Skin diseases in pets are a fairly common phenomenon in veterinary medicine. The pet may have mechanical damage, various viral or fungal diseases. Scabies is often diagnosed. Treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs, or more simply, scabies caused by a skin mite, is the topic of our article.
Sarcoptic mites
A non-seasonal skin disease of animals caused by ticks is called "sarcoptic mange". It is accompanied by severe itching, redness of the skin and partial alopecia. Do not underestimate this disease, because without timely treatment, it can progress.
Scabies turns into chronic form and leads to dire consequences. The dog loses attractive appearance, and the constant itching is exhausting and leads to physical exhaustion.
The causative agent of scabies is a sarcoptoid mite, widespread in Russia and the CIS countries. Belongs to the genus Sarcoptes scabiei (Sarcoptes, Sarcoptes canis).
Infection occurs from an animal with sarcoptic mange, this is the so-called direct contact. The route of infection can also be indirect, for example, through an object of care, clothing, a walking area.
Symptoms of infection and development of the disease
It is possible to determine whether a dog is infected with sarcoptic mange by the combination of symptoms that are quite pronounced.
The disease makes itself felt two weeks after infection with Sarcoptes canis mites. The initial stage is characterized by affected areas of the skin in the area of the muzzle, head, neck, and tips of the ears. This is due to the fact that ticks are attracted to areas with a sparse coat. At this time, the dog begins to itch, redness appears.
At the second stage, in addition to the above signs, hyperemic areas of the skin are covered with papules, erythema, scabs, crusts. Dandruff appears.
At the third stage, the animal can see bald areas, the skin on which becomes rough, rough, cracked. Keratinization and pigmentation of the skin appear, and other parts of the dog's body are already suffering - on the abdomen, paws, etc. Lymph nodes increase. An animal suffering from sarcoptic mange loses its appetite and falls into a depressed state.
Dry air and heat contribute to increased itching, cold, on the contrary, brings some relief to the dog.
Diagnosis of the disease in the veterinary clinic
Diagnosis and treatment are carried out by a veterinarian. Sarcoptic mange must be differentiated from eczema, and others.
The most reliable way to determine scabies is to study scrapings. This method allows you to detect a tick or its metabolic products.
How to treat sarcoptic mange in dogs
First aid at home is a simple action. First of all, you need to exclude any contact of other pets with an infected dog. Communication of such a four-legged pet with people should also be minimized. Before examination by a specialist, the dog should not be washed, since the water procedure will significantly reduce the ability to detect a tick in a scraping.
Therapy for sarcoptic mange in dogs is carried out in a complex and includes, first of all, washing the dog with acaricidal preparations at an interval set by a veterinarian.
It is very important to choose the right shampoo, as not all of them are effective. Keratolytic shampoos DermaPet, DermaBenSs, Doctor with chlorhexidine or birch tar have proven themselves well in this regard.
In severe cases, intramuscular or subcutaneous acaricidal injections are indicated (Ivermek, Vormil, etc.).
To maintain liver function, hepatoprotectors are prescribed. This is due to the fact that the drugs for sarcoptic mange are very strong.
Treatment at home necessarily involves the use of antihistamines and sedatives to reduce itching. However, for the most effective medicinal product we shave the affected areas of the skin or cut the hair short up to the skin, remove the dried pus.
The process of treating a dog must be entrusted to a veterinarian. Only a specialist can prescribe drugs that can save an animal from a serious illness. Keep in mind that scabies is a dangerous and highly contagious disease.
It can be diagnosed only with the help of special equipment. In order to prevent the most severe consequences, it is necessary to consult a specialist at the first suspicion of sarcoptic mange.
Prevention of sarcoptic mange in dogs
Any disease is easier to prevent than to treat, and sarcoptic mange is no exception. Preventive measures include:
To rule out the possibility of a recurrence of a disease such as sarcoptic mange in dogs, prevention for pet owners should become the norm. After the end of treatment, it is necessary to disinfect the place where the animal lay.
(Sarcoptic Mange)
Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious disease of dogs, accompanied by intense itching. Has no seasonal character.
Psoroptosis (Scabies auris cuniculi, Psoroptosis)
Pathogen
Sarcoptes Canis , synonym Sarcoptes Scabieivar. WITHAnis.
Prevalence
A cosmopolitan mite with a tendency to proliferate in large dog kennels and in poor hygienic conditions.
