1) always soft vowels: ә [ә], ө [ө], ү [ү], u [u], e [e]
m ә kt ә n (store), b ү lm ә (room), to and b e t (shop), ө th (house)
2) always hard vowels: a [a], o [o], y [y], s [s]
a lm a(apple), th O rt(home), b at R a n (blizzard b), k s sh (winter)
2. Kaya? - Where?
-ga, -gә, -ka, -ka(in, on)
–ga, -ga:
base R + ha = bazaar ha(To the market)
shәһә R + ge= shәһәр ge(in town)
–ka, -ka:
җyyly w + ka\u003d җyyysh ka(to the meeting)
makt P+ ka = maktep ka(to school)
–ga, -ga:
bakch a + ha= bakcha ha(to the garden)
kisht ә + ge= kisht ge(on the shelf)
Min maktep ka bars.
I AM v I'm going to school.
Min kishta ge kitap kuydym.
I AM on the polo book shelf lived.
3 . Kaida? - Where?
-yes, -dә, -ta, -тә
If the word ends with a voiced consonant, add an ending that begins with a voiced consonant. In this case -yes, -yes:
Base R + Yes= bazaar Yes(on the market)
Shaһә R + yes= shәһәр yes(in the town)
If the word ends with a voiceless consonant, add an ending that begins with a voiceless consonant. In this case –ta, -ta:
җyyly w + that\u003d җyyysh that(at the meeting)
makt P+ tә = maktep tә(at school)
If words end in vowels, always add endings that begin with voiced consonants. In this case – yes, - yes:
bakch a + Yes= bakcha Yes(in the garden)
kisht ә + yes= kisht yes(on the shelf)
To a soft word - a soft ending
To a solid word - a solid ending
Min maktep tә ukym.
I AM v I study school.
Kishta yes kitap yat.
On the the book is on the shelf.
4. Kaidan? - Where?
-dan, -dәn, -tan, -tәn, -nan, -nәn
If the word ends with a voiced consonant, add an ending that begins with a voiced consonant. In this case –dan, -dan:
base R + Dan= bazaar Dan(from the market)
shәһә R + dan= shәһәр dan(from the city)
If the word ends with a voiceless consonant, add an ending that begins with a voiceless consonant. In this case –tan, -tan:
җyyly w + tan\u003d җyyysh tan(from the meeting)
makt P+ tәn = maktep tәn(from school)
If words end in vowels, always add endings that begin with voiced consonants. In this case –dan, -dan:
bakch a + Dan= bakcha Dan(from the garden)
kisht ә + dan= kisht dan(off the shelf)
If the wordsend in nasal consonantsm , n , ң add endings–nan, - nәn
urma n+ nan = urman nan(from the forest)
baira m+ nәn = bәirәm nәn(from holiday)
To a soft word - a soft ending
To a solid word - a solid ending
Min maktep tәn kittem.
I left from schools.
Kishta dan kitap aldym.
WITH took the bookshelf.
Min bairam nәn kitty.
I AM With holiday has come.
5. Nothing? - Which one is on the bill? ( ordinal number flax)
-ynchy, -enche, -nchy, -nche
bishenche - fifth
altynchy - sixth
ikenche - second
If words end in consonants, add endings that start in vowels: -ynchy, -enche:
be R+ enche= ber enche(first)
at n + ynchy= un ynchy(tenth)
If words end in vowels, add endings that start in consonants: -nchy, -nche:
alt s + nights= alty nights(sixth)
qid e + noche= qide noche(seventh)
min ike noche syynyfta ukym.
I am on the second ohm I'm studying in class.
Atiem chiratta utyz sigez enche cache.
Dad in line 38 Oh Human.
1-ber, 2-ike, 3- өch, 4-durt, 5-bish, 6-alti, 7-җide, 8-sigez, 9-tugyz, 10-un, 11-unber, 12-unique, 13-unөch, 14-undurt, 15-unbish, 16-unalty, 17-unҗide, 18-unsigez, 19-untugyz, 20-jagerme.
