those. youths, gridni, children, stepchildren and the like constituted a separate class from the older squad; they were also free people and could, depending on the service and by order of the prince, enter the senior squad; but, being junior warriors, they were not Duma members of the prince and only performed minor court positions. This department of the princely squad was very numerous; it included all the ranks of the free servants of the sovereign, who, according to the then custom, were at the same time at the court and in the army. The younger squad differed sharply from the older one both in the legislation of that time and in the annals, where the first is constantly called youth, children's, youth squad, youth squad. Subsequently, in the XIII century, the younger squad received a different general name - servants, and from that time its transformation was noticeable. From the second half of the second period, junior warriors, continuing still to be called servants, received in some places the new name of "nobles". For the first time, the junior squad was named servants under 1217 when describing the treasonable killing of six Ryazan princes by Gleb and Konstantin Ryazan, who killed not only princes - their relatives and cousins, but together with them “their boyars and servants”. The Suzdal chronicler says: “Iyako begin to write and have fun and that abiye accursed Gleb and his brother take up their swords. ". This is described by a contemporary of the event, a Suzdal man, and the Moscow chronicler of the 15th century translates the word "servants" by the word "nobles" according to his own concepts, - "the other boyars and noblemen, they have been beaten without number". The Novgorod chronicler, when describing the same event, also calls the prince's servants noblemen: “there are many princes and noblemen and boyars”. Consequently, the nobles in the 15th century were the same as what was previously called the young squad, and in the 13th century. servants. The main differences between the junior squad and the older one were as follows: 1) the junior squad did not participate in the princely duma and the princes did not announce to her about their enterprises and relations with other princes. Chronicle under the year 1169 says that when the senior squad told Vladimir Mstislavich: “The ecu, the prince, he planned about himself, and we do not eat after you, we did not know that. Vladimir said, with a roar in detski: "and behold my boyars will be." Here, the children do not complain that the prince did not announce his thoughts to them, but are simple executors of the prince's will. However, there were cases that the princes sometimes invited both the senior and junior squads to their duma; so, under the year 1143 it is said: "Izyaslav (with his brothers) convened his boyars and his entire squad and began to think with them." 2) The junior warriors were entrusted with lower positions: military, civilian and courtiers. We have evidence of the positions of the junior squad in Vladimir Monomakh's teaching to his children: “In your house,” he says, “do not be lazy. but you see everything; do not look at the tivun, nor at the youth, let not those who come to you and your house and your dinner laugh. " Here we see youths, junior warriors, servants in the prince's house, cooks and supervisors to household positions. Then he continues: "Where are those who walk the way in their own lands, do not give dirty tricks to the children, either your own, or strangers, or in tears, or in life." Here the youths are accompanying the prince on his travels through their lands. Then Monomakh continues: “My lad did the same, that is, he did things in the war and in the lovers ... he did what was needed, the whole outfit and in my house, then I did, and I myself kept the hunting outfit, and in grooms and about falcons and about hawks. " Here we see youths at war, hunting, and at home - as hunters, grooms, falconers and hawks. In Russkaya Pravda, among the junior warriors, there are swordsmen and greedy, as well as rural tiuns, mytniks, i.e. collectors of tax duties at auctions, bridges and transports. On swordsmen, according to the Russian
Truth, there was a duty to manage the prisons, where the defendants were held in litigation for theft and various offenses.

1. The junior warriors, taking part in the military campaigns of the princes, usually made up the guard regiments of his troops. According to the chronicles, junior warriors sometimes inhabited entire cities. So, under the year 1159, Svyatoslav Olgovich said to Izyaslav Davidovich: "See my humility, colic in my actions, take Chernigov with seven empty city, in them the hounds and Polovtsy sit down." Or elsewhere in the chronicle, under the year 1179, volosts occupied by the prince's saddlers are mentioned. Probably, the younger vigilantes occupied the cities bordering the steppes, and they also maintained patrols in the steppes to observe the nomads. This custom was primordial in the Russian land: Vladimir also built several fortresses in the Dnieper region to protect them from the Pechenegs and other nomads and entrusted the protection of their junior warriors. In the same way, the Moscow sovereigns subsequently built a whole series of fortresses from the Oka almost to the Black Sea, in which they kept junior warriors. The latter entered the service of more than one princes - and the senior vigilantes also had entire regiments of the junior squad and kept it at their own expense. 5) The junior warriors differed from the elders in their rights before the law; So Russkaya Pravda sharply distinguishes between those and other vigilantes, appointing for the murder of her husband, i.e. for the senior warrior, 80 hryvnia, and for the younger only 40, on a par with the zemstvo.