Master
Morphology and development cycle
S. Canis rounded mite with short skin legs. The last two pairs of limbs are vestigial and usually do not reach the edge of the body.
The development cycle is very similar to that of Notoedres Cati, the causative agent of notoedrosis in cats. It lasts 10 - 21 days and is depicted in Figure 70. The way of life of ticks is schematically shown in Figure. 71.
Pathogenesis and clinical signs
The sarcoptic mite prefers areas of the body on which little hair grows, that is, primarily the ventral side of the body, the ears and in the area of the elbow and hock joints (see Fig. 72).
Within 2 to 8 weeks, a local lesion can develop into a very Severely itchy a disease characterized by thinning of the coat up to Alopecia, erythema, papules, large scabs, excoriation and superficial bleeding. Itching is usually more pronounced Warm environment (when the heating is on, near fireplaces, etc.) and can be so significant and debilitating that the animal dies. Prevalence and intensity clinical signs depends on the level of hypersensitivity of the patient to sarcoptic allergens and the intensity of secondary bacterial invasion, which is a common complicating factor. In chronic cases, there is hyperpigmentation, lichenification, and induration of the superficial lymph nodes.
Rice. 71: Life cycle of sarcoptic mites and skin changes in sarcoptic mange. Copulation Sarcoptes Canis occurs on the surface of the skin (A). Fertilized females make passages in the skin (2 - 3 mm per day) and lay eggs in these passages and leave their feces there. The hatched larvae crawl out to the surface of the skin, where they seek food. Nymphs also move along the skin at the lesion until they reach adulthood. Males live only on the surface of the skin. As a result of the activity of sarcoptic mites, the skin reacts with acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and cellular infiltration on its surface (B). Intense itching causes itching, which results in extensive excoriations and trauma to the affected areas. Male ticks that get on the combed surface of the skin die. However, deposited feces and eggs remain at the site of injury and further itch the area (C). Sarcoptic mites feed on tissue fluid and can live outside the host for no more than 2-3 days.
Disease Very contagious and spreads mainly through contact with sick animals. Outside the host, sarcoptic mites can live for several days, but they do not tolerate dryness. Despite this, transmission can occur through care products or when a healthy animal enters a facility where an animal with sarcoptic mange has been present immediately.
Sarcoptic mange can affect dogs of all breeds, sexes and ages. The greatest incidence of the disease is in younger animals with high crowding, where there is naturally a higher risk of contact with a sick animal or a carrier without clinical signs.
If sarcoptic mites are found on cats, the source of the organism's immunosuppression must be traced. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are relatively common in these cases.
Up to 60% of people who come into close contact with a sick dog are attacked Sarcoptes Canis. In an affected person, itchy papular changes on the skin of the arms and torso may appear within a few hours after the attack. The disease caused Sarcoptes Canis sometimes called pseudoscabies in humans (Pseudoscabies). People also itch more when they are warm, such as in bed at night. Sarcoptic mites burrow in the skin, but they usually remain on a person for a maximum of 1 to 2 generations. Lesions disappear spontaneously 4 weeks after contact with the sick dog is stopped, or after the dog is cured.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of sarcoptic mange is not easy. Due to the rather frequent localization of sarcoptic mites on the auricle, the following sequence of orientational diagnostics is recommended. The auricle is rubbed with the thumb and forefinger and if the dog reacts directly with reflex scratching of the hind limb (called the pinnal-pedal reflex), in most cases it is sarcoptic mange.
Even histological examination of a skin biopsy usually does not lead to direct detection Sarcoptes Canis. A certain way out of diagnostic difficulties may be the detection of specific antibodies by means of the ELISA test.
Differential diagnosis is necessary for any skin disease accompanied by itching. Sarcoptic mange is often confused with Atopy, hypersensitivity to food, contact dermatitis, generalized pyoderma, dermatophytosis AND folliculitis. Unlike atopy, in the acute phase of the disease, in most cases, itching is so severe that it cannot be suppressed even by corticosteroids. Of the other diseases taken into account, the most important are Cheiletiosis, seborrheic dermatitis AND bacterial hypersensitivity. Despite a careful differential diagnosis scheme, nearly half of canine sarcoptic mange cases are not diagnosed on time and most are erroneously treated as allergies by long-term corticosteroid administration.
Treatment and prevention
Only timely and effective therapy will prevent the spread of the tick throughout the body of the dog, and also the transfer to other animals and people in contact with the sick animal.
