An epithet is an adjective that reveals the characteristics of an object, adds an assessment to it, gives expressiveness and emotionality to the statement. Examples from a poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Premonition" - a meek, serene angel; hectic life; your gentle gaze.

Personification is a way of giving human qualities to inanimate objects. An example from the same poem: "again the clouds above me gathered in silence"; "rock envious misfortune
threatens me again .. ". Most often, the personification acts as an inanimate noun with a verb that carries the characteristics of human actions.

epithets

An epithet is a special figurative definition that gives an artistic description of an object or phenomenon. This means of speech expressiveness is most often found in poetic lines to give them brightness and emotionality. Epithets are most often adjectives.

Epithets can be:

• commonly used;
• copyright.

You come across commonly used ones everywhere, they are familiar and understandable. But sometimes the existing options for describing an object and phenomenon are simply not enough to express the surging feelings and emotions, so the authors come up with unique epithets.

Another classification of epithets:

• pictorial;
• expressive.

Expressive epithets will contain a certain assessment of the author, and pictorial epithets will be based on a comparison or expression of the features of an object (phenomenon).

The epithet is not any specific feature.

For example, in the phrase "wet rain" the epithet is not used. It's raining and it's really wet. But combinations like "sad rain", "endless rain" or "mushroom rain" include an epithet.

Examples of epithets:

• ruddy dawn;
• skillful fingers;
• singing wind.

personification

In order to more colorfully express their thoughts and feelings, people came up with "personification" - the transfer of their emotions, sensations and capabilities to inanimate objects. For example, in the expression "it's raining," the inanimate rain was given the human ability to move.

Personification most often met us in children's fairy tales, in which animals could speak, plants could sing, and objects independently decided where they needed to go.

In order to receive a personification, it is enough for us to endow some inanimate object living properties. Suppose there is a pink pen on the table and we need to somehow give it living properties, we get: an embarrassed pen, a dancing pen, a creative pen.

Other examples of impersonation:

• I heard how loud howling wind.
• The sun winked me from behind the clouds.
• branches, cut down by a bully, again came to life in a glass of water.
• The bells sang me your special tune.

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons - all these are means of artistic expression, actively used in the Russian literary language. There is a huge variety of them. They are necessary in order to make the language bright and expressive, to enhance artistic images, to draw the reader's attention to the thought that the author wants to convey.

What are the means of artistic expression?

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons belong to different groups of means of artistic expression.

Linguists distinguish sound or phonetic visual means. Lexical - those that are associated with a specific word, that is, a lexeme. If the expressive means covers a phrase or a whole sentence, then it is syntactic.

Separately, they also consider phraseological means (they are based on phraseological units), tropes (special turns of speech used in figurative meaning).

Where are the means of artistic expression used?

It should be noted that the means of artistic expression are used not only in literature, but also in various areas of communication.

Most often, epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons can be found, of course, in artistic and journalistic speech. They are also present in colloquial and even scientific styles. They play a huge role, as they help the author to bring his artistic idea, his image to life. They are also useful to the reader. With their help, he can penetrate the secret world of the creator of the work, better understand and delve into the author's intention.

Epithet

Epithets in poetry are one of the most common literary devices. Surprisingly, an epithet can be not only an adjective, but also an adverb, a noun, and even a numeral (a common example is second Life).

Most literary critics consider the epithet as one of the main techniques in poetic creativity, decorating poetic speech.

If we turn to the origins of this word, then it comes from the ancient Greek concept, meaning "attached" in literal translation. That is, which is an addition to the main word, the main function of which is to make the main idea clearer and more expressive. Most often, the epithet comes before the main word or expression.

Like all means of artistic expression, epithets developed from one literary era to another. So, in folklore, that is, in folk art, the role of epithets in the text is very large. They describe the properties of objects or phenomena. They highlight their key features, while extremely rarely refer to the emotional component.

Later, the role of epithets in literature changes. It is expanding significantly. This means of artistic expression is given new properties and filled with previously uncharacteristic functions. This is especially noticeable among the poets of the Silver Age.

Nowadays, especially in postmodern literary works, the structure of the epithet has become even more complicated. The semantic content of this trope has also increased, leading to surprisingly expressive devices. For instance: diaper golden.

Function of epithets

The definitions of epithet, metaphor, personification, comparison come down to one thing - all these are artistic means that give salience and expressiveness to our speech. Both literary and colloquial. A special function of the epithet is also a strong emotionality.

These means of artistic expression, and especially epithets, help readers or listeners to visualize what the author is talking about or writing about, to understand how he relates to this subject.

Epithets serve to realistically recreate historical era defined social group or the people. With their help, we can imagine how these people spoke, what words colored their speech.

What is a metaphor?

Translated from the ancient Greek language, a metaphor is a "meaning transfer". This is the best way to characterize this concept.

