Weeds, with which the owners of gardens, flower beds or summer cottages are constantly fighting, are often useful plants for humans, which have long been well known. traditional medicine. Today we will talk about one of these weeds - the wild thistle, better known as thistle, which does not allow cultivated plants to grow normally, but is useful for the treatment of many ailments.
Description
Field watercress belongs to the wild-growing perennial herbaceous plants from the Compositae family. It has thin and very long stems, which sometimes reach 1.5 m in height. The color of the stems and leaves is green, with an olive tint. The leaves of the plant are small, arranged alternately on the stems, have an oblong-lanceolate shape, and are stiff. The leaf blades have a notched-toothed or pinnate-lobed edge, very prickly.
Did you know? There are more than 300 species of plants from the genus Lichen in the world, most of which are common in Europe, North and Central America. And in Ethiopia there is a giant bodyak Engler, which reaches 4 m in height.
The most powerful part of the plant is the root system, which includes a long tap root and many side branches. The main root grows vertically into the ground and can reach a depth of over 4 m.
Weed flowers are represented by brush-paniculate inflorescences, red-violet color. The weed blooms for a long period - from mid-summer to the end of September. After the bud fades, a fruit with seeds appears in place of the bud, which scatter over a large area. They have numerous feathery hairs, which allows them to soar in the air, flying a considerable distance.
In addition, seeds can survive in extreme environmental conditions and remain viable for up to 7 years. In the fruit of one plant, up to 30 thousand seeds are concentrated, the possibility of germination of which is very high if all conditions for this are created.
It grows best in a territory that is constantly cultivated, so it spreads as quickly as possible on well-groomed and fertile soils. Fields, gardens, arable lands, lands for cattle walking are subject to the impact of weeds. Often a weed can be seen near a river, a ditch, a road, in a meadow.
Important! Since the weed is very prolific, it can fill the entire territory and displace other plants very quickly - sometimes it takes no more than three years.
Compound
The field bodyak is interesting for a person due to the presence of:
- thaliacin glycoside;
- resins;
- carotene;
- choline;
- tartaric acid;
- inulin;
- flavonoids;
- tannins;
- essential oils;
- vitamin C.
The fruits of the plant are rich in fatty semi-drying oil - about 27%. The nutritional value This weed has not been practically studied, therefore it is only known that the plant is very nutritious and rich in carbohydrates. There are about 396 kcal per 100 g of the product.
Beneficial features
Due to the high content of nutrients, the plant is famous for the following effects:
- bactericidal;
- painkillers;
- wound healing;
- hemostatic;
- anti-inflammatory;
- diaphoretic.
Carotene promotes the elimination of free radicals, which subsequently reduces the risk of cancer, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, and slows down the aging process. Fatty acid cope well with the carcinogenic effects on the body, neutralizing this process. 
Alkaloids stimulate the central nervous system, strengthen blood vessels, normalize blood pressure and lower body temperature. Inulin helps the body absorb vitamins and minerals, stimulates the intestines, reduces the amount of sugar in the blood.
Choline helps the body absorb fats better, stimulate the heart and improve liver function. Tartaric acid allows you to reduce body weight due to diuretic and laxative effects.
Application
Very often, the field thistle acts as the main component in recipes. folk remedies for treatment various diseases. Let us consider separately which parts of the plant are used in treatment, as well as the main prescriptions for medicines.
Root
Decoctions and infusions are prepared from the root, which help in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, colic, kidney problems.
For colic or pain in the abdomen, rheumatism, gout, a decoction is prepared from the crushed root of the field calendula. For this, 1 tsp. raw materials must be poured with a glass of water and boiled for 10 minutes. Leave the product to infuse for 2 minutes, then strain and use 1 tbsp. l. 5 times a day before meals for 30 minutes. 
The decoction is good for treating toothache. To do this, rinse your mouth with a warm remedy 5 times a day.