30 - utyz
40 - kyryk
50 - ille
60 - altmysh
70 - җitmesh
80 - siksan
90 - tuxan
100 - joz
1000 - men (ber men)
Numerals from 1 to 20 are written together.
Numerals from 21 to 29 are written separately:
21 - egerme ber, 26 - egerme alty, 29 - egerme tugyz
Numerals from 31 to 39 are written separately:
32 - utyz ike, 34 - utyz d үrt, 38 - utyz sigez
And left nye also: 47 - kyryk җide, 52 - ille ike, 76 - җitmesh alty, 93 - tuksan өch.
101 - joz ber
123 - joz egerme uch
216 - ike joz unalty
3647 - өch meң alty yoz kyryk җide
6. Kemne? Narsene? - Whom? What?
-now
Shin whom not yaratasyn? - who do you love b?
Min Ani not yaratam. - I love my mother.
Min kyshny yaratam. - I love winter.
If the proposal we are talking specifically about the subject, you need to add endings - now. This is the accusative case - Toshem kileshe (in the Tatar language) Kemne? Narsene? - Whom? What? For example: Min dəftərnot yugaltym. - I lost my notebook. What lost? - Hәrsәne yugalttyn?
If we are reporting something else, such as an action, we may not use these endings. Example: What are you doing? What are you doing? - I am reading a book (min kitap uqym)
Syn kaya barasyn? - You where are you going?
Min maktep ka bars. - I AM v I'm going to school.
We build sentences with the help of questions. We can also replace questions with affixes –we/-me.
V In the above sentence, we are asking where it goes. In this case, we posed the question itself.And if we want to know , does he go to school , the question is replacedon theafficsy:
Syn mәktәpkә barasyn we ? - Are you going to school? b whether ?
Әye, min mәktәpkә baram. Yes, I'm going to school.
8. Ending m knife number.
-lar, -lar, -nar, -nar
If words end in nasal consonantsm, n, n , endings are always addedfeminine number–nar, -n ar:
urma n(forest) + bunk= urman bunk(forests)
cues m(clothing) + nar= cue nar(clothing)
forging n(zaya c) + bunk= kuyan bunk(hares)
baira m(holiday) + nar= bәirәm nar(holidays)
In about steel cases always -lar, -lar :
whale P(book) + lar= kitap lar(books)
dаftә R(notebook) + lar= dəftər lar(notebooks)
desks a(part) + lar= desk lar(desks)
kisht ә (shelf) + lar= kisht lar(shelves)
Nouns in combination with numerals in the Tatar language are used in the singular:
Kitap lar– books
Seven books - җide kitap
җide kitap lar - error!!!
9. Verb - Figyl
Nishli? - What is he doing? (Infusion current time – denotes an action that coincides with the moment of speech)
-а, -ә, -й, -и
Nishli?
What is he doing?
Yaza
Ukith
Utyra
Ashyth
echә
Writes
Is reading
Is sitting
eats
Pete
Marat kitap uky. Marat is reading a book.
Alina chai echa. – Alina tea p no.
Nishlade? - What did you do? (Past tense)
-dy, -de, -you, -te
Nishlade?
What did you do?
Yaz dy
Uki dy
Utyr dy
Asha dy
ech those
Posted by
Was reading
Sat
Kushal
Drank
If words end in voiced consonants, add endings that begin in voiced consonants: -dy, -de
If words end in vowels, add endings that begin with voiced consonants: -dy, -de
I AM hdy – wrote
UK sdy - read
Key lde - came
ashl ә de - have worked
If words end in voiceless consonants, add endings that begin in voiceless consonants: - you, - those
Ka hyou - hid
E hthose - drank
A hyou - opened
Kai Tyou - came
When we add an ending to the main word, the verb must be in the initial form, which will answer the question nishlә ? – what do you do? (commands, accepts waiting)
Nishl ә?
Wow - read on! Uki dy - read
Yaz - write! Yaz dy - wrote
Utyr - sit down! Utyr dy - sat
Gyrla - sing! gyrla dy - sang
There is a negative form: affixes -ma, -ma
Uki (read) + ma= ukyma (do not read)
Ker (come in) + ma= kerma (don't come in)
Negative affixes are always added after the main word, then only the remaining endings are added.