A metaphor can be either a single word or a whole expression, which is used by the author in a figurative sense. This means of artistic expression is based on a comparison of an object that has not yet been named with some other one based on their common feature.

Unlike most other literary terms, metaphor has a specific author. This famous philosopher Ancient Greece- Aristotle. The original birth of this term is associated with Aristotle's ideas about art as a method of imitating life.

At the same time, those metaphors used by Aristotle are almost impossible to distinguish from literary exaggeration (hyperbole), ordinary comparison or personification. He understood metaphor much more broadly than contemporary literary scholars.

Examples of the use of metaphor in literary speech

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons are actively used in works of art. Moreover, for many authors, it is metaphors that become an aesthetic end in themselves, sometimes completely displacing the original meaning of the word.

As an example, literary researchers cite the famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare as an example. For him, what is often important is not the worldly initial meaning of a particular statement, but the metaphorical meaning it acquires, a new unexpected meaning.

For those readers and researchers who were brought up on the Aristotelian understanding of the principles of literature, this was unusual and even incomprehensible. So, on this basis, Leo Tolstoy did not recognize the poetry of Shakespeare. His points of view in Russia XIX century adhered to by many readers of the English playwright.

At the same time, with the development of literature, the metaphor begins not only to reflect, but also to create the life around us. A vivid example from classical Russian literature is Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's story "The Nose". The nose of the collegiate assessor Kovalev, who went on his own journey around St. Petersburg, is not only a hyperbole, personification and comparison, but also a metaphor that gives this image a new unexpected meaning.

An illustrative example is the Futurist poets who worked in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Their main goal was to move the metaphor as far as possible from its original meaning. Such techniques were often used by Vladimir Mayakovsky. An example is the title of his poem "A Cloud in Pants".

However, after October revolution use of metaphor became much less frequent. Soviet poets and writers strove for clarity and straightforwardness, so the need to use words and expressions in a figurative sense disappeared.

Although quite without a metaphor to imagine piece of art, even Soviet authors, is impossible. Words-metaphors are found in almost everyone. In Arkady Gaidar's "The Fate of a Drummer" you can find such a phrase - "So we parted. The clatter was silent, and the field is empty."

In the Soviet poetry of the 70s, Konstantin Kedrov introduced the concept of "meta-metaphor" or, as it is also called, "metaphor squared". The metaphor has a new distinctive feature - it is constantly involved in the development literary language. As well as speech and culture itself in general.

To do this, metaphors are constantly used, talking about the latest sources of knowledge and information, using it to describe the modern achievements of mankind in science and technology.

personification

In order to understand what personification is in literature, let us turn to the origin of this concept. Like most literary terms, it has its roots in the ancient Greek language. In literal translation it means "face" and "I do". With the help of this literary device, natural forces and phenomena, inanimate objects acquire properties and signs, human. As if inspired by the author. For example, they can be given the properties of the human psyche.

Such techniques are often used not only in modern fiction, but also in mythology and religion, in magic and cults. Personification was a key means of artistic expression in legends and parables, in which the ancient man was explained how the world works, what is behind natural phenomena. They were animated, endowed with human qualities, associated with gods or superhumans. So it was easier for the ancient man to accept and understand the reality surrounding him.

Examples of personifications

To understand what personification is in literature, examples of specific texts will help us. So, in a Russian folk song, the author claims that "bast of grief girded".

With the help of personification, a special worldview appears. It is characterized by an unscientific view of natural phenomena. When, for example, thunder grumbles like an old man, or the sun is perceived not as an inanimate cosmic object, but as a specific god named Helios.

Comparison

In order to understand the main modern means of artistic expression, it is important to understand what comparison is in literature. Examples will help us with this. At Zabolotsky we meet: "He used to be sonorous, like a bird"or Pushkin: "He ran faster than a horse".

Very often comparisons are used in Russian folk art. So we clearly see that this is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another on the basis of some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to find in the described object new and important properties for the subject of artistic expression.

Metaphor, epithets, comparisons, personifications serve a similar purpose. The table in which all these concepts are presented helps to visually understand how they differ from each other.

Comparison types

Consider for a detailed understanding of what a comparison is in the literature, examples and varieties of this trope.

It can be used as a comparative turnover: the man is stupid as a pig.

There are non-union comparisons: My home is my castle.

Comparisons are often formed at the expense of a noun in the instrumental case. Classic example: he walks around.

Means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech. The concept of a path. Types of tropes: epithet, metaphor, comparison, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, irony, allegory, personification, paraphrase.

A trope is a rhetorical figure, word or expression used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech. Tropes are widely used in literary works, oratory and in everyday speech.

The main types of tropes: Epithet, metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, irony, allegory, personification, paraphrase.

An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used in both poetry and prose.