The younger squad had the same origin as the older one, i.e. consisted of both natives who entered the princely service, and of newcomers from different countries... People who were rich or famous for their origins and their exploits entered the senior squad, and poor and unknown people entered the junior squad. The transition from a junior squad to an older one was possible either by the special disposition of the prince, or by special merits and exploits. So, the youth who, under Vladimir the Holy, won the battle of the Pechenezh warrior, was made a boyar with his father. Another example of the same we find in the chronicles: Yasin Ambal, who came and entered the service of Andrei Bogolyubsky as an unknown poor man, later was the prince's favorite and had in his hands the entire princely court and power over all the servants.

Organization of the Russian army during the period of Ancient Rus. Russian squad April 15th, 2015

The Russian army during the period of Ancient Rus included two parts - the squad and the militia.

Standing princely armed detachmentwas da ruin, which consisted of well-armed and trainedprofessionalwarriors. Historically, the squads were born during the disintegration of the tribal system from the warriors of the tribe grouped around the leader. It was recruited mainly from the children of the vigilantes themselves. It was believed that the virtues of the father were passed on to the son. The practice was also widespread when the best warriors from the militia were invited to join the prince's squad, i.e. the origin was not critical. The exit from the squad was quite free - in peacetime, a warrior dissatisfied with the prince could leave him. However, tradition did not approve of this, and such departures were rare. The princes, in turn, welcomed the squad in every possible way.

The tasks of the squad included not only conducting military operations against an external enemy, but also maintaining order in the controlled territories, collecting tribute, and fighting robbers. By modern standards, the squad performed the functions of the army, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the police, the judiciary, and the punishment service. Also, from the number of vigilantes, governors, mayors, governors were appointed, who represented the prince in the subordinate territories. In other words, the squad combined the functions of the current law enforcement agencies, plus partly the functions of the executive and the judiciary. But the main thing was still the conduct of hostilities.

Starting from the XI, the squad is divided into senior and junior. The senior squad consisted of boyars and, in fact, represented the administration of the principality. An analogy can be drawn between the senior squad and the command staff. But unlike the officers of the present time, the representatives of the senior squad combined both military and administrative management. From the senior squad, mayors, governors, governors (governors of the domains subordinate to the prince) were appointed. They ruled separate estates and cities, were engaged in organizing their defense, fortifications, had their own friends, were the chiefs of garrisons. Also, from the senior squad, commanders of large militia detachments were appointed - tysyatsky (commander of a thousand). From the middle link of the senior squad, members of the princely administration were appointed, who were then required to rule the country - swordsmen, virniks, bridge workers, village elders, etc.

The younger squad was an armed detachment of soldiers, staffed by the descendants of the prince's close associates. The members of the younger squad were fully supported by the prince and permanently resided in the prince's court in gridnitsy. It had its own hierarchy within it, based on age and social status. Among the vigilantes stood out children, youths, youths, greedy, chad and ryadovichi. The first three categories were children of vigilantes at different stages of growing up - from boys who were sent to school (children) to almost adults (young). The vigilantes who came out of the common people belonged to the child. The rank-and-file were vigilantes-debtors, serving under a number (agreement).

in Russia junior warrior

Alternative descriptions

In Ancient Rus - a member of the prince's younger squad, who was at the same time a servant of a member of the older squad - boyar

Peremalchik-underwent

Boy under twelve years old

The savior of the genie in the book "Old Man Hottabych" according to the definition of Hottabych himself