The same decoction can be used as compresses for the treatment of varicose veins and thrombophlebitis. A bandage or gauze soaked in a decoction, folded several times, is applied to problem areas 3 times a day.
The root powder of thistle is effective in the treatment of bruises, bruises, bruises. For this, 2 tsp. stir the powder in 1 tsp. water and apply the resulting slurry to the problem area for 20 minutes. Do the procedure 2-3 times a day.
Externally, the root of thistle is used to treat skin problems accompanied by boils, abscesses, wounds, ulcers, and inflammations.
inflorescences
Inflorescences help fight neuroses and cancer cells, preventing them from progressing.
In the treatment of malignant neoplasms, a decoction of the inflorescences of the thistle can help. This requires 1 tbsp. l. dry raw materials pour a glass of water and boil for 10 minutes, then leave for 1 hour, strain and use 100 ml three times a day, regardless of food. 
Infusions are prepared from inflorescences for the treatment of neuroses. For medicine, you need to use 1 tbsp. l. raw materials and a glass of boiling water, insist 4 hours. Before taking, strain and use 1 tbsp. l. three times a day before meals for 30 minutes.
stems and leaves
The aerial part of the plant (in folk recipes it is commonly called "herb"), dried or fresh, is used in the treatment of problems associated with the appearance of wounds, boils, abscesses, tumors, hemorrhoidal bumps. Herbal decoctions help to cope with intestinal, renal, hepatic colic, gout and rheumatism, remove excess fluid from the body during edema. A decoction also helps in the treatment of headaches, problems with blood vessels.
For the treatment of hemorrhoids, poultices with bodyak grass are recommended: 3 tbsp. l. wrap raw materials in a sterile bandage, scald with boiling water and use as lotions for hemorrhoidal foci. The same lotion can be done to treat boils and abscesses.
To treat problems with blood vessels, it is recommended to prepare a decoction of the herb. For this, 1 tsp. boiled in 200 ml of liquid for 10 minutes. It is necessary to use strained three times a day for 1 tbsp. l. before meals 30 min. 
Did you know? During the Great Patriotic War The People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR approved the bodyak as a food product in the diet of field troops.
Harm and contraindications
The use of the field as a medicine is prohibited for people who suffer from:
- individual intolerance to the plant;
- encephalopathy;
- myopathy;
- hypertension;
- varicose veins.
Since the wild thistle contains a small amount of toxic substances, when using the plant in large volumes, signs of toxic effects on the body may occur, which are accompanied by symptoms of ordinary poisoning. 
Among the most serious side effects distinguish the development of tachycardia and hypertension, as well as the formation of blood clots.
Therefore, in order not to harm the health of treatment with the help of a bodyak, it is recommended to take into account the characteristics of your body and consult with a qualified specialist before using the medicine.
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Field thistle is not recognized by official medicine as a medicinal plant, so buy raw materials for cooking at the pharmacy medicines it is forbidden. To use a plant for medicinal purposes, you need to harvest it yourself, so you need to work out information about the time of collection, the parts of the plant that are used for treatment, as well as the features of drying and storage of finished raw materials.
All parts of the plant have medicinal properties, but they must be harvested and used in different ways.
The leaves and stems of the plant must be collected during the flowering period, which lasts from mid-summer to late autumn, but you need to have time to do this before the period until the fruits appear. To do this, using a sharp knife, cut off the entire green part of the plant almost to the root. To avoid damaging the skin when working with the sharp leaves of the weed, it is recommended to use gloves. 
Dry the raw materials, separating the leaves from the stems, in a warm and dry room or on the street, under cover. Grass is not recommended to grind before drying - so you can lose a lot of useful elements. It is better to grind raw materials immediately before use.
Today we continue our conversation about our favorite weeds.
Our hero today OSOT and its varieties - BODIES.
Bodyak (bodyag, thistle) - Cirsium, belongs to the Compositae family. Plants of this family are usually perennials, but there are also biennials. Botanists believe that in nature there are more than 250 species of cumin, and in the Northern Hemisphere there are about 200 of them. decorative types.