Epithets can be expressed by different parts of speech (mother-Volga, wind-tramp, bright eyes, damp earth). Epithets are a very common concept in literature, without them it is impossible to imagine a single work of art.

Under us with a cast-iron roar
Bridges instantly rattle. (A. A. Fet)

Metaphor (“transfer”, “figurative meaning”) is a trope, a word or an expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other on the basis of their common feature. A figure of speech consisting in the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense on the basis of some kind of analogy, similarity, comparison.

There are 4 “elements” in the metaphor:

An object within a specific category,

The process by which this object performs a function,

Applications of this process to real situations, or intersections with them.

In lexicology, a semantic relationship between the meanings of one polysemantic word, based on the presence of similarity (structural, external, functional).

Metaphor often becomes an aesthetic end in itself and displaces the original original meaning of the word.

In the modern theory of metaphor, it is customary to distinguish between diaphora (sharp, contrasting metaphor) and epiphora (usual, erased metaphor).

An extended metaphor is a metaphor that is consistently implemented over a large fragment of a message or the entire message as a whole. Model: "The hunger for books continues: products from the book market are increasingly stale - they have to be thrown away without even trying."

A realized metaphor involves operating with a metaphorical expression without taking into account its figurative nature, that is, as if the metaphor had direct meaning. The result of the realization of a metaphor is often comical. Model: "I lost my temper and got on the bus."

Vanya is a real loach; This is not a cat, but a bandit (M.A. Bulgakov);

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Withering gold embraced,
I won't be young anymore. (S. A. Yesenin)

Comparison

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to reveal new, important properties that are advantageous for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison.

In comparison, the following are distinguished: the object being compared (object of comparison), the object with which the comparison takes place (means of comparison), and their common feature (base of comparison, comparative feature). One of distinguishing features comparison, is the mention of both compared objects, while the common feature is not always mentioned. Comparison should be distinguished from metaphor.

Comparisons are characteristic of folklore.

Comparison types

known different types comparisons:

Comparisons in the form of a comparative turnover, formed with the help of unions as if, as if, exactly: "A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell." Non-union comparisons - in the form of a sentence with a compound nominal predicate: "My house is my fortress." Comparisons formed with the help of a noun in the instrumental case: "he walks like a gogol." Negative comparisons: "An attempt is not torture."

Crazy years, the extinct fun is hard for me, like a vague hangover (A.S. Pushkin);

Under it is a stream lighter than azure (M.Yu. Lermontov);

Metonymy

Metonymy (“renaming”, “name”) is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is indicated replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense.

Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused: metonymy is based on the replacement of words “by adjacency” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, class representative instead of the whole class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa) and metaphor - “by similarity”. Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.

Example: "All flags will visit us", where "flags" means "countries" (a part replaces the whole). The meaning of metonymy is that it singles out a property in a phenomenon that, by its nature, can replace the rest. Thus, metonymy essentially differs from metaphor, on the one hand, by a greater real relationship of substituting members, and on the other hand, by greater limitation, the elimination of those features that are not directly noticeable in this phenomenon. Like metaphor, metonymy is inherent in language in general (cf., for example, the word “wiring”, the meaning of which is metonymically extended from action to its result), but it has a special meaning in artistic and literary creativity.

In early Soviet literature, an attempt to maximize the use of metonymy both theoretically and practically was made by the constructivists, who put forward the principle of the so-called “locality” (motivation of verbal means by the theme of the work, that is, their limitation by real dependence on the theme). However, this attempt was not sufficiently substantiated, since the promotion of metonymy to the detriment of metaphor is illegitimate: these are two different ways of establishing a connection between phenomena, not excluding, but complementing each other.

Types of metonymy:

General language, general poetic, general newspaper, individual-author's, individual-creative.

Examples:

"Hand of Moscow"

"I ate three plates"

“Black tailcoats flashed and rushed apart and in heaps here and there”

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a trope, a kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Usually used in synecdoche:

Singular instead of plural: "Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird." (Gogol);

Plural instead of singular: "We all look at Napoleons." (Pushkin);

A part instead of a whole: “Have you any need? “In the roof for my family.” (Herzen);

The generic name instead of the specific one: "Well, sit down, luminary." (Mayakovsky) (instead of: the sun);

The specific name instead of the generic one: "Better than all, take care of the penny." (Gogol) (instead of: money).

Hyperbola

Hyperbole (“transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) is a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. For example: "I've said this a thousand times" or "we have enough food for six months."

Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors (“the waves rose like mountains”). The character or situation depicted can also be hyperbolic. Hyperbole is also characteristic of the rhetorical, oratorical style, as a means of pathetic uplift, as well as the romantic style, where pathos is in contact with irony.

Examples:

Phraseological units and winged expressions

"sea of ​​tears"

"fast as lightning", "lightning fast"

"as numerous as the sand on the seashore"

“We haven’t seen each other for a hundred years!”