Poem by A. Pushkin

Son of old

Teenager under the boyars

Silly boy

Junior prince's warrior

Boy from the past

Beardless youth

Old Russian teenager

Poem by the Russian writer M. Tsvetaeva

Junior member of the prince's squad in Russia

Teen boy

Old russian teen

... "Vyunosha"

Teenager old

Youth, teenager

Old Russian teenager

Ting old

Old youth

Teenager with the boyars

Teenager

Teenager, young man

Teen boy (obsolete)

Boy

Junior princely warrior in Russia

Volka through the mouth of Hottabych

Not a boy anymore, but not yet a man

A teenager from an old life

Boy

The youth of merchant times

Teenager, young man

Junior princely warrior in Ancient Russia

Teen boy

Poem by A. Pushkin

... "Teenager" under the boyars

... "vyunosha"

M. adolescent young woman arch. a child from up to years, but this time: adolescence, adolescence; teenager. Until the age of seven, the call. a baby, and sometimes only up to three, and then, up to seven, children. Boy, old. church. royal, princely servants; page; servant or slave in general; ural. daredevil, rake (Shane). The adolescents, vitsyn, belong to them personally. Adolescent, -child, peculiar to them in general. To adolescence or to adolescence, to be a youth, at this age, and to spend where and how this time. Departure Wed mapped out pl. baby, child or adolescent, - cow. Otrochatin's sin is imputed to the father-mother. Otrochische Wed offshoots m. church. adolescent at age; servant. Spine-loving, child-loving. Adolescent year, childbearing

The savior of the genie in the book "Old Man Hottabych" according to the definition of Hottabych himself

The youth in the bosom of the church

The functions of the princes of the first and second stages of the development of Kievan Rus differ from each other. In the 9th-10th centuries, the functions of the first princes were reduced:

• · To the organization of troops;
• · Command of these troops;
• · Collection of tribute;
• · Foreign trade;
• · Management (extended during this period, mainly to the Kiev land).

There was no princely legislation during this period (only financial and administrative orders), and there were no means of promulgating general norms. Even if the prince wished to issue laws, he had no way of monitoring their implementation. Due to the lack of modern forms of legislation, means of communication and communication, it was practically impossible to bring laws to the attention of the population. And besides, the few officials of the princely administration could not check the implementation of the laws by the population. The functions of the princes - governors and tribal princes were similar to those of the Kiev princes.

Thus, at the stage of the formation of the Kiev state, such leading functions as ensuring external security, internal stability, public order and a fiscal but direct economic interest in uniting the land prevailed.

He ruled the state mainly Grand Duke with his retinue: the prince went to the polyudye and collected tribute, judged the population, repulsed enemy attacks with the retinue, marched against them, concluded international treaties.

The specificity of the geopolitical situation - the pressure of the steppe nomadic peoples, the aggressive aspirations of neighboring European states, weak cultural and political contacts with them, the limited access to sea trade routes - influenced the development of the statehood of Russia, gradually turning it into a "defense society". Military expenditures with limited manpower and material resources a heavy burden fell on the population. It is not for nothing that we have formed the concept of "ladle" (from half of the harvest). In economic terms, the rate of exploitation of working people often reached 50%.

The military forces of the princes consisted of:

from the squad - a permanent body;

the people's militia, which constituted the bulk of the army;

foreign mercenary detachments (which, as a rule, included the Turks and Scandinavians).

The squad formed the basis of the state apparatus and military organization of the Old Russian state. Initially, the squad lived in the prince's court (gridnitsa) on the full maintenance of the prince and was divided into an older and a younger one.

The senior squad included well-trained privileged warriors, some often served as the prince's father. Of these, the most important ranks of the princely administration were appointed (tysyatskie, sotskie, volostels). The top of the senior squad was called boyars, "men".

The younger squad (which included "youths", "stepchildren", "children") was constantly with the prince and merged with the unfree servants. This squad could include both the children of the prince himself and the children of bright princes or vigilantes. So they received a kind of education and joined the government.

