Seeds are quite rare, but germinate directly in the plant. For example, cutting a ripe pumpkin, we can observe already germinated seeds in it. However, they mostly do not germinate where they ripen, but in a completely different place. What are they - ways of distributing fruits and seeds of plants? How does it happen and why? Let's find out!

What is a fruit

Before we consider in detail the methods of dispersal of fruits and seeds, it is necessary to study these very concepts. Indeed, without elementary knowledge, it will be difficult for us to understand the whole process and mechanism of the “journey” of seeds and fruits around the world. So, let's begin. It's no secret that a pear, plum, apple, strawberry, cherry are the fruits of fruit plants and trees that contain seeds. It is believed that they develop from ovaries and other parts of plants, but not all botanists agree with this.

Some of them are sure that only those that are formed exclusively on the ovaries, for example, in cherries, plums, tomatoes, poppies, etc., can be called real fruits. Fruits that develop from other parts of flowers and plants are commonly called false. For example, strawberries are generally formed by an overgrown receptacle. What kind of ovary can we talk about here! As a result, scientists decided to consider the fruits as the result of a modification of the entire flower. Moreover, if at the beginning of its " life path"They can still somehow retain some signs of a flower, but after ripening they completely lose or greatly modify them.

How are the fruits of plants

Outside, each fruit is surrounded by the so-called pericarp, which protects the seeds ripening inside from damage and drying out. In turn, the pericarp is divided into juicy and dry. For example, the pulp of a ripe watermelon, melon or peach can be called a juicy pericarp. The immature pericarp is astringent, bitter, sour, tasteless. During this period, he protects the fruit itself from untimely eating, and its still immature seeds from early spoilage.

Fruit types

To understand how the seeds and fruits of certain plants and trees are distributed, you need to know that the juicy fruits of botany include:

• multi-seeded (pumpkin, berry, apple, pomegranate);
• single-seeded (peach, apricot, mango, cherry, bird cherry, prunes).

As the name of the fruit implies, in one-seed there is one bone. They are also called bones. However, there is an exception here too: for example, a blackberry is a polydrupe, but it is a one-seeded fruit.

The methods of distribution of fruits and seeds directly depend on their size, weight and shape. As mentioned above, the fruits are juicy and dry. Dry, in turn, are divided into opening and non-opening. For example, the pericarp of ripe beans, pods, and poppy pods open (burst) after their ripening. But here, for example, the hazel pericarp is very hard and stiff. He won't open up on his own. It has one single seed, which we know very well: a nut.

Another type of fruit is a box. It usually has 3 to 5 seed nests. When these seeds ripen, their "house" begins to burst. For example, boxes of St. John's wort or tobacco give cracks along their partitions, after which they break up into separate parts. At the same time, in the "houses" of lilies, hyacinths, tulips and cotton plants, only the walls are cracking, and in poplar and willow, the boxes are generally bursting at the seams. The most famous box is the pod, which, during ripening, crackly splits into two wings.

Is a berry considered a fruit?

Yes. This is a kind of fruit, which has many seeds in its composition, but does not have seeds. If the berry is ripe, then it has a juicy and fleshy pericarp (grapes, strawberries, lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries). That is why, from the point of view of botanists, cherries are not berries, but tomatoes are! This also includes citrus fruits, which are also berries:

• tangerines;
• oranges;
• lemons;
• oranges;
• grapefruits.

The fact is that the nests with seeds located inside the above-mentioned fruits are filled with fragrant exotic juice. Berries can also be called fruits:

• melons;
• watermelons;
• cucumbers.

This, of course, cuts the ear for a simple layman, but professional botanists have long gotten used to the idea that, formally, watermelon and cucumber are not only berries, but also relatives.

What does a seed look like from the inside?

