garin-Mikhailovsky;

c) Chekhov;

d) Kuprin.

(The fourth story of the tetralogy N.Garina-Mikhailovsky, the first three parts of which are called "Childhood of the Tyo", "Gymnasists", "students" and called "engineers". In honor of the writer, the area of \u200b\u200bNovosibirsk Train Station and Novosibirsk Station are named after the writer. Metro.)

In Voronezh, for a century from the birth of this writer, many years have given the service in southeastern railwayThe building of the railway station opened a memorial plaque with the following text: Voronezh is the birthplace of the writer ... - the author of many works about railroad workers? Name his name.
a) Andrei Platonov;

b) Ivan Nikitin;

c) Alexander Kuprin;

d) Alexey Koltsov.

How the name of the story A.S. ends Pushkin "Station ..."?
a) observer;

b) caretaker;
c) browser;

d) supervisor.

What is the name of the historic station of the October Railway?

a) coast;

b) Out;

c) bottom;

d) stranded.

(At this station there was a famous renunciation of the throne. It all is known since childhood, because it was here that the loss of a certain dog was found in the lady, who surrendered the baggage.)

Railways in Russia each year is transported 1 billion 300 million passengers. On average, each of us is a passenger of the train 9 times a year, but it is a very small figure. In Soviet times, this figure reached 15 times a year.

The Trans-Siberian Railway Highway is considered the longest in the world. Its length is almost 9.300 kilometers.

The foundation "Half" is the most middle of the Transsib. From this station the same distance, both to Moscow and Vladivostok.

After the opening of the first railway in Russia (between Moscow and St. Petersburg), the first three days fare was free. Because no one wanted to go on this "terrible thing."

In France, there is still a law that prohibits kisses at the station. The reason for the ban was delays in the departure of trains. The law issued another 100 years ago and no one has canceled it.

It turns out that wayfielders who tapping the wheels of trains possess the perfect musical hearing. By changing the tone, they must determine the malfunction of the wheels.

In the train, which runs in the West Peru, the conductors offer passengers an oxygen pillow. Because the train comes along the highest railway in the world (at an altitude of more than 3 kilometers).

Once on the railway road in Ohio (USA) there was a collision of a train with a steamer. The fact is that Ohio lake came out of the shores, and the railway path was under the meter layer of water. Nevertheless, the driver decided to hold the train along the flooded path, but ran into a steamer.

The head of the Bavarian Railways in 1910 was forced to publish an order for prohibiting machinists and strokes to buy during stops at beer stations.

In Argentina, you can now make an excursion on the legendary train "Patagonia-Express", which was restored specifically for tourists. In addition to the impressions of the surrounding landscapes, passengers can become participants in the carefully planned promotion of the "train robbery" without their consent.

A few years ago, a special "love train" began to ride between Paris and Venice. In the compartment of such a train: VIP service, there is a TV, shower and special double shelf.

Once in Tournai in Switzerland, a train went on, on which the cream of the Swiss Society was driving: Ministers, deputies, honorary citizens, etc. On the occasion of the celebration, the train was composed of some restaurant wagons. But the organizers did not take into account the small nuance: there is no toilet in Swiss restaurant wagons. Therefore, when the train approached the station, gathered to meet his locals, were very surprised: the honored guests flew out of the doors of the cars like peas.

As you know, some trains have their own name. For example, "Red Arrow", "Russia", "Baikal", etc. Often the names of trains give the passengers themselves: for example, the train "Rostov - Odessa" passengers affectionate name "Dad - Mom"

The Japanese company "Toshiba" built a train on a magnetic cushion. The train is able to develop a speed of 517 km / h.

Once a group of German engineers examined Panaman's stake in the conclusion of the trans-American railway. And in the end I made a decision that the rails here are better to do not from rare in these places of iron, and ... from gold.

The third-class wagons on the first Russian railways followed in the front of the composition and were equipped with rigid benches. But the passengers often went under the benches. Because these cars did not have a roof, and the passengers were hidden from bad weather and sparks.

In Australia, a railway is laid on a deserted plain, which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. It is famous for the fact that for 500 km there is not a single turn on it.

Among the Faberge collection there is an egg "Trans-Siberian Magistral", which contains a clockwork model of the Imperial Trans-Siberian Train from Gold and Platinum.

In the near future, bunk passenger cars may appear in Russia. Such wagons will be much more economical for the railway and much more comfortable for passengers. Each coupe of such a car has a shower, toilet and air conditioning.

In Monte Carlo, you can see people who meet trains in anticipation of those who arrived at the Principality for the first time. After that, passengers offer money for the game, promising for this a share of winnings. In all guilt, signs that novice is lucky.

But at the station Sibuya in Japan there is a monument to a dog with a "cap of the station chief" on the head. This honor, the dog was honored for his feat, she met the owner for 10 years, who left by train.

When the first section of the railway between Liverpool and Manchester was built in England, they decided to arrange a kind of contest between five steam locomotives. However, before the start of the competition, the fifth car was removed from participating in them "due to an obsolete engine." Under the steel trim, ordinary horses were hidden there.

The longest cargo structure in the world rushed in the Soviet Union along the Ekibastuz - Ural route. The train 6.5 kilometers long translated 42.000 tons of coal in 440 wagons.

In the early 90s. Such an African was known: the African promised emigration to Europe, took the agreed amount, brought to Moscow (then it was just cheap). And then this African put on the train, assuring that this is a train to Germany. But in fact it was a metro train, which was moving along the ring route. The poor fellow could go for a very long time.

The harsh punishment once deserved the driver of the train "Ahvaz - Tehran". His fault was that he did not stop the train during Namaz (prayers). Because of this, the passengers were forced to pray in a coupe, moreover, at each turn of the train, they had to spin on the spot.