Some species are more common than others - common calamus, field calamus, garden calamus, variegated calendula, etc.
Most of the most common types of thistle have medicinal properties and are used in traditional medicine, but they chemical composition not that little has been studied, but not studied at all - this can be read in their botanical descriptions. Therefore, official medicine does not use bodyac preparations, and does not recommend using it for treatment.
Common waterweed (Cirsium vulgare)
Thistle ordinary (prickly, sow thistle lanceolate) is a biennial prickly weed with hard thorny pinnatipartite leaves and lilac tubular flowers, growing in the European part of Russia and Siberia - along roads, in meadows and wastelands; it is both a good honey plant and a medicinal plant.
The people have long noticed the therapeutic effect of the decoction and infusion of the roots of the common watercress, and began to use it for appropriate purposes. Bodyak has a diaphoretic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, analgesic effect, so it is used in the treatment of colds, diseases of the kidneys, liver and intestines; fresh roots are crushed and applied to boils, wounds, tumors and strong purulent abscesses.
For ingestion for pain or as a diaphoretic, a decoction is prepared: crushed roots of thistle (2 tsp) are poured into a glass of water, boiled for several minutes, insisted for 2 hours and filtered. Take 3-4 times a day, 1 tbsp. 30 minutes before meals.
With the same decoction, compresses are made for thrombophlebitis, wetting napkins in it and applying it to sore spots. With bruises, bruises, bruises, the powder of the roots of the bodyak (2 tbsp) is mixed with water (1 tbsp), the resulting mass is applied to the sore spot, fixed with a bandage and kept for several hours. When most of the water evaporates, the healing effect of the powder is enhanced.
Field goat Cirsium arvense
Thistle field (pink or pink thistle, prickly thistle) also has medicinal properties. He also has spikes, hard and prickly, he is quite high - up to 130 cm, and for gardeners he is a real scourge; it is very tenacious and grows rapidly, but at the same time bees collect a lot of honey nectar from it.
In Russia, it is distributed everywhere - it is not only in the mountainous regions, in the tundra and in the extreme south, where it is very dry. This is a root shoot perennial, and it is almost impossible to get it out of the fields and gardens; in addition, it has several forms even within its species - pale-scaly, gray felt, etc., which can be pollinated, so that its ranks are replenished - new crosses appear every year.
An infusion of the herb of thistle field has disinfectant and anti-inflammatory properties, and is often used externally in folk medicine: in the treatment skin diseases, including the scalp - with hyperkeratosis, and hemorrhoids. With hemorrhoids with the grass of the bodyak, poultices are made: 2-3 tbsp. herbs are wrapped in gauze, scalded with boiling water and the resulting "pads" are applied to the hemorrhoids.
Internal use is also possible: infusions and decoctions are taken for hepatic, renal and intestinal colic; a decoction of inflorescences mixed with other plants is taken for oncological diseases.
Thistle contraindications:
The plant is poisonous, do not use on its own. Overdose: signs of hydrocyanic acid poisoning may appear: a bitter taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, pain in the head, disorders of the heart and lungs. Hospitalization required.
Different-leaved calamus (Cirsium heterophyllum)
The variegated bodyak, unlike the species described above, is a non-thorny plant, and usually does not cause trouble for gardeners - it grows on forest edges, in light forests and in clearings.
Its flowers are large, pink-violet or purple, and the leaves are different - whole lanceolate or pinnate.
The people call it gourd, white-sided, and they are used almost in the same way as other species: they sprinkle purulent wounds with powder from dried leaves; apply fresh crushed leaves to wounds, boils and abrasions. An aqueous infusion of thistle diversifolia is also used in the treatment of diseases such as bronchial asthma and tuberculosis: brew a glass of boiling water 1 tbsp. dried herbs, insist 2-3 hours, filter and take 1 tbsp. 4 times a day.