Prose

Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them.

N. Gogol. The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich

A million Cossack hats suddenly poured into the square. …

... for one hilt of my saber they give me the best herd and three thousand sheep.

N. Gogol. Taras Bulba

Poems, songs

About our meeting - what is there to say,
I waited for her, as they wait for natural disasters,
But you and I immediately began to live,
Without fear of detrimental consequences!

Litotes

Litota, litotes (simplicity, smallness, moderation) - a trope that has the meaning of understatement or deliberate mitigation.

Litota is a figurative expression, a stylistic figure, a turnover, which contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength of the meaning of the depicted object or phenomenon. Litota in this sense is the opposite of hyperbole, so it is called inverse hyperbole in another way. In litotes, on the basis of some common feature, two heterogeneous phenomena are compared, but this feature is represented in the phenomenon-means of comparison to a much lesser extent than in the phenomenon-object of comparison.

For example: “A horse the size of a cat”, “A person’s life is one moment”, etc.

Many litots are phraseological units or idioms: “turtle pace”, “at hand”, “the cat cried money”, “the sky seemed like a sheepskin”.

There is a litote in folk and literary tales: “Boy-with-a-finger”, “man-with-nail”, “girl-inch”.

Litota (otherwise: antenantiosis or antenantiosis) is also called a stylistic figure of deliberate softening of an expression by replacing a word or expression containing the assertion of some feature with an expression that denies the opposite feature. That is, an object or concept is defined through the negation of the opposite. For example: “smart” - “not stupid”, “agree” - “I don’t mind”, “cold” - “not warm”, “low” - “low”, “famous” - “notorious”, “dangerous” - “ unsafe", "good" - "not bad". In this meaning, litote is one of the forms of euphemism (a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “load”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate.).

... and love for his wife will grow cold in him

Irony

Irony (“mockery”) is a trope, while the meaning, from the point of view of due, is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit `meaning`. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. Irony is the use of words in a negative sense, directly opposite to the literal one. Example: “Well, you are brave!”, “Smart-smart ...” Here, positive statements have a negative connotation.

Forms of irony

Direct irony is a way to belittle, give a negative or funny character to the described phenomenon.

Anti-irony is the opposite of direct irony and allows the object of anti-irony to be underestimated.

Self-irony is irony directed at one's own person. In self-irony and anti-irony, negative statements can imply a reverse (positive) connotation. Example: "Where can we, fools, drink tea."

Socratic irony is a form of self-irony, constructed in such a way that the object to which it is addressed, as if on its own, comes to natural logical conclusions and finds the hidden meaning of the ironic statement, following the premises of the “not knowing the truth” subject.

An ironic worldview is a state of mind that allows you not to take common statements and stereotypes on faith, and not to take various "generally recognized values" too seriously.

"Did you all sing? This is the case:
So come on, dance!" (I. A. Krylov)

Allegory

Allegory (story) - an artistic comparison of ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

As a trope, allegory is used in poetry, parables, and morality. It arose on the basis of mythology, was reflected in folklore and was developed in fine arts. The main way of depicting allegory is a generalization of human concepts; representations are revealed in the images and behavior of animals, plants, mythological and fairy-tale characters, inanimate objects, which acquire a figurative meaning.

Example: justice - Themis (a woman with scales).

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose,
hysterically sings over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,
who secretly loved the rose.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov. two loves

Allegory is the artistic isolation of extraneous concepts, with the help of specific representations. Religion, love, soul, justice, strife, glory, war, peace, spring, summer, autumn, winter, death, etc. are depicted and presented as living beings. The qualities and appearance attached to these living beings are borrowed from the actions and consequences of what corresponds to the isolation contained in these concepts, for example, the isolation of battle and war is indicated by means of military weapons, the seasons - by means of the flowers, fruits or occupations corresponding to them, impartiality - by means of weights and blindfolds, death through clepsydra and scythes.

That with a quivering relish,
then a friend in the arms of the soul,
like a lily with a poppy,
kisses with the heart of the soul.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov. Kissing pun.

personification

Personification (personification, prosopopoeia) is a trope, the attribution of properties and signs of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

Examples:

And woe, woe, grief!
And grief girded itself with a bast,
Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

Personification was common in poetry different eras and peoples, from folklore lyrics to poetic works of romantic poets, from precision poetry to the work of the Oberiuts.

paraphrase

In stylistics and poetics, periphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; “descriptive expression”, “allegory”, “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase - an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but describing it (for example, “night luminary” = “moon” or “I love you, Peter's creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

In paraphrases, the names of objects and people are replaced by indications of their characteristics, for example, “writer of these lines” instead of “I” in the author’s speech, “fall into a dream” instead of “fall asleep”, “king of beasts” instead of “lion”, “one-armed bandit” instead of "slot machine". There are logical paraphrases (“the author of Dead Souls”) and figurative paraphrases (“the sun of Russian poetry”).