Patient shave, Wash with anti-seborrheic shampoo(for example, with the addition of sulfur) and remove scabs with drying exudate on the surface of the skin. Then follows a thorough general The washing up dogs In an acaricidal preparation, For example, Amitraz(Ectodex, Taktic, Mitaban). A more detailed method of treatment is given for demodicosis (chapter 2.4.1.4.), and in most cases a dose of a third or even half less is enough. Bathing with an interval of 2 weeks is effective. The next possibility is bathing at least 4 to 6 times in 1% lindane, repeated at 1 week intervals. Treatment in this way gives a very good prognosis. On the contrary, only local therapy is ineffective. For puppies under 4 months of age, the use of acaricides all over the body can be toxic. For this reason, alternating treatment of only half of the body surface is recommended.
Very good results for the treatment of sarcoptic mange are obtained by using Ivermectin(for example, Ivomec inj.) at a dose of 200 - 400 μm / kg body weight as a subcutaneous injection 2 - 3 times with an interval of 10 (7 - 14) days. Attention: ivermectin should never be used in collies, in which it passes the blood-brain barrier, increases intracerebral pressure, acts strongly neurotoxically and often leads to death! Considerable care must also be taken with Shelties, Bobtails, Briards and some Terriers. Ivermectin is generally not recommended for dolichocephalic dog breeds.
Forecast
If sarcoptic mange is correctly diagnosed, treatment has a very good prognosis.
Warning
Although sarcoptic mange is considered Zoonosis , with the observance of elementary principles of personal hygiene and the treatment of a specific owner, which is usually a dog, skin disease in humans resolves spontaneously at the latest 4 weeks after the onset of clinical signs.
Ticks usually spend their entire lives on the dog. The female tick bites into the skin and lays eggs several times. The gnawed tunnels in the skin can be several centimeters long. One female lays 40-60 eggs. After 15-19 days, new mites develop from them. Having gone beyond the epidermis, the female can live 13 days. She dies after laying her eggs. After 3-8 days, larvae hatch from the eggs, which have 6 legs. The larvae turn into nymphs, which already have 8 legs. The nymph spends all the time in the skin until it becomes an adult. The entire life cycle requires 2-3 weeks.
Ticks prefer to live on the dog and can also survive for several days outside the host in the environment. In cool, humid conditions, they live up to 22 days. At normal room temperature in the house, they will live from 2 to 6 days. Because of the ability of the tick to survive apart from its owner, dogs can become infected without even coming into direct contact with an infected animal.
Canine scabies symptoms
The defeat starts from the head. Small nodules appear on the frontal arches, the back of the nose, and the ears of the dog, which turn into itchy, fluid-filled blisters. In place of blisters, scratches quickly appear, scabs and crusts form. Wool in places of strong scratching completely falls out, and wounds and bleeding scratches appear on the skin. An atypical flow is characterized by an abundance of dandruff.
The symptoms of canine mange are varied, but typically include hair loss and severe itching, especially:
- on the ears;
- in the armpits;
- on the joints;
- chest;
- abdominal cavity.
Ticks tend to live on areas of skin with less hair. As the infection worsens, it can spread throughout the body. Due to severe itching and scratching, the skin soon becomes traumatized, and various ulcers and infections can develop as a result. If the infection is not treated, the surrounding lymph nodes may swell.
In addition, the intense itching caused by the sarcoptic mite is the result of a severe allergic reaction to the mite. When dogs are initially infected with Sarcoptes, they do not develop itching for several weeks. If animals are cured and then re-infected at a later time, intense itching begins almost immediately. This indicates that itching may be caused by an allergic reaction, however, standard allergy treatments in this case usually do not improve the symptoms of scabies.
Diagnostic methods
Sarcoptic scabies is a fairly common infection, and in many cases is often misdiagnosed as severe atopy (inhalation allergy). Every time we see a dog that has never had allergies and severe itching develops(if itching is not seasonal, but lasts all year round), canine scabies may be suspected.
To make an accurate diagnosis, the animal must be shown to the veterinarian. The standard method is to scrape the skin and then identify the tick under a microscope. Unfortunately, on average, only 20% of infected dogs will display Sarcoptes mites on scraping, so a negative scraping does not rule out sarcoptic mange. Therefore, most diagnoses are based on history and response to treatment for scabies.