Like many weeds, Bloodyak has a lot of useful medicinal properties. Infusion and decoction of the herb Bodiak variegated in folk medicine is used for various nervous diseases, epilepsy, liver diseases, goiter, gastric colic, gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Lotions from the infusion of herbs are used as a healing agent for wounds.
EPILEPSY. Pour 1 tablespoon of grass with 1 glass of water, boil for 5 minutes, leave for 1 hour, strain. Take 1 2 tablespoons 3 4 times a day half an hour before meals. The same infusion is useful for nervous diseases and goiter, liver diseases, anuria (insufficient urine production by the kidneys).
WOUNDS, BOILS, SKIN RASH. Pour 3 tablespoons of grass with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 2 hours, strain. Use in the form of lotions, you can use for a long time. Inside, you can take 2 tablespoons 2 3 times a day for BLEEDING. With the same infusion, you can make lotions on the eyes with CONJUNCTIVITIS.
Attention!!!
Garden pot. Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. (family Asteraceae)
Bodiak garden (Bodyak yellow)
And this is SONEHUS oleraceus
Do not confuse! Sometimes they are listed separated by commas as one plant, but this is not so. You see the obvious difference. And the most important guideline in determining the type of plant can only be its Latin name.
A vegetable garden can also have different leaves: pinnatipartite, pinnate-lobed, pinnatisected; yellowish-white, green above and bluish below; its flowers are pale yellow or yellowish-green, with a pinkish tint - this distinguishes it from many types of bodyak. The plant can reach 2 m in height, grows in swamps, ravines, damp forests and damp meadows.
As well as other types of a bodyak, it is often cross-pollinated - mainly with a marsh bodyak. Young leaves can be eaten - amateurs put them in salads, mashed potatoes and soups, but they taste slightly bitter.
Shchi green from sow thistle
Grocery list
- thistle (young leaves) - 50g
- potatoes - 30g
- onion - 15g
- Wheat flour- 8g
- butter- 5g
- egg - 1/2 pc.
- sour cream - 10g
- meat broth - 370g
- salt, spices.
Cooking method
Prepared and sliced \u200b\u200bpotatoes are placed in boiling broth, 10 minutes before readiness, chopped sow thistle, sautéed onions, salt, sautéed flour are added. Before serving, put sour cream and boiled egg slices on the table.
Photos of ready meals
Sow thistle green cabbage soup is a delicious and healthy culinary food recipe. We hope you check out our other recipes.
Cirsium esculentum Cirsium esculentum
Among the species of thistle there is also an edible one - although many of its species are edible, it is called Cirsium esculentum. Its flowers are decorated with a pink or red corolla, and the leaves are pinnatipartite, with deep cuts, long - up to 30 cm; there are many of them at the roots.
There is almost no stem, or it is very short; an edible calamus grows along roadsides, in pastures, damp meadows, near reservoirs and on salt licks - in the European part of Russia, in Siberia, sometimes in the middle lane. The bases of the stems and thickened parts of the rhizomes of the plant can be eaten.
A decoction is prepared from the roots of an edible bodyak, which is used in the treatment of lung diseases: for tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis (bronchiectasis) - an irreversible expansion of the bronchi with inflammation of their walls and lung tissue, lung abscess and even cancer - as an adjuvant.
Chopped roots (2 tablespoons) should be poured with 1.5 cups of clean water (not from the tap), bring to a boil and cook for 5-7 minutes over low heat. Then insist an hour, strain, and take 3-4 times a day before meals, ½ cup.
In case of tuberculosis, diseases of the biliary tract, gastroenteritis, excessive sweating, neurosis and neurasthenia, an infusion of flowers and herbs of the edible watercress is also taken.
A decoction of the seeds of this plant is used for some female diseases - for example, inflammation of the uterine appendages. Seeds (1 tsp) are poured with a glass of water, brought to a boil and boiled for 5 minutes over low heat; insist 2 hours, filter, and drink 3 times a day for ½ cup.