The distribution of fruits and seeds (Grade 2, familiarizing students with various ways of “traveling” the seeds and fruits of various plants at biology lessons) is unthinkable without the participation of man, animals and, of course, water and wind. But in order to understand how such a small seed can "travel" around the world, it is necessary to briefly familiarize yourself with its structure. So, any seed is covered with a peel. On smooth seeds, a scar is visible, which forms in those places where it separates from the seed stalk.

If you look closely, then next to such a scar you can see a micropolar hole, referred to in the scientific community as a micropyle. Somewhere nearby there is also the tip of the root. It is he who, when the seed germinates, is the very first to appear outside. A dense peel protects the seed from various damages and at the same time allows moisture to pass through without interfering with the germination of the embryo - the main part of all seeds. It is formed only after fertilization of the egg and usually consists of a stalk, root and kidney.

How plant seeds are distributed in nature

Well, here we come to the main thing. As mentioned above, germinated seeds rarely give life to new plants, since in the vast majority of cases they do not grow where they ripened. Why is this happening? It's simple: they "travel" to new places through people, animals and Mother Nature herself! If the conditions for a new life are quite suitable, these seeds will begin to germinate, and if not, they will die.

1. An excellent way to spread them is cross, due to which new species of representatives of the flora can form. This is the minimum that gives life to new plants. Of course, the methods of dispersal of fruits and seeds of plants are not limited to pollination.
2. Fruits and seeds that are unpleasant to humans or even poisonous are very attractive food for birds. At the same time, seeds that have a hard shell are simply not able to be digested in their stomachs. As a result, they, together with bird droppings (guano), are transported over long distances from the place of their original "birth". But the role of birds in the spread of new plant life is not limited to this!
3. Many birds, arranging for themselves stocks for the winter, drag the seeds and fruits of various plants to their nests. Some of them are simply lost during the flights of birds, falling to new places. For example, they constantly stock up on acorns, some of which are lost and germinate over time.
4. Another assistant in the germination of seeds and fruits is ants. These small, but useful in nature, creatures carry seeds of a wide variety of plants to their nests, especially rich ones. essential oils(cornflower, celandine, lungwort, sour, violet). Like birds, ants lose the lion's share of the collected seeds along the way. By the way, it is grass seeds that are mostly available to these little rogues.

How else do the fruits and seeds of plants "travel"

They are mainly spread by the wind. At the same time, the seeds scatter much better than the already formed fruits. But more on that later. As you know, in nature there are so-called "live" fruits that independently cling to the hair of animals that accidentally run past, and also stick to human clothes. For example, these are the fruits of burdock, succession, cocklebur and burdock.

Here, botanists especially note pisonia - a shrub or tree that grows on the islands Pacific Ocean. The fruit of this is enclosed in a special cup, seated with rows of various sticky hairs. It is they that allow the fruits of pisonia to easily stick to any animal or object. Often in nature you can see reptiles and small birds, completely covered with such fruits. Unfortunately, in this case, the animals cannot fully move and die.

"Journey" through the air

You know that fruits and seeds can spread with the help of the wind, i.e. by air? For example, this happens in the high-mountain steppes, in savannas and deserts, where strong winds constantly walk. In this case, the seeds simply scatter in different directions and over great distances. Especially good for seeds that have a flat shape and small size (bellflower, hops, heather, broomrape, eucalyptus).

Winged seeds and fruits

It will be interesting to find out how seeds with so-called wings spread with the help of the wind. They appeared in those plants that grow exclusively in open areas. These "wings" are specific hairs that completely cover the seeds (for example, anemone). In poplars and willows, the seeds are generally equipped with tufts consisting of the finest hairs.

In hazel, hornbeam, alder and birch, the fruits are small nuts equipped with wings. On one wing fruits of ash-trees and maples have. By the way, that's why they spin when they fall. Seeds and fruits of swollen sedge, bladderwort, astragalus are spread with the help of wind. It is curious that in these plants they travel in balloons, which are formed with the help of air sacs that cover them.