Treatment for sarcoptic mange in dogs
There are several ways to treat scabies. Previously, the most effective treatment was with benzoyl peroxide shampoo, after washing which organophosphate ointments were applied. Dogs were usually bathed once every two weeks.
But these effective ointments are unpleasant for both the owner and the dog. Also, since the ointment must be in contact with the mites, and most mites live on the muzzle and ears of dogs, great care must be taken when applying the ointment to these sensitive areas. These ointments can also be toxic to humans and are not suitable for very young, old, or debilitated animals.
There are several other products that are extremely effective, safe, and convenient in treating scabies. Selamectin is a topical solution, which is applied once a month, it also provides flea prevention, protection against ticks and scabies.
Ivermectin is also effective but should not be used in breeds such as collies or shelties.
It must be remembered that all these products should only be used under direct veterinary supervision.
Since Sarcoptes scabiei is easily transmitted between animals, all dogs in contact with an infected animal should also be treated. Due to duration life cycle and the ability of the tick to live outside the animal, treatment should continue for a minimum of 4 weeks.
In parallel with the treatment of the disease in dogs, thorough disinfection and cleaning of rooms, cabins and cages is necessary by spraying a 2% solution of chlorophos or boiling water. The bedding of the animal is washed in soapy water and treated with acaricides.
Because of the damage to the skin from scabies, many dogs can also develop bacterial or yeast infections.
Protecting a dog from direct contact with an infected dog is quite difficult. Places where large numbers of dogs congregate are obviously more likely to contain ticks.
Treatment of sarcoptic mange in humans
When people infected with sarcoptic mange from animals, the disease is usually self-limiting, causing only temporary itching. But there is a human form of sarcoptic mange that is transmitted from person to person. This type of sarcoptic mite causes a rash on the wrists, elbows, or between the fingers. In infants, the rash may appear on the head, neck, or body.
Treatment requires drugs prescribed by a doctor in each individual case. These medicines will kill the mites and their eggs.
In addition to prescription treatments, it is necessary to clean linen and clothes by washing items with hot water, drying them in a dryer and placing them in a plastic bag for several days.
Your doctor may recommend treatment for other members of your family, even if they don't show signs of scabies. You can apply a cool compress to soothe the affected areas. Lotion Calamine applied to the skin helps soothe itchy or irritated skin.
If you have an allergic reaction, antihistamines may help reduce symptoms.
Scratching the affected areas can make you susceptible to a secondary bacterial infection. In this case, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics.
Attention, only TODAY!
Canine sarcoptosis (Sarcoptosis canum) is a parasitic pruritic disease of dogs caused by mites of the species Sarcoptes canis and is clinically manifested in dogs with severe itching.
Biological cycle of development. The female lays 2-8 eggs in the epidermal layer of the skin, 40-60 in total. One generation of ticks develops under optimal conditions for 15-19 days, passing through the phase of eggs, larvae, protonymphs, telenymphs and adults. Male ticks live in the epidermis of a dog for up to 1 month, after copulation with a telenymph they die. Female ticks live up to 1.5 months.
Healthy dogs are invaded only by teleonymphs and females. Once in the external environment, sarcoptic mange mites do not multiply, but retain their mobility for up to 2 weeks, and die at temperatures below 0°C. Eggs are viable up to 1 month. Sarcotes in the dog's body feed on epidermal cells, lymph, and inflammatory exudate.
Pathogenesis. The dog mainly affects areas of the body on which there is no thick coat: ears, elbows and hocks. The disease in a dog begins to appear 2 weeks after being infected with a tick. Damage to the skin of a sick dog leads to a disruption in the activity of many systems of the body of a sick animal (central nervous system, cardiovascular, reticulo-endothelial, immune, etc.). From localized in a certain area of the body, the disease can progress and move to other parts of the dog's body, on which, as a result of severe itching, the hair is thinned, up to baldness. The dog's skin becomes covered with papules, erythema, scabs, and even some dogs have superficial bleeding. As a result of all this, skin respiration is disturbed in the animal, oxygen deficiency increases, and heat transfer increases. Itching in a dog increases in a warm room, especially when it is near heating appliances. The course of sarcoptic mange can be complicated by allergic reactions to waste products released by ticks. If you do not take timely measures for treatment, the disease becomes chronic, which is characterized by lichenification, hyperpigmentation of the affected skin and thickening of the superficial lymph nodes. With a reduced resistance of the body in a sick dog, irreversible pathological processes occur and the sick dog dies.