A garden thistle (sow-thistle) is also suitable for food, although it almost does not grow in vegetable gardens - you can rather meet it in forest swamps and ravines, in damp meadows and in shrubbery, on the edges of forests and near water bodies. This type of bodyak is also called vegetable or herbaceous; it is also tall - up to 120 cm, its flowers are light yellow, and the thorns protect it from being eaten by livestock, although it often grows on meadow pastures - it is sometimes called the devil's rib by the people. Young shoots and leaves of this species are used to add to salads, soups and other dishes.
With medicinal purposes many types of bodyak are used; given that there are a lot of them on the territory of Russia, it is impossible to tell here even about most of these species. It is more expedient to use the herb of some types of thistle for the treatment of skin diseases when the plant blooms: its decoctions and infusions, as well as fresh herbal gruel, treat lichen and eczema, diathesis, dandruff, relieve itching and inflammation.
Decoctions of inflorescences and roots are taken for bleeding, disorders menstrual cycle, headaches, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric diseases and paralysis.
A decoction of the herb is taken for goiter, rheumatism, pharyngitis, metabolic disorders, jaundice, cancer of the breast, stomach and lungs; it is also used as a diuretic, and even helps with anuria - the complete absence of urination that occurs with some serious diseases and kidney damage.
Pregnant and lactating mothers were given to drink decoctions and infusions of thistle, as this contributes to the overall improvement of the body and the production of milk, but today doctors do not give such recommendations - after all, the composition of the plant has not been studied.
Nevertheless, judging by the recipes that we managed to bring here, the bodyak deserves much more attention from official medicine - it remains to be hoped that it will soon begin to be seriously studied.
This is a genus of plants belonging to the Astrov family. Its representatives are two- or perennials, which are widespread in the temperate and tropical zones of Eurasia and North America, some species are found in North Africa.
These are herbaceous plants with straight shoots, the height of which, depending on the species and conditions environment ranges from 40 cm to 2 m. The foliage is regular, oblong, may be serrated. The flowers are baskets of a rounded oblong shape, the fruit is an achene.
Types of bodyak
The color of the petals depends on the species, but in general this matters only in rare cases, since most types of bodyak are terrible weeds that they try to get rid of as soon as possible, among them: ordinary , white felt , garden , bristly , heterogeneous .
Them appearance broadly similar, some differences are present mainly in the leaves, roots or flowers, for example:
at Bodiaka garden the flowers are large and white, although not ornamental,
and at Anthrax ordinary smaller and purple
In turn, it has thin leaves and a thinner shoot.
General information
In their natural conditions, some thistles may not occupy the area so much, but if you bring it to another place as an invasive plant, then they can make a real problem there - this happened with the Bogyak swamp, which from Asia came to the marshes of North America and firmly rooted there.
Such strong survival and distribution are due to the fact that the rhizome of these flowers gives many shoots from which new plants appear. It happens that because of this feature, entire fields with plants of the same sex appear - flowering occurs, but seeds are not formed, and reproduction occurs exclusively vegetatively.
But besides this, if plants of different sexes are present (and usually they are), then an ovary is formed, and in one flower of a calamus, depending on the species, there can be from 4 to 30 thousand seeds.
Most representatives of this genus easily tolerate droughts, rains, do not get sick, can be affected by some pests, but due to the huge number of individuals this is not a problem, they are also easily accepted if they were torn out of the soil and put back on it.
But there is also an endangered species of this genus - this. It is included in the Red Book of Russia.
Ratibida is also a member of the Asteraceae family, grown when planting and caring for open ground without much hassle, but requires compliance with a few nuances. You can find all the necessary recommendations for growing and caring in this article.
Bodyak medicinal properties
Usually one gets the impression that this plant brings only trouble, but this is not so. Although it is poisonous, in some places it is used in folk medicine as a remedy for skin diseases and headaches.