Tumbleweed

Probably everyone at least once heard about such a bizarre plant. Its scientific name is kachim panicled. In autumn, it tends to completely break away from its root. Loose and spherical bushes of this plant with ripened fruits are spread by wind. The seeds of panicled kachima are hidden in boxes, the teeth of which have a curved inward shape. This allows the seeds to spill out only during fairly strong gusts of wind that carry them over long distances.

"Journey" on the water

The fruits and seeds of plants are not always distributed with the help of wind. Seeds often "travel" along streams and rivers, carried by sea currents and rain. For example, a coconut can stay afloat on the high seas for years without losing its germination potential. Often, a whole piece of land can break off from the coast with palm trees and shrubs growing on it, as well as with animals living there. Such islands begin to drift, spreading the seeds of their trees for thousands of kilometers.

Sections: Primary School

Lesson Objectives:

Didactic goal:

1. Create conditions for understanding and understanding new educational information.

Educational goals:

1. Introduce students to different ways distribution of fruits and seeds of plants (with the help of wind; animals; humans).
2. To reveal the biological significance of the adaptation of plants to the dispersal of seeds.

Development goals:

1. Develop observation, cognitive interest.
2. educational goal:
3. Education of motives for learning, a positive attitude to knowledge.

Equipment:

1. Tables "Seeds of plants", "Pollination of plants".
2. Drawings of plants: dandelion, mad cucumber, touchy.
3. Drawings of animals: squirrel, jay, nutcracker, goat.
4. Children's encyclopedia “I know the world. Plants” - 1 per desk
5. Samples of fruits and seeds - 1 set per desk.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

The bell rang
Lesson starts
All at the desks, let's sit together,
You need to start work.

II. Knowledge update.

1. Forecaster's message (work in observation diaries)

2. Front work:

In the last lesson, we learned who is involved in plant reproduction.

What kind of work do they do? (pollinate plants)

On the board is a table "Pollination of plants."

3. Individual tasks:

3-4 students work on individual cards.

Using the table, describe how plants are pollinated.

(2 students answer homework orally at the blackboard).

III. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Is the work of insects enough to propagate plants?

(No. They only pollinate the plant, and the seeds still need to be planted.)

And who does it? (People)

Correctly. People sow seeds, take care of plants, get a harvest.

And who helps wild plants? This is what we need to find out today.

Read the topic of today's lesson.

Seeds travel

What does it mean to travel (they are in other cities, countries, etc.)

What can you travel on? (by train, plane, ship, etc.)

Can plant seeds travel the same way? (Not)

What is the purpose of today's lesson?

Children name goals, the teacher corrects:

1. How do seeds travel?
2. Who helps them travel?
3. What significance do these journeys have for nature?

IV. Discovery of new knowledge and primary consolidation.

Many families have garden plots where they

grow cultivated plants. I also have a. And then one summer, among the young shoots of radish and lettuce, I found lawns of yellow dandelion balls on my beds.

Where did the dandelions come from in the garden, because I did not sow them? Children's opinions are heard.

These seeds are TRAVELERS. Nobody specializes in them. We all love to blow on white dandelion caps and rejoice when light parachutes fly and fall to the ground.

- PARACHUTE(or umbrella) is the fruit of a dandelion. So wild plants adapted to settling by using wind. Even with a weak wind, they fly over long distances, because lungs.

So how did dandelions move to my yard? (Travel with the help of the wind)

Not only the dandelion is settled with the help of the wind. On the board is a poster “Flying Seeds”.

Practical work

On the desks are sets of plant seeds (maple, birch, pine, etc.).

Consider plant seeds. Do they have parachutes? How do they settle down?

The maple has flat wings to spin around longer, stay in the air and fly to the ground.

The fruits of aster, cotton grass, poplar have tufts of small hairs. Birch seeds are barely visible to the naked eye. small the fruits are obedient to the wind.

CONCLUSION: Wind helps seeds with light, flat and small seeds to travel and settle. The lighter the seeds, the farther they are carried by the wind from the parent tree.