Clinical picture. On the early stage disease symptoms of sarcoptic mange are not pronounced. A week after the dog was infected with sarcoptic mites, during a clinical examination, a veterinarian on the back of the nose, superciliary arches, and ears diagnoses nodules, which are subsequently filled with a clear liquid, turning into papules. The dog develops severe itching, as a result, scratches and scabs appear at the site of the formed papules. The coat of such a sick animal is glued together by a liquid that is secreted by the affected skin.
With an atypical course of the disease, a veterinarian during a clinical examination of such an animal notes the appearance of a large amount of dandruff in it.
Diagnosis the veterinarian puts on sarcoptic mange on the basis of anamnestic data (survey of the owner of the dog), epizootic data, clinical picture disease and confirmed by laboratory testing. To detect a sarcoptic mite, its eggs or waste products, it is necessary to carry out deep scrapings of the affected skin. The most effective is to take a scraping near a fresh comb, papules, in those places that a sick animal cannot lick. But even in this case, only in 50% we can detect a tick.
Differential Diagnosis. Sarcoptosis must be differentiated from demodicosis (), fungal skin diseases (,), contact dermatitis, folliculitis and generalized pyoderma.
Treatment. Owners of a sick animal should be isolated from other dogs. Before treatment, the sick dog is thoroughly washed in warm water with tar or baby soap. For this purpose, the owner of the dog can use soap K, SK-9, anti-borheic shampoo. During this procedure, the dog's skin is cleansed and freed from scabs, crusts, dandruff, grease, dirt, germs and other harmful deposits. After such a wash, the dog can be rinsed with infusions and decoctions of herbs - celandine, string, chamomile, calendula and others, then, in order to avoid colds and hypothermia, the dog must be thoroughly wiped with a clean cloth. We shave the affected areas of the skin or cut it short. On wounds, scratches, we apply anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial ointments, suspensions - Konkov, Vishnevsky, Wilkelson 1-2 times a day for 10-14 days, sulfuric and sulfur-tar 2-3 times a day for 14 days or more, 1% liniment of chlorophos on fish oil, celestoderm, lorinden, flucenar, tetracycline, etc. Effective treatment of sarcoptic mange by the Demyanovich method with the use of solutions of hyposulfite and hydrochloric acid. A 20% water-soap suspension of benzyl benzoate has a good antisarcoptic effect. Skin treatment is repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 5-7 days.
The method and use of these drugs in each case is determined by the attending veterinarian.
After that, we begin to wash the sick dog in a bath with acaricidal preparations with an interval of 2 weeks. Nice results during treatment, they give 0.5% emulsions of schudrin, decresil, karbofos, 0.155 aqueous diazinon emulsion, hexachloran emulsion with 0.04-0.05% gamma isomer content. Treatment with acaricidal preparations for local skin lesions usually does not give a positive effect. Due to the high toxicity of acaricidal preparations, puppies up to 4 months of age should not be subjected to this kind of treatment. In young puppies, we treat each half of the body alternately.
With focal sarcoptic mange of dogs, 2-3 times rubbing of a 0.5% oil solution of ASD-3 (Dorogov's antiseptic stimulator) is successfully used, the interval for rubbing is 7-10 days. Five treatments with Demos or Decta preparations with an interval of 3-4 days are effective. Sulfur, which is part of the preparation, helps to restore the coat of a sick animal. Currently, drugs containing synthetic pyrethroids are most often used for sarcoptic mange in dogs - stomazan, neostamazan, butox, ectomine, anometrin nitigifor, anometrin, permintin, ivomek, proposcur, etc. Based on these drugs, 0.1-0.2% are prepared. aqueous solutions in which animals are bathed, and in case of focal lesions, the solutions are rubbed with a sponge or cotton swab into the animal's coat and skin. After this treatment, the dogs are allowed to shake off and dry in a warm place, without washing and wiping.
To prevent poisoning during treatments on a dog, it is necessary to wear a muzzle or special collars that prevent licking of the coat.
For the treatment of sarcoptic mange, Selamectin is used, which is registered in many countries for the treatment of sarcoptic mange, Ivermectin, which is administered subcutaneously 2-3 times with an interval of one to two weeks, has side effect in some breeds of dogs - (collie, sheltie, bobtail, terriers, as well as dogs of dolichocephalic breeds). Advocate is a very effective drug, which combines imidacloprid 10% and maxidectin 2.5%. This drug is manufactured by Bayer.