The variegated calamus is used for boils, and Polevoi for colic in the kidneys and liver, decoctions of the briar boletus were used for problems with the menstrual cycle.
But we remind you that this is a poisonous plant and self-medication can cause poisoning - solid formations appear in the stomach, which can cause blockage of the intestines. Also, bodyac funds should not be taken by people with heart problems, varicose veins, encephalopathy.
Useful properties of bodyak
Some species are used in local cuisines. It's (young shoots) Garden (young foliage and stems), (expanded root areas and bottom of stems). During the Second World War, the vegetable garden was in the diet of the field troops.
The down of the Wildak field used to be used for stuffing stuffed animals.
Well, of course, it is worth noting the qualities that can benefit gardeners. This is an excellent honey plant, but it is better not to grow it in this capacity, as the benefits can turn into harms. But if there are pastures or meadows with a bee next to the bee, then the bees will be able to prepare a lot of honey.
The bodyak fluffs up the soil, after the death of the plants it becomes more moisture- and air-intensive. It also absorbs a lot of useful substances from the depth of the soil, so it becomes an excellent material for "green manure" or mulch.
He also lures aphids to himself, but in this case you need to be careful that the plant does not give seeds, otherwise you can greatly regret this method of pest control.
Field measure fight
Thistle clogs crops heavily and farmers fight it by crushing rhizomes and herbicidal preparations, to which it turned out to be very vulnerable. At home, the problem with using herbicides is that they can have a bad effect on other plants, and if we use them in the garden, then it becomes dangerous in the flower garden.
A good method is to mulch the area after cutting the stems of the stems. It is important to avoid sowing seeds. But weeding can make it even worse, because by cutting the rhizome into a couple of parts, you will get two plants instead of one.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude: to combat the bodyak, you need to cut it off, and not weed it, after cutting, water the area with effective micro-organisms and cover it with mulch. It is possible to sow green manure, which oppress other crops.
Bodyak in landscape design
And finally in landscape design and are used. The first one grows up to 130 cm tall, the foliage at the top of the shoot is thin, at the bottom - pinnate, with more pronounced lobes. Baskets up to 3 cm in diameter, dark red. Blooms from June to August.
The Japanese badass can reach two meters in height. Grown as a biennial plant. The foliage is long, pinnate, dissected. Baskets up to 5 cm in diameter, purple or pink. This species is more common in culture and has a variety " white victory » with white flowers, and a series Beauty-Pink , Rose , snow beauty - with pink, dark carmine and white petals, respectively. Flowering begins in August and ends in September.
Both ornamental species have the unpretentiousness of their relatives, but do not create such problems with the seizure of the territory. Growing is available in any soil, but moist, nitrogen-rich soils are preferred.
For the maximum effect of flowering, a well-lit area is selected. Otherwise, neither watering nor fertilizer is needed. When the flowers begin to fade, they are pruned to protect themselves from excessive growth of the culture. In autumn, the shoots dry out and are cut to the ground.
Species that are used as ornamentals withstand frosts down to -20°C or even higher if there is a lot of snow. But, if you live in a cold area, then you can cover the area with fallen leaves, and remove it in the spring.
Reproduction of a bodyak
Seeds are simply sown in autumn or spring at the chosen location. It is worth noting that the seeds of this crop easily survive bad conditions and remain viable for a long time, they may not sprout once, but they will manifest themselves in a few years.
Like other bodyaks, reproduction is possible by dividing the rhizome - the root is simply cut into large pieces and buried.
Diseases and pests
Diseases do not usually disturb this culture. As for pests, aphids may appear. Since she loves the bodyak, it is better to immediately resort to insecticides.
SOTTIES, annual and perennial districts of this family. Compositae, from the genera Cirsium L., thistle (Sonchus L.) and Molokan (Mulgedium Cass.). The bodyaks have straight, branched stems; the leaves are elongated, notched along the edge, prickly. The baskets are expanded downwards, narrowed upwards, covered with prickly wrappers. Hemicarps oblong-ovate with a volute of fluffy hairs connected at the base into a ringlet and easily separated from the achene.