Often the paraphrase is used to descriptively express "low" or "forbidden" concepts ("unclean" instead of "hell", "get by with a handkerchief" instead of "blow your nose"). In these cases, the paraphrase is also a euphemism. // Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: in 2 volumes - M.; L .: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925. T. 2. P-Ya. - Stb. 984-986.

4. Khazagerov G. G.Persuasive speech system as homeostasis: oratorics, homiletics, didactics, symbolism// Sociological journal. - 2001. - No. 3.

5. Nikolaev A.I. Lexical means of expression// Nikolaev A.I. Fundamentals of literary criticism: tutorial for students of philological specialties. - Ivanovo: LISTOS, 2011. - S. 121-139.

6. Panov M.I. trails// Pedagogical speech science: Dictionary-reference book / ed. T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, A. K. Mikhalskaya. M.: Flinta; Science, 1998.

7. Toporov V.N. trails// linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

In order to make a written text or speech bright, memorable and expressive, the authors use certain artistic techniques, traditionally called tropes and figures of speech. These include: metaphor, epithet, personification, hyperbole, comparison, allegory, paraphrase and other turns of speech, where words or expressions are used in a figurative sense to give more expressiveness to what was said.

What are epithets and metaphors

The most common in literary speech are epithets and metaphors.

The word "epithet" in Greek means "attached". That is, in the name itself there is already an explanation of the essence - this is a definition that figuratively characterizes an object or phenomenon. The sign, which is expressed by the epithet, is thus, as it were, attached to the object being described, it complements it in an emotional and even semantic sense.

In linguistics and lexicology, there is still no generally accepted theory that accurately explains what epithets and metaphors are. There are usually three types of epithets:

• general language - those that have stable, often used in literary speech connections (silver dew, bitter frost, etc.);
• folk poetic - used in folklore works (beautiful girl, sweet speech, good fellow, etc.);
• individually-author's - created by the authors (case considerations (A.P. Chekhov), scratching look (M. Gorky)).

Metaphors, unlike epithets, are not only one word, but also an expression that is used in a figurative sense. Metaphors are selected on the basis of the similarity or, conversely, the contrast of any phenomena or objects.

How and when to use metaphor

You can understand in more detail what epithets and metaphors are, as well as what is their difference, if you understand that the main requirement for using the latter is their originality, unusualness, ability to evoke emotional associations and help present some event or phenomenon.

Here is an example of a metaphorical description of the night sky in the story “Three” by M. Gorky: “The Milky Way spread like a silvery cloth across the sky from edge to edge, it was pleasant and sad to look at it through the branches of a tree.”

The use of template metaphors that have lost their originality and emotional richness from frequent use can reduce the quality of a work or spoken speech.

No less dangerous can be an excess, an abundance of metaphors. Speech in such cases becomes unnecessarily flowery and ornate, which can also disrupt its perception.

How to distinguish between metaphor and epithet

In works, it is sometimes quite difficult to distinguish exactly which tropes the author uses. To do this, you need to understand again in comparison what epithets and metaphors are.

Metaphor is a pictorial technique based on analogy, the transfer of meaning by similarity, similarity: “The morning laughed at the windows. Her eyes are dark agates."

The epithet is one of the cases of a metaphor, to put it more simply, an artistic definition (“Warm milky twilight, icy cold stars”).

Based on the foregoing, it is already possible to understand what a metaphor, epithet, personification is and find them in the above example: “It was seen how long needles rushed from a cheerful blue sky, from a high smoky cloud, drops ...” (I. Bunin, “Little novel").

It is clear that metaphors were used in it (drops were carried by long needles), and epithets (from a smoky cloud) and personification (a cheerful blue sky).

Personification - a special metaphor-allegory

So what is a metaphor, epithet, personification? This, as you already understood, is a means of conveying the author's attitude to a phenomenon or object, a kind of peculiar colors that make it possible to make what is written or spoken vivid and memorable.

And from this series, one can single out the personification - a special trope that has a long history, rooted in folk art. Personification is the same as allegory, the transfer of the properties of a living being to phenomena or objects.

One of the genres closest to folklore, the fable, is also built on the use of personification.

Unlike such tropes as metaphor, epithet, comparison, personification, this is also a very economical device. When applying it, it is not necessary to describe the object in detail, it is enough to compare it with something already familiar to evoke the necessary associations: “And how pitiful are the huts of rural landless poor peasants, rooted belly-deep into the ground, covered with shabby straw!” (I. S. Sokolov-Mikitov, "Childhood").

What is comparison

It is impossible to imagine a work devoid of comparisons, comparisons of something with something, likening of one phenomenon to another, which allows describing them more accurately, more figuratively and at the same time conveying one's attitude towards them.