The guards performed many functions:

• · Guarded the grand duke;
• · Collected taxes;
• · Participated in trade expeditions;
• · Military approaches;
• · Suppressed uprisings;
• · Carried out local administration (governorship);
• · Engaged in self-training (trained in military craft) and maintained combat readiness;
• · Participated in the council under the prince.

The prince's squad played the most significant role until the beginning of the 12th century, when almost all the guards became land owners - patrimonials.

The older squad consisted of boyars, husbands, fire-dwellers, the younger one - of gridis, youths and children, alms, stepchildren and boys.

The squad originally lived separately on the support of the leader - the prince of the tribal principality. In the X century. the division of the squad into two main parts is clearly traced - "boyars" and "gridey".

In the XI-XII centuries. the structure of the state administrative apparatus, formed from vigilantes, is becoming more complicated.

In Kievan Rus, the princely administration was headed by a council under the prince, made up of his boyars. This council did not bear a permanent name; a separate meeting-meeting of this council was sometimes called a duma.

The name "boyars" comes from the Old Russian word "bolyar" - a soldier, a warrior. Most historians share the boyars of the X-XI centuries. on the princely (princely men) and zemstvo (city elders, descendants of the tribal nobility). They represented the upper class of society and were obliged to serve in the army of the prince, remaining full masters in their land.

With the appearance of patrimonial possessions among the vigilantes, a decisive step is made towards their exit from the retinue organization. In the second half of the XII-XIV century. the place of the squad was replaced by the princely "court" - an organization of persons who were more or less permanently with the prince and received the name "noblemen" or "servants".

The courtyard included a part of the former "younger" squad - adolescents and partly children. Boyars and other part of the children, who became patrimonials, turned into land vassals of the prince; they remained the military-service nobility, but ceased to be the nobility of the retinue.

Cities and volosts were given to "feeding" the boyars and free servants. The rights of the feeders - governors and volostels - were very broad: they collected levies ("food") from the subordinate population, collected judicial, commercial and wedding duties, administered court, performed police functions, were in charge of repairing roads, bridges and other matters. Feeders were usually appointed for a short period of time (one year). "

The prince's squad, detachments of princely and zemstvo boyars and the militia, which consisted of residents of cities and villages, took part in the war and military campaigns. The senior vigilantes - "front, molded men" - were called princely boyars. The main constant military force the prince was made up of "youths" or "children" of the younger squad.

The highest places in the palace and local administration of the Kiev state were occupied by senior warriors - the prince's Duma members. They were also appointed princely tiuns, equestrians, mayors, governors, thousand and voivods of zemstvo regiments. Some positions were inherited. Senior vigilantes had their own military detachments of "youths", subordinate only to them. Younger warriors served at the prince's court as housekeepers, grooms and managers of small volosts. The best "youths" who distinguished themselves in the military and civil service were transferred to the senior squad.

Thus, the squad consisted of the prince's inner circle and was a permanent body of the state. Having become the bearer and guardian of the general economic interest, it turned into a political force.

In the 9th-10th centuries, there was a council under the prince, which included the most influential vigilantes and representatives of the tribal nobility “the elders of the city” and the “council of the best” (senior vigilantes). They did not constitute any permanent institution with certain rights, duties, competencies. In the XI-XII centuries, the prince's council began to be called the Duma.

The Duma included:

• • boyars (mainly former vigilantes who settled on the ground. These lands, as a rule, were located not far from Kiev, and in the capital city the vigilantes had houses and courtyards);
• · Higher clergy (metropolitans, bishops, archimandrites, abbots).

It is curious that out of 22 metropolitans of pre-Mongol Rus 19 were Greeks, and most of the small and medium clergy were already from the local population.

All major issues (war, peace, government) were decided by the Grand Duke on the advice of the boyars, but the Duma was still a council under the prince and was of an advisory nature.

The veche, which existed even before the formation of the state, continued to operate in the Old Russian state. From a tribal gathering of the ancient Slavs, the veche turned into a meeting of townspeople, in which the decisive role belonged to the urban feudal leaders: the boyars and elders of the city.