At the beginning of treatment, with increased itching in a sick dog, glucocortican is prescribed at a dose of 1 mg / kg daily for 3-4 days.
When conducting a course of treatment with anti-scab agents, veterinary specialists prescribe sedative, anti-allergic, antimicrobial drugs, as well as hepatoprotectors (Lif-52, etc.) in the treatment regimen for sarcoptic mange.
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Artemenko L.P., Tyrsina Yu.M., associate professors of FVM BNAU, Svirzhevskaya E.L., Ph.D. vet. Sci., Researcher, Scientific and Production Enterprise BIOTESTLAB LLC.
Morphological and biological features of sarcoptoid mites Genus Psoroptes(skin guards).
These mites have an oblong-oval body shape 0.5-0.8 mm long (Fig. 1). The oral apparatus is of a piercing-tearing type, well suited for piercing the epidermis and consuming lymph. On the 1st, 2nd, 3rd parenogs, suction cups are placed on articulated rods.
The eggs of the skins are asymmetric, with a flat side adjacent to the skin of the animal, fixing to the surface of the skin with a uterine secret.
Genus Chorioptes(kozheedy). Their body size is 0.3-0.5 mm, the body shape is oblong-oval, the proboscis is round, short with wedge-shaped jaws, providing a gnawing mechanism for feeding on epidermal scales and inflammation products (Fig. 2).
Genus Otodectes. These ticks are like ticks Psoroptes and Chorioptes. The body of ticks is oval. The proboscis protrudes slightly, contains a gnawing mouthpart (Fig. 3). Males do not have abdominal processes; instead, there are 2 tubercles on the posterior surface of the body, from which two long and short setae extend. The fourth pair of legs is poorly developed in males and rudimentary in females.
Genus Sarcoptes. Ticks of this genus are round in shape, reach a diameter of 0.4 mm, have short limbs that protrude slightly from the body edge (Fig. 4).
Genus Notoedres. They resemble ticks of the genus Sarcoptes, have a rounded shape and short limbs, differ from sarcoptes by the presence of concentric grooves and the absence of spines. Females in the skin are located not one by one, but in clusters called "nests".
A feature of all sarcoptic mites is the absence of eyes and respiratory organs. Ticks consume oxygen throughout the surface of the body. It has practical value, mites die from fumigated acaricides.
Life cycle - development of mites
Scabies mites develop in stages: egg, larva, protonymph, telenymph, adult. A fertilized female, depending on the species, lays 40–60 eggs. Development from an egg through the stages of a larva and 2 nymphs to an adult lasts about 14–20 days. The female skinworm attaches the eggs to the host animal's skin surface with a sticky secretion.
Eggs have a dense shell, due to which they are more resistant compared to other developmental phases to the effects of acaricides and other adverse factors. The skins are sensitive to the influence of low temperatures, dry air, and insolation. In livestock buildings (outside the body of the animal), ticks remain viable for up to 65 days, on pastures - no more than 1–2 days.
Fertilized females lay eggs in passages, from which six-legged larvae hatch after 3-5 days, climbing to the surface of the skin. Then the larvae penetrate the upper layers of the skin, where they molt, turning into nymphs and adults.
The hatched adult males fertilize the female, which creates new passages or enlarges the "tunnels" gnawed by the larvae. Infestation is transmitted by contact of animals with larvae, which are often found on the surface of the skin.
Epizootological features of scabies mites
Sarcoptoidosis belong to epizootic diseases in connection with contagiousness and the possibility of unlimited distribution. Psoroptosis sick sheep, cattle, horses, rabbits, goats. Sheep suffer from psoroptosis at any age, but mostly young, especially fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced breeds.
Favorable time for the development of psoroptosis - autumn and winter. Sheep shearing in spring slows down the invasive process, sometimes during this period it stops altogether. However, carriers remain in the flock P. ovis, in which mites can be found in deep folds of the skin.
In lambs, the disease appears from 2–3 months of age as a result of contact with infested ewes in the summer. The incubation period of the disease is 2-4 weeks. At acute course Sheep have severe itching. The lesions are localized on the sides of the body, on the back and sacrum, where the hair falls out in places (Fig. 6). After 6-8 weeks, almost all the skin of the animal, except for the head and legs, can be affected by the skins. In the affected area, the hair is matted, easily pulled out. These places are called "slaughter". When new lesions appear, the animals begin to itch intensely.