They masterfully mastered the art of applying epithets, metaphors, comparisons: “On the blue velvet of heaven dotted with bright stars, the black foliage patterns looked like someone’s hands stretched out to the sky in an attempt to reach its heights” (M. Gorky, “Three”).

Difficult Cases in Determining Comparison

Sometimes the expressive device described above - comparison - can be quite difficult to distinguish from cases where the sentence simply uses words with the conjunctions "like", "as if" and "as if", but with other purposes.

We repeat once again - epithets, metaphors, comparisons are paths that help to enrich, "color" what was said. This means that in the sentence “We saw how he slowly walked towards the forest” there is no comparison, there is only a union connecting the parts. In the sentence “We went out into the corridor, where it was dark and cold, like in a cellar” (I. Bunin) the comparison is explicit (cold, as in a cellar).

Ways of Expressing Comparison

And so that in a series of metaphor, epithet, comparison, personification, you can finally deal with each trope, let's linger a little more on the comparison.

It is expressed in different ways:

• with the help of turns with the words “like”, “exactly”, “as if”, etc. (“Her hair curled like a pea mustache”);
• or adverbs ("tongue sharper than a razor");
• the instrumental case of a noun (“love sang like a nightingale in the heart”);
• and also lexically (using the words “similar to”, “similar”, etc.).

What is hyperbole

From the use of such tropes as metaphor, epithet, comparison, hyperbole is distinguished by a special saturation, exaggeration of the essence. Many authors willingly use this technique: "He had a completely impassive, some kind of stone, rusty face."

The fairy-tale giants, and Thumbelina, and the Boy-with-a-finger, inhabiting fairy tales, can be attributed to hyperbolic techniques. And in epics, hyperbole is an indispensable attribute: the strength of the heroes is always exorbitant, and the enemy is fierce and countless.

Even in everyday speech one can find hyperbole: “We haven’t seen each other for a thousand years!” or "A sea of ​​tears has been shed."

Metaphor, epithet, comparison, hyperbole are often used in combination, giving rise to hyperbolic comparisons or personifications and metaphors (“it rained like a solid wall”).

The ability to use tropes will make your speech figurative and vivid.

At one time, V. G. Belinsky argued that speaking well and speaking correctly are not the same thing. After all, even impeccable, from the point of view of grammar, speech can be difficult to understand.

And from the above, you probably already understood what a metaphor, epithet, personification is, and that it is extremely important to be able to use these techniques. A thoughtful reading of the works of the classics will help you in this, since they can be considered the standard for applying all the stylistic richness of the Russian language.

Get a grasp of Gogol's lines: "Words... similar to flowers, just as gentle, bright and juicy...", in which the author was able to clearly convey his impression of the sound of the words in a small set. And remember that metaphor, hyperbole, epithet are the tools that will hone your speech, which means you need to learn how to use them!

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Municipal General Educational Budgetary Institution "Bashkir Boarding Gymnasium"

urban district of the city of Neftekamsk

Expressive means of language

in the artistic style of speech:

epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor

Outline of the lesson in the Russian language in grade 5

Adulina Nailya Nardisovna

higher education teacher

qualification category

Russian language and literature

November 2014

Lesson topic: Expressive means of language in the artistic style of speech: epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor

Lesson Objectives:

Tutorials:

strengthening the ability to distinguish the studied styles of speech, the ability to recognize the artistic style in written and oral speech;

development of the ability to find expressive means of language in a literary text.

Developing:

teaching the techniques of logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions when determining speech styles; development of a culture of oral and written speech;

the formation of communicative skills and abilities on the conceptual basis of the speech situation and its components;

correct understanding of a literary text through linguistic fractions, which make up whole figurative units of a literary text;

development of creative abilities of students; expansion of vocabulary on the topic "Winter".

Educational:

fostering interest in learning the native Russian language;

fostering love for nature.

Equipment:

1. Illustrations from paintings on the theme "Winter"

P. Tchaikovsky “Seasons. January. February".

Cards according to the speech situation, according to intonation; cards with texts of artistic speech style.

artistic literature –

it is the art of the word.

K. Fedin.

Greetings. Student activation

Teacher: Hello! How beautiful this world is, and how beautiful we are in this world! Today in the lesson we will try to see this beautiful world through the eyes of artists, composers, writers. What colors do they use to paint these pictures, images, to create the illusion of our participation in the events and the lives of the heroes, so that we rejoice and experience together with them. After all, artists, composers and writers-poets influence our feelings, convey their emotions using various techniques. Fiction, in particular, affects our imagination through the expressive means of language.

2. Preparation for the perception of the main topic: repetition of the material covered about speech styles

Teacher: What do our statements depend on? To answer this question, let's look at a few texts.