Fizkultminutka.

U - Imagine that we are light seeds.

The wind blew us from the flower (blowing)
And lifted up under the clouds (stand on toes)
We fly, we fly, we fly
We do not want to land (circling)
Helicopters near the maple
The breeze is calling with it (beckoning)
We will spread our arms-wings (arms to the sides)
And let's take flight
Like a real helicopter (depict a helicopter)
Parachute white-white
I would also fly with the wind
Only the wind began to subside
Lower everyone to the ground (slowly crouch)
We'll sit down too
And we will continue the lesson (sit down)

Let's look at the fruits of the oak, take the acorn in your hands. What can be said?

(Heavy. No wings)

How do heavy seeds travel? Who helps them?

The answer to this question can be found in the book “I know the world. Plants"

(p. 42, 2nd paragraph)

Children are reading. Draw conclusions:

Animals help seeds (animals, birds)

Pre-prepared guys talk about animals:

1. Animals are very important for seed dispersal, as they can carry even relatively heavy seeds and fruits over long distances, making provisions for themselves. The resettlement of Siberian pine depends on the collection of cedar seeds by nutcrackers, and the resettlement of European oaks involves rooks, woodpeckers, squirrels, but above all, jays.

In 30 days, 60 jays carried away approximately 300,000 acorns, which means that one jay carried about 5,000 acorns. Even if some of them germinate, this will be a good contribution to the resettlement of plants.

Ants, rodents take away seeds and fruits, creating reserves for themselves. But often they are forgotten, some of the seeds are lost along the way.

2. Herbivorous animals (cows, sheep, goats, deer, etc.) eat a huge amount of seeds with feed. And since many wild animals are very mobile, moving over a large area, they carry seeds over considerable distances. Fruits and seeds are unpleasant for people, if not poisonous, very attractive to birds. Together with bird droppings, such seeds are at a great distance from their place of maturation. Many plant species are distributed only by birds (mistletoe, euonymus, elderberry, juniper, mountain ash, etc.)

3. Seeds and fruits that are attached to animals spread best of all: seeds are not threatened with destruction during chewing and digestion. In such plants, fruits and seeds have special devices for attachment: sticky glandular hairs, sticky mucus, hooks, thorns, spines.

4. Consider how they do it.

On the desk.

Who else besides animals can transfer seeds? (Human)

During the conversation, a diagram is drawn up

In nature, there are artillery plants (crazy cucumber, touchy, pansies, sweet peas, etc.)

Let's hear a story about these interesting plants. (student performance)

By creating the new kind plants, nature primarily takes care of the resettlement of its descendants. Why do you think it is so necessary to resettle plants?

Work with the textbook.

Children's answers:

Seeds are more likely to germinate and sprout if they don't have to compete for space, water, and food. Therefore, they make long journeys with the help of wind, animals and man.

V. Fixing:

Today we learned how plant seeds travel. And now try to answer the question: what autumn changes in nature contribute to the settling of seeds and fruits of plants?

Children's answers:

wind amplification

Stock harvesting by animals

An increase in the winter coat in animals

The emergence of mushroom and berry pickers

Pupils repeat in this way the methods of dispersal of seeds with the help of wind, animals and humans.

Solving the crossword puzzle:

1. There was a golden flower
   Became gray within a week.
   And two days later
   Bald head. (Dandelion)
2. Its seeds with small, tenacious hooks are attached to human clothing and animal skins. (Series)
3. It helps the flying seeds to travel. (Wind)
4. They help to settle heavy fruits, seeds without wings. (Animals)
5. What are dandelion seeds called? (Parachutik)
6. Artillery Plant (Handy)
7. The fruit of this plant is the lionfish. (Maple)

Lesson summary (reflection)

What did we do in class today? (studied the distribution of fruits and seeds of plants)

Why did we do it? (to broaden your horizons, to know how plants reproduce)