Sheep quickly lose weight, become anemic. With poor maintenance and feeding, the process ends in death.
The causative agent of psoroptosis in cattle is a tick P. bovis. On cattle, the skins initially settle on the upper part of the neck, the root of the tail, and the sacrum.
In the acute course of the disease, increased scratching or licking of the back and sides is noted first, then peeling of the epidermis, hair loss, increased skin moisture and the formation of soft crusts. In the lesions, the skin becomes wrinkled, bald, covered with dense crusts.
Skin scabies of cattle is characterized by a chronic course. In the summer, the process fades, during the stall period (in winter) it becomes aggravated. Psoroptosis of cattle is becoming more widespread and of great economic importance in the United States and in European countries, which is associated with intensive methods of breeding animals.
Psoroptosis of rabbits- the causative agent of the disease - Psoroptes cuniculi. Mostly rabbits get sick. The disease is characterized by damage to the skin of the inner surface of the auricles. Grayish-yellow scales accumulate in the ear canal, forming thick crusts. With complications, the inflammatory process passes to the meninges, as a result, the coordination of movements is disturbed in rabbits, and they die.
Chorioptosis
The previously existing opinion that the causative agents of this type of scabies in each host are specific types of mites ( Chorioptesbovis, C. ovis, C. equi) revised. It is now believed that all types of ticks of the genus Chorioptes, belong to the same species Chorioptes bovis.
The invasive process can move to the croup and back, the inner surface of the thighs, to the udder, to the scrotum of bulls. Skin-eating scabies in cattle is observed in the cool season, it is more severe in calves. Thin dry scales, crusts form on the affected areas, the skin becomes rough, cracks, hair falls out.
Sarcoptic scabies caused by mites is severe in pigs, horses, goats. Sarcoptosis -the only form of scabies in pigs. In large pig farms, enzootics of this disease occur. The first lesions appear on the head (around the eyes, on the ears and cheeks), on the back, sides and inner thighs. The invasive process further spreads throughout the body. On the affected areas, redness and peeling of the skin are observed, nodules, scales appear on it. The skin thickens and thickens, becomes folded, the bristles fall out. It is believed that sarcoptic mange in pigs occurs in 2 forms: ear and total.
The ear form is clinically manifested predominantly in older sows and boars. The total form of sarcoptic mange occurs in pigs of different age groups, but more often in young animals 3–6 months old. In young animals, itching is noted, the general condition worsens. The first signs of skin lesions appear as small red papules and erythremia in the eye area, on the muzzle, in the area of the knee tendons.
In a morphological study, the main lesions in the skin of piglets with sarcoptic mange were located in the horny, granular and prickly layers of the epidermis. However, the regenerative basal layer was also often affected (Fig. 11, 12).
Horses the first symptoms (itching) occur 2-3 weeks after infection. Baldness, scratching, crusts quickly pass from the primary focus (skin of the head) to other parts of the body: neck, trunk and upper limbs. Horses often develop chroniosepsis, and then cachexia, they die.
Pathogenesis
The mechanism of the pathogenic effect of scabies mites on the macroorganism is approximately the same. Crawling over the animal, the kozhniki, with their long bristles on the limbs and suckers, irritate the skin receptors and cause primary itching. Animals grab itchy places with their teeth, injure the skin, moisten it with saliva. The presence of moisture in the lesions contributes to the reproduction of ticks.
At the site of damage to the skin with proboscises, wounds appear where the saliva of ticks penetrates. It irritates the nerve endings of tissues. Thus, secondary itching occurs. Animals rub against miscellaneous items affected areas and injure tissues. The secreted lymph accumulates on the skin, dries up and forms dense crusts with dead epidermal cells.
Under the influence of decay products of skin cells in the body of a sick animal, active substances of a mediator action accumulate, primarily histamine and others, which irritate vascular tissue receptors, which leads to the development of allergic reactions.
An increase in the number of foci of inflammation entails a deterioration in the general condition of the animal and skin reactivity.
Itching has a stronger pathogenic effect on the animal's body ( Sarcoptes). Forming passages in the subepidermal layer of the skin, they significantly injure the skin, disrupt the normal functions of the papillary dermis, its glands, blood vessels, and nerves. Mechanical irritation of tissues, saliva intake of ticks cause an allergic reaction of the animal's body.