Uki + ma + dy= uky mady(didn't read)
Ker + mә + de= ker ma de(did not enter)
Ming - me
Sin - you
Ul - he
Without - we
Sez - you
Alar - they
When ols conjugate in faces, take certain endings. They need to be remembered!
verbs in the present tense.
Min uqim - I read
Min ukyi m I am reading
Syn ukyi son you are reading
st ukyi __ he reads
Without ukyi byz we reading
sez ukyi syz you are reading
Alar ukyi lar they are reading
Min soylim - I tell.
Min soyli m I am telling
Syn soyli sen you tell me to eat
st soyli ___ he says
Without soyli without we tell
sez soyli sez you tell
Alar soyli lar they tell
Verbs in the past tense
Min soiladem - I told.
Min soyla dem I told
Syn soyla deң you told
st soyla de ___ he told
Without soyla deTo we told
sez soyla degez you told
Alar soyla delar they told
Min ukydym - I read
Min uky dym I read
Syn uky dyң did you read
st uky dy he read
Without uky dyTo we read
sez uky dygyz you read
Alar uky dylar they read
10. Son - after
Dan, -dәn, -tan, -tәn, -nan, -nәn + son
Җәй dan son – after summer
shoo tan son – after winters
In the Tatar language there are le of the main word, and in Russian - before!
Kadar - before
Ga, -gә, -ka, -кә + kadar
Җәй gә kadar – before summer
shoo ka kadar – before winters
If the word ends with a voiced consonant, add an ending that begins with a voiced consonant.
If the word ends with a voiceless consonant, add an ending that begins with a voiceless consonant.
If words end in vowels, always add endings that begin with voiced consonants.
I AM hha kadar- until spring
Makt Pkadar- before school
I AM hdan son- after spring
Makt Ptәn soң- after school
Belonging (tartym) is a specific category of nouns in the Tatar language.
Declension of nouns by belonging.
Minem- mine, mine, mine
Sinen- yours, yours, yours
Anyn- his
Bezneң- our
Sezne- your
Alarnyn- their
Words ending in consonants take the following affixes:
minem cool th (my hand) dəftəreat (My notebook)
Sinen cool yn dаftаr en
Anyn kul s dаftаr e
Bezneң kula byz dаftаr fuck
Sezne kuly gyz dаftаr exez
Alarnykul Lares dаftаr lare
Minem dаftаr eat bik matur.
My notebook is very beautiful.
Blue ң cool yn pichrak.
Your hand is dirty.
Words ending in vowels take on the following affixes:
Minem tәrәzә m apa m
Sinen tәrәzә ң apa ң
Anyң tәrәzә se apa sy
Bezneң tәrәzә without apa byz
Sezneң tәrәzә gez apa gyz
Alarnyң tәrәzә lare apa Lares
Anyn apa sy maktaptae ashley.
Her sister works at the school.
!!! Nouns әti, ani, әbi, babai have specific affixes of belonging:
Minem ati eat ani eat abi eat woman m
Sinen əti en ani en abi en woman ң
Anyn ati se ani se abi se woman sy
Bezneң әti fuck ani fuck abi fuck woman byz
Sezneң ati exez ani exez abi exez woman gyz
Alarnyң әti lare ani lare abi lare woman Lares
Bezneң әbi fuck balalar bakchasynda ashley.
Our grandmother works in the kindergarten.
Words that end in voiceless consonants p, k , alternate with voiced consonants b, g. whale P, kulma To
minem whale bth kulma Geat
blue whale byn kulma Gen
Anyn Kita byn kulma Gen
Beznen whale bybyz kulma Gfuck
Season of the whale bygyz kulma Gexez
Alarnyn kita PLares kulma Tolare
3rd person plural does not change.
dаftаr ukuchy nyky - student notebook
khemneke? - whose? whose? whose?
Test yourself
1 option.
Find the correct answer.