Specialists advise for security reasons, when buying tickets, give preference to central cars. In the event of an accident, they suffer less than the head or tail. And also better choose seats against the train movement. By the way, according to statistics, trains 45 times safer cars

The maximum speed on the rail route is fixed at 9851 km / h! This speed has been developed during the experiment platform with a rocket engine in New Mexico (USA)

Such a familiar thing for us - Railway! One of the most reliable and affordable and beloved many types of transport. I bought a train ticket, came to the station. Now, no one recalls that when opening the railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow, travel in the first three days made free precisely because everyone was afraid of this "terrible thing."

On average, each of us is 9 times a year becomes a passenger of the railway. The average number of passengers of Russian Railways per year is 1 billion 300 million.

The most remarkable railway is the Trans-Siberian Highway. It is the longest in the world. From Moscow to Nakhodka - 9438 km and 97 large stations. Going along this route a company train "Russia", which is located on the way 8 days 4 hours and 25 minutes.

The most middle of the Transsiba is called: the station is half. From it the same distance to Moscow and Vladivostok.

The coldest section of the Transsib is located between the mods of Mogocha and Skovorodino. Temperature here reaches -62 degrees. Although geographically this is not the most northern Point Highway.

And the highest point where the rails of the Transsib are laid, lies at an altitude of 1040 m, between the stations of Turgutus and the applean. This is 6110 km, applean pass.

The longest cargo train was 6.5 km long, consisted of 440 wagons and regularly transported 42,000 tons of coal from Ekibastuz to the Urals at the time of the USSR. On another edge of the world, in South Africa, in 1989, another record was recorded: a train of 7.3 km long, consisting of 660 wagons. True, more experiment did not repeat. Kalute could not stand it.

The first railway in Russia was cargo, 2 km long. They built it in the Urals, on the Kolyvanovsky plant and she worked on horse racing. The first passenger road was known to all Tsarskoselskaya.

The speed of the first passenger trains in the XIX century was 33 km / h. And the railway workers at the time were a kind of elite: they were treated, as, for example, at the beginning of the 20th century to aviators, or in the 60s - to astronauts. Modern trains can develop up to 580 km / h.

Requirements when admission to work pathways did not change during this time: they must have a good musical hearing, because they determine the wheel malfunction to change the tone when it is closed.

According to statistics, the railway is 45 times safer than the car. Those who are still worried, specialists advise to choose cars in the middle of the composition, and in sedentary cars - buy a train ticket to places against movement.

Lovers of the same scrolling sensations Invite to Argentina. There runs a legendary train "Patagonia Express" specially restored for tourists. In addition to vivid impressions from local landscapes, it is unexpected to be a member of the action called "Train Robbery" :)

IN South America Many surprises. For example, German engineers who examined Panaman's experiencing for the construction of a trans-American railway line, said that the rails from local iron are unprofitable. Gold here more affordable metal ...

Interesting fact number 1

Every year, 1,300,000,000 passengers enjoy railway transport in Russia. That is, each resident of Russia in the year is 9 times by train. However, this figure is far from the limit. In the USSR, each person accounted for 15 travel trips.

Interesting fact number 2

The longest railway is the Trans-Siberian Highway, which has a length of about 9300 kilometers.

Interesting fact number 3.

The median station of Transsib is called "half". From her to Moscow and to Vladivostok identical distance.

Interesting fact number 4.

The first railway was opened between Petersburg and Moscow, with the first three days of transportation were carried out for free. Simply no one wanted to ride such an uncharted thing as a train.

Interesting fact number 5.

Want to work in Russian Railways enter the railway institute in Krasnoyarsk.

Interesting fact number 6.

In France, it is forbidden to kiss at the station, as it often became the reason for the delay of trains. The law is valid for 100 years, and it still does not cancel it.

Interesting fact number 7.

Railways are known that travel trappers who check the serviceability of the trains, a sensitive musical hearing. After all, they have to detect the defects of the wheels to change the tone of the knock.

Interesting fact number 8.

In one of the trains, which drives in the western part of Peru, the conductors provide oxygen pillows with their passengers. The fact is that the train drives along the highest railway in the world, which is located at an altitude of about three kilometers.

Interesting fact number 9.

Once, in the United States, in Ohio, the train collided with a steamer. Ohio Lake at that time came out of the shores, and the railway was plunged into a meter thickness of the water. The driver, however, decided to drive across the river, well, his path was blocked by a steamer.

Interesting fact number 10.

In Bavaria, in 1910, an order was published on behalf of the local authorities, which forbade the drinking of beer to machinists and strokes during stops.

Interesting fact No. 11.

Argentina has the opportunity to ride on the famous train "Patagonia - Express", who survived the century robbery at one time. Tourists who have decided to ride on this train will not only be able to enjoy the scenery outside the window, but also involuntarily take part in the planned presentation that simulates the real train robbery.

Interesting fact number 12.

In Argentina, you can now make an excursion on the legendary train "Patagonia-Express", which was restored specifically for tourists. In addition to the impressions of the surrounding landscapes, passengers can become participants in the carefully planned promotion of the "train robbery" without their consent.

Interesting fact No. 13.

For several years, there was a railway route "Paris-Venice", where a special "love train" was running. A special service was organized in the compartment of such a train. Passengers have a TV, shower, and a special bedroom shelf on two people.

Interesting fact No. 14.

Once in Switzerland, they organized a tour on the train, where all the highest light of the Swiss Society was located: officials, honorary citizens, politicians I.T.D. On this occasion, the whole train was composed of restaurant cars. However, the organizers of this festival did not take into account the fact that there are no toilets in Switzerland cars in Switzerland. As a result, when the train came to the destination, the passengers jumped out of the wagons, surprising all citizens who were gathered to meet honored guests.