Human sarcoptic mange
Diagnostics
Microscopic examination of skin scrapings from affected animals is crucial for establishing a definitive diagnosis. Of course, take into account the symptoms of the disease and epidemiological data.
To detect skin and itching, scrapings are taken from 2-3 loose areas on the border of the affected and healthy skin. To identify skin beetles - from the center of the lesion. There are many well-known and enough simple methods acarological research. Method A.V. Alfimova. Scrapings are placed in a Petri dish and placed in a thermostat at a temperature of 35–40 ° C for 10–15 minutes. Taking the Petri dish out of the thermostat, examine the bottom of the dish under a microscope. Method M.G. Hatina. A skin scraping is placed in a test tube, filled with saline heated to 30 ° C and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1500 rpm, then the upper layer of the liquid is drained, the precipitate is examined on a glass slide under a microscope. There are other methods of laboratory diagnosis of sarcoptoidosis. Under farm conditions, with a microscope, you can examine the scraping crusts by applying a few drops of kerosene to them. The moistened scraping is covered with another glass slide, the upper one is firmly pressed against the lower glass with the fingers and examined under a microscope. Ticks under the influence of kerosene vapor begin to move and are clearly visible under a microscope. The diagnosis is considered established if ticks or their eggs are found in the scrapings. In 2008, experimental work was carried out on the use of enzyme immunoassay for in vivo diagnosis of sheep psoroptosis. Taking into account the possibility of diagnosing this invasion by simple laboratory methods, ELISA, in our opinion, has cognitive and theoretical significance.
Therapeutic and preventive measures
They are carried out in three directions:
1. Destruction of ticks on the body of animals.
2. Desaccharization of livestock and other premises where sick animals were kept.
3. Improvement of feeding rations and animal welfare.
On the territory of the CIS, incl. and in Ukraine, for the treatment of animals with sarcoptoidosis, preparations of macrocyclic lactones are used: ivomek 1%, ivomek 0.5%, ivomek 0.5% premix, baymek, duodin, pandex, novoverm, biomectin, brovermectin, univerm 0.2% premix, dectomax, aversect-2, avermectin ointments, moksedin, etc. These drugs are produced and put into practice by both domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies.
It has no effect on acetylcholine, which is the main mediator of the peripheral nervous system in mammals, weakly penetrates into the central nervous system mammals, where GABA functions as a neurotransmitter.
As studies of ivermectin conducted in laboratory conditions abroad have shown, a single therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg per 1 kg of live weight provides effective treatment sarcoptic mange. The dosage of 0.2-0.3 mg of ivermectin/kg has been confirmed not only in the laboratory, but also widely clinically; ivermectin preparations in this dosage have been used since the mid-80s of the last century.
OOO NPP "BIOTESTLAB" developed and manufactures a drug based on ivermectin - Iveron-10. The drug is used to treat animals with psoroptosis, sarcoptic mange.
Iveron-10 is administered to cattle subcutaneously in the area of the scapula at a dose of 1.0 ml per 50 kg of body weight once. In pigs, this drug is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly at a dose of 1.0 ml per 33 kg of body weight once.
Autumn treatment with Iveron-10 provides prevention of infection of animals with scabies mites during the period when the intensity of the disease tends to increase. In order to avoid cross-infection of one or another animal species, the drug should be administered to all livestock that are in contact in order to avoid an outbreak of the disease.
Iveron-10, thanks to the original technology for the production of a new dosage form, as well as new components that make up the drug, unlike many of its predecessors (analogues), is painless when administered and does not cause negative consequences at the injection site.
For example, this is very important when used in pregnant animals. In pregnant sows, some analogue drugs cause an acute pain reaction when administered, which can even lead to miscarriages.
In addition to this group of drugs, compounds based on synthetic pyrethroids are quite effective: neostomozan, butox, ectapor, ectomine, suminac, delcid, etc.
The amount of working solution when spraying is 2-3 liters per animal. Use Deltalan-50 when animals are affected by scabies mites at a concentration of 100 ml of the drug per 100 liters of water. Treatments are carried out twice with a break of 10 days, for prevention - once every six months.
For the treatment of livestock buildings in the presence of animals, including young animals, disinsection and desacarization are carried out by fine spraying at a concentration of 30 ml per 10 l of water.
All preparations of insecto-acaricidal action in their application require special attention regarding the methods of application, dosage and frequency of use.