It is not known what the exact functions of this authority were in the 9th-10th centuries. It can be assumed that each tribal center had its own veche. The essence of the veche communion consisted in a meeting of the ruling elite and the people. During this period, the veche still played a role in the political life of ancient Russia, being one of the main organs of the state in resolving important disputes. Quite often the veche elected princes.

Of the 50 princes who occupied the Kiev throne, 14 were invited to the evening.

At the end of the 10th century, the veche began to be directed by the feudal elite, its convocation and administration were streamlined. Full citizens (not slaves) and not subordinate to the family authority, that is, householders, had the right to take part in the veche.

The strengthening of the power of the princes, the growth of the princely administrative apparatus led to a reduction in the role and significance of the veche. From the middle of the 12th century, veche meetings stopped inviting princes. One of the surviving functions of the veche was the recruitment of the people's militia and the selection of its leaders - the thousand, the sotsk, the ten.

Tysyatsky led the people's militia and was elected, and then appointed prince from the feudal elite. Over time, this position has acquired a hereditary character. In peacetime, the tysyatsky and sotsky carried out various assignments, most often of a police nature. The charter of Prince Vsevolod to Novgorod in 1136 determined that the tysyatsky should "manage all kinds of business and living rooms and the commercial court." With the help of the thousand princes, they "tortured tribute."

The role of the veche in different principalities was different (in Novgorod it was huge, in the Galicia-Volyn principality it was minimal) and depended on the political situation. There have been moments in history when the veche often convened, made decisions and had great importance, and then it was not convened for a long time.

Nevertheless, a general tendency is clearly traced - as the process of feudalization expanded, the veche lost its significance and finally ceased to exist. This happened because the feudal groups became so strong that they no longer needed the support of the popular assembly.

Feudal congresses were another organ of power, convened in exceptional cases, when it was necessary to solve the most important political issues affecting the interests of many principalities. Sometimes feudal congresses were of an all-land character.

Feudal congresses could decide questions about the election and expulsion of princes, the adoption of measures against those princes who violate the treaty, the conclusion of alliances, the declaration of war and peace, the issuance of new laws and the abolition of old ones. Their competence was not limited by any norms. If the princes supported the decisions, then they carried them out, and if not, they did not.

The territory of Kievan Rus was huge, and, being in the capital city of Kiev, the prince appointed his mayors to other centers of the state.

According to the Initial Chronicle, "the legendary Rurik in 864, after the death of the brothers," handed out the towns to his husband, Otsom Polotesk, Ovom Rostov, Ovom Beloozero. " After his campaigns, Oleg in 882 “plant your men” everywhere in the conquered lands, Oleg Svyatoslavich in 1096, having conquered the Murom and Rostov lands, “planting his posadniks in the cities and tributes to the imati”.

The posadnik monitored the maintenance of public order, fought against thieves and robbers, judged the local population, collected tribute and duties. Part of the funds raised went to the maintenance of the mayor and his squad. From the middle of the XII century. the post of mayor gradually began to be supplanted by the post of governor.

Under the princes and mayors there were tiuns, often appointed from the prince's servants. The Tiuns were present at the trial of the prince and the mayor, and often even replaced them in court. They were entrusted with the management of the princely economy in the villages and in the prince's court. Distinguished tiuns: princely; fireman, in charge of the princely court - fire (from the XII century he was appointed from the boyars and was called the court), in his subordination was the key keeper, stable, warrior (plowed).

Since the XI century. there appeared special officials of the prince for collecting tribute - tributaries. In the Old Russian state, there are other officials:

• · Mytniks who charge a trade duty - "wash";
• · Virniks charging a monetary fine for the murder of a free person - "virus";
• · Fifteen men who charge a duty for the sale of horses, etc. - a "spot".

In Kievan Rus, two systems of management existed in parallel: numerical and palace-patrimonial.