How did we do it? (They listened to the teacher's story, the children's messages, found information in the textbook and additional literature, carried out practical work with the fruits and seeds of plants)

What did we get? (we know how plants have adapted to settling, who helps them in this, what significance this settling has for nature)

Literature:

1. I know the world. Plants. "AST Publishing House". 1998
2. Atlas-determinant "From the earth to the sky".
3. What is what. Plants. Publishing house "Slovo". 1994
4. Flora of the Earth. Ed. F. Fukarek. Moscow Mir Publishing House. 1982

MAOU "Krasnoyarsk secondary school named after the Hero Soviet Union

Grigory Nikiforovich Koshkarov

1st grade student Head: Presnetsova Alfiya Dmitrievna

With. Krasny Yar - 2013

Introduction ……………………………………………………………….3

Main part. ………………………………………………………..5

2.1. Distribution of fruits and seeds in nature………………………

2.2. Distinctive signs of the spread of fruits and seeds spread by wind, animals, humans………………………..8

2.3. My research…………………………………………………………9

3. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..11

4. References……………………………………………………………9

5. Appendix…………………………………………………………………… 10

1. Introduction

The seed is the basis of the existence of the modern flora and fauna. Without a seed, there would be no coniferous taiga, deciduous forests, flowering meadows, steppes, grain fields on the planet, there would be no birds and ants, bees and butterflies, humans and other mammals. All this appeared only after the plants in the course of evolution had seeds, inside which life can, without declaring itself in any way, be preserved for weeks, months and even for many years. The miniature plant germ in the seed is capable of traveling long distances; he is not tied to the earth by roots, like his parents; does not need water or oxygen; he waits in the wings to, having got to a suitable place and having waited for favorable conditions, to begin development.

Seeds and fruits are spread by air currents - anemochory by water - hydrochory, by animals - zoochory, by humans - anthropochory, by active spreading - automechanochory.

In the process of evolution, fruits and seeds have developed many adaptations that promote distribution in a certain way: winged outgrowths, hairs, air cavities, hooks, and others. Juicy fruits are eaten by animals, but the seeds are not digested and are thrown out with feces. In some plants, the fruits scatter seeds when opened.

The variety of fruits and seeds and their wide distribution determine the existence and prosperity of the species.

Target research: learn and describe the unusual ways in which fruits and seeds are dispersed by plants

Tasks research:

1. Study the literature on this topic.

2. Get information about the features of the distribution of fruits and seeds in nature.

3. Find out the distinguishing features of fruits and seeds spread by wind, animals, and humans.

4 . Analyze the results of growing seeds obtained in different ways;

Subject research: how plants distribute fruits and seeds.

An object research: adaptations that promote the distribution of fruits and seeds of plants in a certain way.

Hypothesis: I assume that plants have many unusual ways of dispersing fruits and seeds. If I learn about the features of the distribution of seeds and fruits in nature, then I can explain to my classmates how plants spread to new places.

Main part.

1. Distribution of fruits and seeds in nature.

The viability and diversity of the plant world depend on the ability of species to spread. The parent plant is rooted in one place all its life, therefore, its offspring must find another. This task of developing new space was entrusted to the seeds.

One of the favorite summer pastimes for children is to blow on a dandelion in a white hat so that tiny parachutes scatter in all directions. Sometimes, before blowing, they ask "Grandfather or woman?" You can even make a wish, and then blow with all your might. If not a single seed is left on the "crown" of a dandelion, it is "grandfather", he is completely bald. And if some seeds-hairs managed to hold on, then it turned out to be a dandelion-"woman". If you guessed right, the wish will come true. Seemingly simple fun, but in this way we help dandelion seeds to scatter as far as possible and explore new spaces.