Card 1

1) Timber trucks have arrived in the city. They delivered the logs.

2) Along the street, bending it, walked heavy timber trucks, spattered with spring mud ... They dragged fresh, sap-filled spruce and pine ridges. (According to V. Tendryakov).

3) Petruha, flushed, ran into the hut:

There are huge cars...! On them - logs! Whips - on the ground! Aida cling!

Suggested Answer: our statements depend on where we speak, with whom and why we speak, i.e. from the speech situation.

Teacher: Determine the speech situation of this text (work with a card to the music of P.I. Tchaikovsky "Seasons. Winter"):

Card 2

a) One night I woke up with a strange sensation. I thought I went deaf in my sleep. I lay with eyes closed, listened for a long time and, finally, realized that I had not gone deaf, but simply an unusual silence had come outside the walls of the house. This silence is called "dead". The rain died, the wind died, the noisy, restless garden died. All you could hear was the cat snoring in his sleep.

b) I opened my eyes. White and even light filled the room. I got up and went to the window - behind the panes everything was snowy and silent. In the foggy sky at a dizzying height stood a lone moon, and a yellowish circle shimmered around it ...

c) The land changed so unusually, the fields, forests and gardens were fascinated by the cold. Through the window I saw how big gray bird sat on a maple branch in the garden. The branch swayed, snow fell from it. The bird slowly got up and flew away, and the snow continued to fall like glass rain falling from a Christmas tree. Then everything went quiet.

Reuben woke up. He looked out the window for a long time, sighed and said:

The first snow is very befitting the earth.

The earth was ornate, like a shy bride. (K. Paustovsky)

Suggested Answer: The text corresponds to the speech situation on card 4.

Card 3

1 - many (schoolchildren, students, scientists ...)

Speech Official

situation environment (encyclopedias, dictionaries, textbooks)

Message scientific information

Card 4

1 - many (readers, listeners)

Speech Official

situation situation (works of fiction)

Impact on thoughts, feelings, imagination

Teacher: What style does the text belong to?

Answer: To the artistic style.

Teacher: How did you determine that the text refers to the artistic style of speech?

3. The main topic of the lesson

Teacher: We have come to the main idea of ​​our lesson, which is revealed by the epigraph of the lesson: “ Fiction is the art of the word.

To understand the topic of our lesson, we write t text from card 2 by options ( work with card 2 to the music of P.I. Tchaikovsky “Seasons. Winter"):

Option 1 - a)

Option 2 - b)

Option 3 - c)

Teacher: What words are used figuratively? (extraordinary silence, dead silence, noisy, restless garden, white and ro bright light, dizzy I am the height, oh dinoca i am the moon yellowish a circle, elegant land; the rain died, snow, like glass rain, the face of the earth; earth like a shy bride.

Teacher: What is achieved by using these words in a figurative sense? ( Compare: unusual, unusual, special, special - "dead" silence; the rain stopped - the rain died; the wind stopped - the wind died; the noisy, restless garden calmed down - the garden died).

Answer: With the help of these words, the author achieves an impact on the imagination of readers. The reader "hears" this silence, he is overcome with anxiety.

Teacher: The author, in order to influence the reader's imagination, in order to create a picture of what is happening, in order to introduce the reader into the world of what is happening, uses the expressive means of the language: metaphors, personifications, epithets, comparisons.

Metaphor- a word or expression used in a figurative sense based on similarity (bushes in fluffy short fur coats - a metaphor "in fluffy short fur coats" based on similarity: the snow on the bushes is just as soft, warm, just as warm).

personification- endowing inanimate objects with the signs and properties of a person (two flowers, two gladiolus are talking in an undertone - the personification "they are talking").

Epithet- this is an artistic definition (hour by hour the heat is stronger, the shadow has gone to the dumb oaks - the epithet "mute": the oaks are not dumb, the author wants to emphasize the silence of the oaks).

Comparison- this is a comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one through the other (and the forest pours leaves like copper money - a comparison “like copper money”: the author compares autumn leaves with copper money).

Teacher: Let's try to determine which expressive means of the language include the words used in this text in a figurative sense.

Card 5

extraordinary silence, dead silence, noisy, restless garden, white and ro bright light, in sky, dizzy I am the height, oh dinoca i am the moon yellowish a circle, elegant land; the rain died, the wind died, the garden died, the moon stood, the cold bewitched;: snow like glass rain; the face of the earth; earth like a shy bride.

Suggested answer: epithets -extraordinary silence, dead silence, noisy, restless garden, white and ro bright light, in sky, dizzy I am the height, oh dinoca i am the moon yellowish a circle, elegant land ;

avatars -the rain died, the wind died, the garden died, the moon stood, the cold bewitched;

comparisons: snow like glass rain; earth like a shy bride;

metaphor -face of the earth.