1. Ul Kazan... kite.
a) –dan b) –tan c) - nan
2. Alar Samara... kaitalar.
a) -dan b) -dan c) -nan
3. Without Maskәү... kaitabyz.
a) -dan b) -dan c) -nәn
4. Min Perm ... kites.
A) –nan b) –nәn c) –tan
5. Bu keshe Saratov... kite.
A) –tan b) –dan c) –tan
6. Bu eget Yar Chally... kite.
A) –dan b) –nan c) –dan
7. Bu apa Bogelma... kite.
A) –dan b) –tan c)-dan
8. Bu keshe America... kite.
A) –dan b) –dan c) –nan
1.Without
a) they b) me c) we
2. salam
a) hello b) hi c) good morning
3. Khärle kitsch
a) good morning b) good afternoon b) good evening
4. keshelęr
A) ladies b) boys c) people
5. uky
A) reading b) writing c) playing
6. fun
A) reading b) writing c) playing
7. Min bars.
a) you go b) i go c) he goes
8. Ki ң uram
a) big street b) wide street c) narrow street
Option 2
Find the correct answer.
1.Without kysh kөne urman ... barabyz.
a) –нә b) –кә c) –ga
2. Urmanda without җilәk җyya... .
A) -syz b) -son c) -byz
3. Balalar elga... su koenalar.
A) -ka b) -ta c) -yes
4. Tolke urmanda yash....
A) –а b) –ә c) –i
5. Ayu kyshyn yokl... .
A) –a b) –th c) –i
6. Without avyl... kitabez.
A) –ga b) –kә c) –gә
7. Min urman... bik yaratam.
A) –not b) –nan c) –ny
8. Apam avyl ... kitte.
A) –ga b) –gә c) –ny
II. Find the correct translation.
1.Saklarga
A) work b) guard c) ride
2. urmannan
A) out of the forest b) into the forest c) in the forest
3. җyyarga
A) collect b) cut c) guard
4th өrerge
a) swim b) walk c) ride
5. җilәk
A) mushrooms b) berries c) trees
6.t өlke
A) hare c b) bear c) fox
3 option.
Find the correct answer.
1. Dustym Kazan shәһәre... bar.
A) –нә b)-on c)-гә
2. Җәen without avyld yal itә... .
A) -byz b) -son c) -without
3. Bu әbi avyl... yashi.
A) –yes b) –dә c) –ha
4. Min tugan avylym... bik yaratam.
A) –not b) –nan c) –ny
5. Uramda machine... yori.
A) -lar b) -lar c) -nar
6. Tien... urmanda yashilęr.
A) –nar b) –lәr c) –nar
7. Abiem kibet... kites.
A) –tan b) –tan c) –dan
8. Әti өygә kite....
A) -dy b) -you c) -t
Find the correct translation.
Kaityrga
A) go b) return c) do
Awylda
A) from the village b) the village c) in the village
Һәйкәl
A) building b) square c) monument
Bakcha
A) garden b) school c) cultural center
Kitarge
a) leave b) get out c) get in
Shaһәr
A) city b) village c) village
BASIC INFORMATION ON THE TATAR LANGUAGE
The Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak-Bulgar group of Turkic languages.
VOCABULARY
The basis of the Tatar vocabulary is made up of words of common Turkic origin, common with the vocabulary of the Bashkir, Kazakh, Nogai, Kumyk, Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Karachay, Turkmen, Tuva, Yakut, Chuvash and other languages. These are words denoting parts of the human body, family relationships, natural phenomena, animals, flora, numerals, pronouns, etc.