The numerical (decimal) system was common for many peoples. Even before the formation of Kievan Rus, the army was divided into parts: darkness, thousands, hundreds, tens, and the prince was helped to govern not only by the council, but also by the thousand, sotsk, ten. With the expansion and strengthening of the state, their functions changed, the troops settled in fortified cities, forming garrisons there, and the names were transferred from wartime to peacetime. This is how the chiefs of the garrisons and the commanding staff began to be called. Tysyatsky became a commander of the troops, a princely governor. By the 11th-12th centuries, the decimal system had lost its real mathematical content. "Thousand" became not a military, but a territorial concept - "district". This district was subordinate to the tysyatsky, which "held the voivodeship in it."

Thus, in the XI-XII centuries, the thousand were the leaders of the military forces of a certain principality or district and concentrated in their hands all administrative power: financial, judicial, police. They were the bearers of the prince's power in the localities, his assistants in government. The Sotskys were direct assistants of the thousand, commanding hundreds as military units. With the transformation of thousands into territorial districts, they began to perform financial and administrative functions. The process of feudalization led to the displacement of the organs of the decimal system in the volosts.

The palace-patrimonial system consisted in the management of individual branches of the prince's economy by special court ranks. The feeding system was rooted in early forms of management organization and survived Kievan Rus for a long time.

In Kievan Rus there was no fundamental distinction between the state administration bodies and the administration bodies of the prince's private affairs. Everyone who was part of the princely court, already by virtue of this, was considered fit for performing general administrative functions. The ranks of the court appointed to administrative positions retained the names that belonged to them in the prince's household. The center, from where all the threads of government stretched, was the princely court.

After the squad settled on the ground, the main administrative positions began to be occupied by the lower palace servants, who were often recruited from the princely servants, tiuns, and swordsmen. In the 11th century, tiuns played an important role, and their numbers increased. The top of the tiuns began to stand out, which acquired an economy, houses, villages. Positions could be inherited. Over time, this top merged with the top of the boyars. The emerging ruling elite gradually consolidated around the princes.

The mobility of social life, associated with frequent movements of people, colonization, invasions of nomads, princely strife, predetermined the prevalence of vertical ties coming from above. If in medieval Europe states were relatively weak and society itself had to solve many problems; in Russia, on the contrary, the state gradually turned into the supreme legislator of public life.

Weaker than in Europe was the process of differentiation according to social and professional characteristics. Huge territories, an abundance of forests and swamps made the area difficult to pass, so there was no ramified system of communications. In this regard, the exchange of goods and services developed more slowly, horizontal public relations were not strengthened.

Colonization in difficult natural conditions taught the ancient Russian people to be content with elementary technologies (such as "slash", or, as it is often called, "nomadic" farming). In the legal consciousness of workers, the idea that the application of labor to land is the basis of ownership of it and the products of its processing could not take shape under these conditions.

As a result, in Russia, the state turned into the only organizing force, not accustomed to meeting serious resistance in society, with the exception of cases of upholding veche traditions and popular uprisings (characteristic of any medieval society). In such cases, the authorities showed arbitrariness and violence. The sovereign in Russia never needed legal support for his actions, therefore the idea of ​​legality and law and order did not become a universally significant value here.

In such conditions, the Western European concept of property, such as in Roman law, could not develop either. Since even among the large landowners from among the people of the narrow boyar circle close to the prince, this right was usurped by the state in the person of the ruler, who looked at the whole country as his fiefdom.