The seeds of many other plants also travel through the air. For ease of movement, they even have "wings". Therefore, sometimes they are called so - lionfish. If you toss sycamore, ash or elm seeds up, they will slowly fall, spinning like tiny helicopters. During this time, the wind can carry them far from the tree. In the alpine steppes, deserts, savannas, where there are strong winds, the seeds scatter over long distances, especially if they are small or light and flat. Seeds with wings were formed from plants that live in open places. Anemone seeds are completely covered with hairs. In willow, poplar, small seeds are equipped with a tuft of fine hairs. Yes, and poplar fluff is well known to us. The fruit of hazel, birch, alder and hornbeam is a small nut with two wings. One wing each - in the fruits of maple and ash. That's why they spin when they fall. In the tropics and subtropics, the tree grows. So it is called because of the thorns on the branches. In each pair, one of them is bent down, the other is obliquely up. Its fruit is like a disk. It is girded with a thin solid wing and suspended on a thin stem. A real "flying saucer". The fruits of bladderwort, sedge swollen, some astragalus travel in a balloon. The shell around the seed forms an air sac in them. Many have heard of the tumbleweed plant. Its scientific name is kachim panicled. In autumn, the plant breaks away from the root and its loose spherical bushes with ripened fruits are blown away by the wind for long distances. The seeds are in boxes. The teeth of the boxes are bent inward and can only spill out from there with strong gusts of wind.

Thus, we can conclude that some plants are dispersed through the air with the help of wind.

The fruits of peas, beans and legumes, ripening, burst, spilling their seeds, beans and peas. Some have learned to self-scatter, if you accidentally touch the ripened seeds of oxalis, they will instantly “explode” and scatter in different directions. In Southern Europe, there is a weed - mad cucumber. One has only to lightly touch its ripened fruit, as it bounces off the stalk, and through the hole formed from the fruit, a stream of seeds with mucus beats like a fountain. The Crazy Cucumber can shoot over 12 meters.

Conclusion: there are plants that self-scatter their seeds.

If, after a walk, prickly burdock balls remain on your clothes, then you should not immediately throw them away. Of course, they will have to be peeled off. If you look at them through a magnifying glass, you can see that the prickly ball consists of many tiny hooks - they are the ones that cling to people's clothes or animal hair. Thus, the seeds that are inside the balls fall into new places, where they germinate. They cling to anyone who passes by (a dog, a sheep, a cow, a horse, a person's clothes), and thus "pass" a considerable distance before falling to the ground.

Therefore, the conclusion is: some plants settle in nature with the help of their prickly fruits with hooks, hooks.

We know that fruits and seeds serve as food for some birds. Do birds help plant dispersal?

Birds in flight can drop fruits with seeds, and they will germinate in new places far from the parent plant. Sometimes animals hide food in reserve, part of the pantries remains intact, the seeds germinate. The teacher also explains what Seeds travel directly in the stomachs of birds. Birds peck mature fruits, swallow them along with seeds. And the seeds are surrounded by strong thick shells and therefore are not digested in the stomachs, they come out intact with the litter. And birds during this time can move them over long distances. In addition, in bird stomachs, the thick shells of seeds soften, and then the seeds germinate faster.

So the birds also help the seeds travel.

The great scientist Charles Darwin once brought strange seeds from the Galapagos Islands. The shell of these seeds was so hard that it was completely impossible to germinate them. Then two giant tortoises brought from the same islands were fed unyielding "stone" seeds of the Galapagos "tomatoes". After emerging from the intestines of turtles, the seeds germinated.

Many children love to eat pears, but not everyone knows how its seeds spread. The pear is one of the most common fruit trees grown in many countries with a warm climate. A pear lives from 150 to 300 years. The seeds of this tree travel in the stomachs of birds and mammals. In the Caucasus, for example, wild boars and bears spread the pear.

But the seeds are spread not only by mammals, but also by insects. For example, ants. The seeds carried by the ants are rich in tasty and nutritious oil. This tasty food, ants prepare for the future. Due to the hard shell, not all seeds are accessible to insects. Ants eat some of the seeds, while others, along with the accumulated debris, are taken out. This is how the seeds of violets, corydalis, celandine, lungwort, mariannik are settled in nature.