Field thistle, or pink thistle (Cirsium arvense Scop.) (Fig., 1), perennial root shoot district; distributed almost everywhere. One of the most malicious weeds of field crops. It also grows on fallows, fallows, along roads, in gardens and orchards. The root system is very powerful, the main root goes deep into the soil up to 3 - 5 m. Lateral horizontal roots depart from it at different depths; after passing a certain distance, they make a bend and also go deep into the soil. At the bend, the roots noticeably thicken, and here shoots or offspring depart from them, giving rise to new above-ground districts. A huge amount of reserve nutrients (inulin) is deposited in the roots of the bodyak. The stem is furrowed, slightly cobwebbed, up to 120 cm in height. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or notched. The district is dioecious; flowers are reddish-violet, lilac. The whole district is covered with thorns. One district gives several. hundreds of seeds, which are often damaged by insects. Seeds germinate well at a temperature of 20 - 30 ° from a depth of not more than 6 cm. They remain viable in the soil for up to 7 years. The root system has an exceptional ability to produce new shoots (offspring), especially when pruning it during plowing. Young shoots hibernate in the soil and quickly begin to grow in early spring. Fruit-bearing stems die off for the winter, up to their connection in the soil with the root at a depth of 15 - 20 cm. Young buds are formed on the roots and in winter under a frozen layer of soil. This provides the weed with the opportunity to give a lot of rosettes and stems in spring and create whole clumps or thickets, which often destroy cultivated vegetation. Root segments easily take root in moist soil in spring and autumn; worse they take root in the summer. Repeated surface pruning of O. does not yet lead to its death.
The most common trace. forms: O. bristly, or purple, or C. setosurn M. B.], all leaves are flat, entire or coarsely serrated, bristly-ciliated, green on both sides, found everywhere; O. white-felt (subsp. incanum Petrak, or C. incanum Fisch.), the leaves are white-felt below, sessile, oblong, found in the southeast, puts up with soil compaction and litters crops, grows abundantly in shrubs, in forest clearings and in the meadows.
Sow thistle pale-scaly, or Turkestan (C. ochrolepideum Juz.), Distributed only in Wed. Asia on irrigated and rainfed lands.
Sow thistle lanceolatum (C. lanceolatum Scop.) - a biennial district, grows in weedy places, near roads and housing, in pastures and less often in fields, near ditches.
In thistles of the genus Sonchus L., the stem is leafy, the leaves are pinnatipartite, incised, notched, spiny or ciliate-toothed, with ears at the base, covering the stem. Baskets in thyroid panicle, yellow; jug wrappers, tiled. Achenes ovate or oblong, flattened, longitudinally ribbed, without a spout, with a fly of soft white hairs.
Sow thistle field, or yellow, or euphorbia (S. arvensis L.) (Fig., 2), a perennial root weed. It is distributed everywhere and clogs all spring crops, row crops, vegetable gardens and orchards. The root system is less powerful than that of O. rosea. The main vertical root goes into the soil to a depth of 50 cm or more, and the bulk of the lateral horizontal roots lie in the arable layer. The stem is straight, up to 120 cm in height, less rigid than that of the bodyak, hollow below, covered with glandular hairs in the upper part. Leaves with a heart-shaped base, harsh, unevenly sharp-toothed; the lower leaves are narrowed into a petiole with ears, the upper ones are sessile. Inflorescences - baskets of medium size, collected in a loose panicle. Flowers yellow, reed. The fruit is a dark brown or brown achene with 5 longitudinal transversely wrinkled ribs. One district gives up to 20 thousand seeds, which quickly germinate after maturation. The roots are tender and fragile; when cultivating the soil, they easily break into pieces, and each piece of root, up to 0.5 cm in length, is able to sprout and a new district. Shoots are formed especially quickly in O. yellow with poor processing of vapors. The survival rate of root segments throughout the entire warm season is high (higher than that of the bodyak); in dry soil, root segments take root worse. Segments of the root, even turned out to the surface of the soil, when processed in October, winter well and in the spring give a lot of rosettes (up to 300 pieces per 1 m 2). In moist soil, even parts of the stem sometimes take root. At the same time, roots are formed from the lower axillary bud, and shortened stems with flower baskets are formed from the above-ground buds. Sow thistle Transcaspian (S. transcaspicus Nevski), perennial, smaller area than O. field. Distributed in Wed. Asia along the banks of ditches, in wet places, sometimes in cotton crops. Leaves are bluish-green, narrow-linear, entire, with wide teeth in cf. parts. Baskets 2 - 3. Roots, like O. yellow.