But since the time when the Varangian kings united the Eastern Slavs under their rule, differentiation should inevitably occur among the social class that received the name of Rus. As a result of the increasingly complex tasks in the defense and administration of the country, it has already become difficult to combine simultaneously the trade profession with the craft of the prince's warrior. So from the military-commercial class of Russia, a special, special-military class stood out - princely squad. This class no longer had the meaning of an alien element — it was an indigenous social class. And this social class was replenished not so much by newcomer Varangians as by native elements. The compiler of the initial chronicle noted this fact in the story about the activities of St. Vladimir in the defense of the borders: “and the best way to cut (recruit) for the husband is the best from Slovens and from Krivich, and from Chudi, and from Vyatich, and from these they inhabited cities” (Lavrenty. 119) ... The princely retinue, in turn, stratified into categories. The senior squad included princes, men, boyars. This is the top, proper government layer. With them, the prince thought about business - "O structure by land and about the rats and the charter of the zemsttem ", appointed voivods, thousand and sotsky over the people's militias, mayor, or governors, in the cities, he sent to the polyudye and to collect vir, etc. Some of these senior warriors were constantly with the prince, making up his court, home society. These are the so-called firemen. The younger squad was made up of greedy - the bodyguards of the princes and the defenders of the princely residences, who were not only with the princes, but also with the mayors, youths, stepsons, children, served in lower positions and carried out various assignments. The squad was dependent on the prince, who fed, dressed, armed and supplied horses. In the princely palace there was a whole room called gridnitsa. In addition to the direct delivery of the necessary items, the prince provided senior warriors who were sent to them to the cities by the posadniks to use part of their income, tributes and court fines and duties. Younger vigilantes - gridis, sent to the cities, were given a part of the tribute for the maintenance; adolescents, children, swordsmen were fed from the affairs that the princes entrusted them, for example, collecting tribute or court fines, received food, gifts and a certain percentage of the prince's fees from the population. Finally, the princes shared the booty and contributions from the defeated with the retinue. The chronicle often tells how the princes took the city on the shield. What does this expression mean? Capture and plunder of the city and the division of the spoils. When the defeated ransomed from this, the prince took the ransom not only for himself, but also for the squad, like Oleg, who took from the Greeks 12 hryvnia for each oar of his 2,000 ships. Even if this detail is considered fictitious, then you still have to admit that fiction is built on what was then usually practiced.

The beginning of princely land tenure; princely slaves.

The princely retinue in the 10th and early 11th centuries had not yet become a landowning class. But we can say that this future social position has already been outlined. The head and leader of its prince already in the 10th century began to dispose of the land. Olga, for example, arranged princely villages, mapped out princely lands, and the chronicler says that in his time her "catches and overweights" were known as well. Prince Vladimir the Saint had a favorite suburban village of Berestovo, where he lived at the end of his life. In the XI century, princely agriculture is already a well-established, established business. Russkaya Pravda in the short edition speaks about the prince's slaves who manage and work on his farm, about rural and military tiuns, about the ranks, about grooms, speaks about the prince's herds and domestic animals of the prince, determining the rate of rewards for the losses caused to the prince by the extermination of his people, animals and household items. The appeal of the princes to agriculture shows that the princes were no longer satisfied with tributes alone, judicial and commercial duties and were looking for themselves and other sources of enrichment - in the occupation and exploitation of lands and holdings. Inevitably, sooner or later, their vigilantes were bound to follow the princes. As we will see later, by the middle of the 12th century, along with princely land tenure and agriculture, boyar land tenure and agriculture had also achieved significant success.

Princely society; smerds.

So, among the Eastern Slavs, with the arrival of the Varangian princes, a special society, separated from the rest of the population, was formed, which had its own special organization - a society that can be called princely. In addition to princes, princes and men belonged to him - boyars and ognischans, greedy, youths, children, princely slaves. All these people were under the special patronage of the prince, as can be seen from the system of criminal monetary penalties of the Russian Truth. Vera for the prince's husbands was usually supposed to be double; increased remuneration was also charged for the prince's slaves, who were sent to various positions in the prince's court or in his agriculture. The princely people stood out not only in the urban population, but also in the rural population, namely, the so-called smerds. From the composition of the rural agricultural population, imposed by tributes, the princes singled out the wealthiest, horse-driven landowners and overlaid them military service. The Smerds were obliged to march along with the prince's retinue and city regiments, when a large army was coming, under the command of their elders. Therefore, the smerds were considered, if not men, then princely men. The princes took a reward for their murder, as for their own people; took their property for themselves if they died without sons, etc.

People.

The rest of the free population was people, called either by their tribal names - Slovene, Krivichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi, or topographic: Novgorodians, Polotsk residents, Smolnyans, etc. These people made up the local urban and rural worlds that had their elders or old age, their own parties or gatherings, connected by mutual responsibility and responsibility (rope) for crimes.