Training exercises (joint work with the teacher)

Card 6. Task: find comparisons, metaphors, personifications, epithets in this miniature.

Blue vault of heaven. Blue dome over the mountains.

Exhausted in the summer heat, the earth breathes peacefully with the ripeness of herbs and forests, breathes like a rich loaf taken out of a Russian oven.

But cooler than the night. More abundant than dew. Larger night stars. Summer is half way through. (V. Astafiev).

Checking homework

Teacher: At home, you have chosen texts of an artistic style of speech in which words are used in a figurative sense. metaphors.

Answers: Zarya-Zorenka lost her keys. The month went - did not find it, the sun went down - it found the keys. White basket, golden bottom. There is a dewdrop in it and the sun sparkles.

Teacher: Read texts that have personifications.

Answers: Over the bend of the river, a quiet dusk fell at night, a month emerged from behind the clouds, the month walks like a hand! He passes over the village, knocked on the cloud, caused thunder, stopped over the river, covered everything with silver.

Teacher: Read texts that have epithets.

Answers: Silent sea, azure sea, I stand enchanted over your abyss. Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove.

Teacher: Read texts that have comparisons.

Answers: The blue rails lay like two stretched threads.

A cloud floats over the village like a white swan.

6. Fixing exercises

Work in 2 groups.

Teacher: Find all the expressive means of the language and determine what tone they give to speech, for what purpose the author uses these means.

Card 7

1st group 2nd group

Evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry Under the blue skies

There was darkness in the cloudy sky. splendid carpets,

The moon is like a pale spot, Shining in the sun, the snow lies,

Through the gloomy clouds turned yellow .... The transparent forest alone turns black,

And you sat sad ... And the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost,

And the river under the ice glitters.

Answer: personifications- Do you remember, the blizzard was flooded, the haze was rushing.

Comparisons- the moon is like a pale spot; (snow) magnificent carpets (lies).

epithets- in a cloudy (sky), (through the clouds) gloomy, (under) blue (heavens), transparent (forest), (you) sad.

Conclusion students: In 1 passage, the tone is sad, the sad tone is achieved through the expressive means of the language. In passage 2, a joyful, life-affirming tone is also achieved with the help of expressive means of language.

7. vocabulary work by groups

Drawing up an associative field on the theme "Winter" to the music of P.I. Tchaikovsky "The Seasons":

Group 1 - corresponding to a sad tone.

Group 2 - corresponding to a joyful tone.

Exercise: Select by ear and write down phrases from the proposed vocabulary dictation in accordance with the proposed task:

Beautiful, wonderful forest; deep, clean snowdrifts; lacy white snowflakes; blizzard roars; heavy caps of white snow; fluffy snowdrifts; clouds of snow dust; covered with gray snow; frosty silence; gray, cloudy sky; frosty patterns on the window; heavy snowfall gradually turns into a snowstorm; gusty wind; snowy and silent; the snow fell like glass rain; pine queen.

Continue compiling the associative field using illustrations by artists on the topic "Winter".

8. Summarizing

Thanks to the art of using the expressive means of language, artistic speech becomes more beautiful; it can plunge us into the artist's world of illusions, take us into the events and the reality surrounding the characters.

9. Homework

The result of our today's work will be your creative work on the theme "Winter" at home.

Using the associative field on the topic "Winter", write a miniature "Winter Wonders".

Samples creative works

winter wonders

Winter. My city is covered with gray snow and turns into a snowy kingdom with fluffy snowdrifts. Lacy white snowflakes slowly fall on the face, hands and in a moment turn into water droplets. The spruce princesses and pine queens put on their winter coats and heavy caps of white silver. There is a frosty silence in the forest, which makes winter even more charming. At times, a blizzard howls plaintively or menacingly, and the wind raises clouds of snow dust. Well, if you are sitting at home and do not feel the cheerfulness of mother winter, frosty patterns on window panes can become the source of your fantasy.

Gilvanova Christina,

5th grade

Listening to P.I. Tchaikovsky’s musical play “The Seasons”…

It's still cold. Ground is covered with snow. Birds, except for sparrows and pigeons, are not visible. And they don't sing either. Smoothly spinning, the snow is falling.

There is very little left until spring. The first drops will sing. Then the birds that were so lacking will fly in. Green grass will appear, the first flowers will bloom. The trees will put on their green dresses again. Flow, merrily murmuring, streams.

And while it's winter. Perhaps this is the last snowfall, the last snowstorm this year. Every year winter scares us with its blizzards. Severe cold and storms. This year has not distinguished itself, the winter was cold - the summer will be hot.

Finally, nature began to slowly wake up from a deep sleep. Soon the first flowers will appear - these are snowdrops. It's good that winter is leaving with colds, the sun will appear, which will warm us with its rays, delight us with its appearance.

And here is the sun!

Gabidullina Katya,

5th grade