Sow thistle garden (S. oleraсeus L.), annual district, up to 1 m in height. It is found everywhere and clogs crops on garden lands; grows in garbage places near dwellings.
Sow thistle is hard or sharp (S. asper Vill.), annual r-tion, up to 60 cm in height, with pale yellow flowers, hard leaves and with thorny teeth along the edges. It is found everywhere in garden and garden plots, and in Wed. Asia is also in cotton crops.
Thistle blue, or Tatar Molokan (Mulgedium tataricum DC); (Fig., 3), weeds crops in the Trans-Volga region and Kazakhstan. Tolerates compacted and saline soils. Perennial bluish bare area. Leaves notched-cut. The flowers are blue; blooms in July-August. Propagated by root suckers and seeds.
The fight against thistles. Soil tillage in late autumn and early spring is not sufficient to destroy thistles and thistles, and often causes them to grow even more. In order to prevent their autumn development and the accumulation of reserve nutrients in underground shoots, it is necessary to stubble stubble to a depth of 8–10 cm (preferably with dump cultivators ) simultaneously with the harvesting of bread or immediately after harvesting. After the appearance of rosettes of weeds, but not later than 15/IX, autumn plowing is carried out with plows with skimmers to a depth of at least 23-25 cm (in areas with a thin arable layer to the full depth of the arable layer). In the southern districts, before autumn plowing, 2 peelings are done: the first to a depth of 5 cm simultaneously with harvesting with a harvesting and peeling unit; the second is with the mass appearance of rosettes of the bodyak with disk or better plow tools to a depth of 8 - 10 cm. In summer, black pairs are processed at least 4 times in layers with plow tools (until 3 - 4 leaves appear in the rosettes). Fine treatment of black fallow is especially effective in hot and dry summers in the fight against O. yellow. The subsequent sowing of winter rye or wheat further depresses and suppresses the plant and O. On uncultivated lands, the plant and O. must be mowed no later than the beginning of flowering in order to avoid sieving over the surrounding fields. All crops littered with calamus and O. must be periodically weeded. In crops of cereals, the fight against O. and especially against the bodyak can be carried out chemically. means (the preparation of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - 2,4-D U) that kill the aerial stems of O. and partially damage their root system.
Literature: Deyanov I., Sow thistle and measures to combat it, Rostov n / D, 1948; Kott S., Agrobiological features of the field weed and bindweed and the fight against them, in the book. "Reports of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V.I. Lenin", vol. 4, [M.], 1948; his, Agrobiological features of root shoot weeds, "Agrobiologiya", M., 1948, No. 3; Nesterenko I., The fight against thistle rose in the system of autumn tillage, "Soviet Agronomy", M., 1948, "No. 9, pp. 83 - 88; Sokolov N. and Gorbunova S., Field sow thistle and measures to combat it, "Soviet Agronomy", M., 1950, No. 5, pp. 81 - 88.
Sources:
- Agricultural Encyclopedia. T. 3 (L - P) / Ed. collegium: P. P. Lobanov (chief editor) [and others]. Third edition, revised - M., State publishing house of agricultural literature, 1953, p. 613