Conclusion: plants travel with the help of animals.

Seeds are carried by rivers and streams, torrents of rain and sea currents. Coconuts, familiar to many, and other fruits coconut trees swim in the sea for years and do not lose their germination. Sometimes whole areas of land come off the coast. Such islands set sail along with palm trees, other plants and even animals ... The fruits and seeds of some plants, like tiny boats, wander through the water. There are plants that waterfowl help to settle. As soon as a duck, goose, swan or other bird splashes in a pond or lake, seeds will stick to its plumage. Splashing in one reservoir, the bird will fly to another, and the seeds will move with it. These “stickers” are carried especially far during the autumn and spring migrations of birds. Therefore, we can conclude that the seeds are dispersed to new places by water.

How else can seeds travel? It turns out, on the soles of our shoes. If after a walk carefully scrape off the dirt from the soles and put it in a damp plastic bag. In a week we will see green sprouts. It is from the tiny seeds that were in the mud that the plants sprouted.

Means: the seeds travel on the soles of people.

2. 2. Distinctive features of fruits and seeds dispersed by wind, animals, man.

If we analyze all the seeds and fruits listed above, then we can divide them into certain groups:

fruits with parachutes

tenacious fruits

fruits that spread seeds

juicy fruits

winged fruit

With the help of wind, mainly fruits with parachutes and winged fruits are distributed through the air. The most characteristic adaptations of fruits and seeds to wind dispersal are various outgrowths of the fruit peel: bats, lionfish, hairs.

Tenacious and juicy fruits are distributed with the help of humans and animals. For fruits and seeds distributed by animals, adaptations in the form of hooks and spines are characteristic. With the help of animals, seeds with edible fruits are distributed.

Will all seeds germinate in new places? No, some of the seeds die. Some seeds may sit on a thick "brush" of dry grass. They seem to hang between heaven and earth. And they cannot germinate, because they are far from the ground, and they cannot rise up - they are stuck. The wind blows some flyers onto the iron roof, others are thrown into the sewer grates. Even those seeds that escape this fate will not all germinate. They will have to endure a fierce struggle with the plants that have settled before. And often in this struggle it is the owners who are the winners, and the new settlers die.

2.3. My research.

My first study I spent with the help of flower seeds "Tagetes". I took the seeds, put them on a piece of paper and blew on them lightly. As a result, the seeds flew.

Second study I spent with the help of maple fruits. I threw them up and saw that they were slowly hovering above the floor. And if there is a wind, then he will be able to carry them far.

Thus, I was once again convinced that seeds and fruits can travel with the help of the wind.

Next - third study, I spent at home, and my cat helped me. I threw a thorn on her fur. My cat walked the whole house with her, several meters. This experiment can be carried out with a person. If we stick a thorn to our clothes, then we can move it to another place, thereby helping the plant to make its journey.

This means that both animals and people help plants to settle in new places.

For my fourth experience I had to do a long observation. I scraped the dirt off the soles of my shoes, put them in plastic

the package, the package was closed and left for a week in a warm place. A week later I saw green sprouts. It is from the tiny seeds that were in the mud that the plants sprouted. In this way, I was able to prove that seeds can travel on the soles of our shoes.

For fifth study I needed two glasses of water. In one I put the fruit of the plant and poured water from glass to glass. I saw that this fruit, along with the water, passed into another glass. Which proves the ability of fruits not to sink in water, but to travel.

Conclusion

Almost always, fruits and seeds do not give life to a new plant where they are ripe. Wind, water, animals take them to new places. If the conditions are right, the seeds will germinate. So travel plants settle everywhere, occupy new territories. There, thanks to cross-pollination, new plant species can form.

Bibliography:

Raven P, Evert R, Eichhorn E. Modern Botany, vols. 1–2. - M.: 1990

Smyk I.A. Home laboratory Experiments with air, plants and in the kitchen, - M .: 1998

You haven't seen the miracle yet. / Magazine “Lisa. My child", April, 2004.

Khrzhanovsky V.G., Ponomarenko S.F. Botany 2nd ed., - M .: Agropromizdat, 1988

Encyclopedia for children. Volume 10. Biology. - M.: 2001

I was born a gardener. / Magazine "Aistenok", June, 2005

http://www.travinka.net

Attachment 1

Annex 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Lesson plan for knowing the world

competence and activity basis.

According to the textbook by K.Kh. Aimagambetova, T.S. Idilova pp. 49-51.

Topic: How plants travel.

Purpose: To study information about the ways of distributing plant seeds with the help of animals, birds, water, wind, humans, about the adaptations of seeds for a “journey”. To form the ability to extract information on a given question from a statistical source (textbook text, presentation material).

The development of speech, thinking, memory, logic, generalization operations, communication skills of working in a group.

Education of conscientiousness to educational work.

I stage. Motivational target.

1. Checking homework. Listening to students' oral reports about medicinal herbs.

2. Motivational stage.

Many of these plants can be seen with your own eyes if you travel a lot in different natural areas.

What is a traveler?

Where can you travel? (on different countries, for different natural areas).

What can you travel on? (List modes of transport)

Conclusion: So, you can travel by water, by land, by air.

Can plants move? (no, exceptions are some tropical plants...teacher's additions)

Can all plants travel?

3. Target setting. Today you will process the information yourself, find out how plants travel, in what ways and with what help.

II stage. Operating.

1) You will work in groups. What rules of communication should be followed?

2) Independent work.

A) Study the text of the textbook p.49-51: read in full, prepare and retell in paragraphs by each member of the group.

b) Answer the questions and tasks on the answer sheet.

1. Arrange in order the stages of plant development:

stem and leaf development

Flower drying

Root germination from seed

The appearance of a bud, flowering

Ripening of the fruit, seed

2. What part of the plant "travels" to germinate in a new location? ________________

3. How many factors help seed transfer? ________ Write them down.

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Write down the names of plants that are carried by the wind. _____________________________________________________________________________________

5. What animals disperse seeds? ___________________________________________

6. Indicate using a pie chart the probability of dispersal of seeds with the help of water. (water - other factors)

3) Warm up.

4) Checking the answers of groups, evaluation.

5) I suggest you watch the presentation, think about the question: What adaptations do seeds have for long-distance travel?

6) Answer the question. (Parachutes help - fluffs, wings, antennae and hooks, tasty and juicy pulp)

7) In a notebook, make a diagram of these devices, draw some of them.

8) Practical work in groups. (Seed kits suggested). Determine from which plant the seed, what adaptation does it have?

9) The results of the lesson, assessment.

10) Homework. P.49-51 retelling of the text, write an essay "A fascinating journey of seeds."

If you worked productively, everything worked out, paint the flower petals with bright colors.

If you didn’t work so actively, but did a good job, then paint the flower petals in one color (marigold - orange, forget-me-not - blue, ranunculus - yellow, etc.)

If they worked poorly, didn’t work out, were only a contemplative of the work of others, then leave the petals like a chamomile, paint the middle.

Glue your flower to a common clearing. Did it work out beautifully?

Model response

1. List the stages of plant development in order:

2_ stem, leaf development

4_flower drying

1_germination of the root from the seed

3_ bud appearance, flowering

5_ ripening of the fruit, seed

2 . What part of the plant "travels" to germinate in a new location? Seed.

3. How many factors help seeds to transfer? ___5___ Write them down. By using animals, birds, water, wind, man.

4 . Write down the names of plants that are carried by the wind. Poplar fluff, elm porridge, maple catkins, dandelion seeds.

5 . What animals spread seeds? Birds, squirrels, badgers, etc..

6 . Use the pie chart to indicate the probability of seed dispersal by water (water - other factors).