As a result of contacts with the languages of various families, the Tatar language borrowed individual words from them to one degree or another. So, in the Tatar language there are Indian, Chinese, Finno-Ugric borrowings related to the era of the common Turkic state. The Tatar language was greatly influenced by the Arabic and Persian languages, borrowings from which relate to religion, education, state-administrative life, philology, housekeeping, names, etc. Since the time of the Bulgar state, the Tatars had close ties with the Slavs, this connection intensified, especially after the annexation of Kazan to the Russian state. Close political, economic, cultural ties with Russia led to a huge layer of Russian borrowings, which, before the October Revolution, penetrated through oral speech and therefore underwent significant phonetic changes (furrow - brownish, log - bүrәnә, crate - kelet, resin- sumala etc.). After the October Revolution, borrowings began to penetrate into the Tatar language through the written language and therefore are written and pronounced as in Russian: army, ballet, hero, factory, cinema, collective farm, conservative, chief, chairman, revolution, reserve, secretary, council, state farm, fountain pen, voucher, check, action, rating etc. Borrowings from the Russian language cover all aspects of the life of the Tatar people and constitute the most numerous layer of borrowings.
Through the Russian language, words are also borrowed from Western European languages in the same meanings and sound as in Russian.
And the Russian language, having been in close contact with the Tatar language for many centuries, borrowed hundreds of words from the Tatar and other Turkic and Oriental languages. These words are a common foundation for the Tatar and Russian languages. This - treasury, treasurer, altyn, money, karakul, barrow, fog, snowstorm, brick, morocco, brocade, satin, caftan, chekmen, hood, yapancha, heel, ichigi, diamond, pearls, lasso, collar, herd, argamak, biryuk, brown, roan, karakovy, leopard, wild boar, chipmunk, golden eagle, cockroach, reed, kavun, dope, elm, bishbarmak, kalach, brine, katyk, airan, tea, cast iron, cauldron, tursun, steelyard, yurt, tower, etc. .d.
Graphics. Phonetics
Tatar writing has experienced a change in a number of graphic systems and several reforms of alphabets and spellings. From ancient times until the 10th century, runic signs were used, then Uighur writing. Since the 10th century, in connection with the adoption of Islam, the Bulgars switched to the Arabic alphabet, which undergoes several reforms, starting from the end XIX century to 1928, when all the Turkic peoples of the USSR adopted the so-called yanalif (yana + alif- a new letter) based on Latin graphics, which existed until 1939. Since that time, there has been writing based on Russian graphics. The transition to the Latin alphabet is expected.
The modern Tatar alphabet consists of 39 letters:
The names of the letters in the Tatar language are the same as in Russian.
An additional six letters were adopted to reflect the idiosyncrasy of the phonetic system. Tatar language: ә, ө, ү - vowels, җ , ң , һ - consonants.
There are 9 vowels in the Tatar language: a-a, u-ү , s-e (e), o-ө , and.
In addition to them, three more Russian sounds entered the Tatar language along with borrowed words: o (long), uh(long) s(long), different from the Tatar sounds transmitted by the same characters.
Vowels are divided into solid (back vowels) - a, u, s, o and soft (front vowels): ә, ү, ө, e, and. Such a clear division of vowels determines the law of synharmonism in the Tatar language, the essence of which is as follows: a series of vowels in the root or in the first syllable is preserved in the affixes and syllables attached to it: kal-ma-gan-nar-dyr(probably didn't stay) ki-ter-mә-gәn-nәr-me(Didn't they bring it?). Thus, the Tatar word is either only hard or only soft. The exceptions are compound words and Arabic, Persian, and Russian borrowings: Gal + su(proper name), beat+bow(belt), can+echkech(bloodthirsty), tone + striker(lily); ifrat(very), kitap(book), ikhtyyaҗ ( need), dindar(religious), җәmgyyat(society), riza(I agree), ichthymal(maybe); committee, factory, kiosk, editorial office, institute, administration etc.
For the formation of vowel sounds of the Tatar language, the position of the lips, the horizontal and vertical movement of the tongue and quantitative longitude are important. When pronouncing a-ә, s-e, and lips do not round as they do when pronouncing o-o, and especially when u-u. The tongue moves back and forth. When the tongue moves forward, soft vowels are formed (front row) ә, ү, ө, e, i; when moving backward - hard vowels (back row): a, u, o, s. At the lowest position of the tongue, a-ә(low rise). At the highest vertical position - vowels u-u, and, and between these two positions - u-e, o-o.
Short vowels are distinguished by quantitative longitude: s - e, o-o and long ones: a-ә, i, u-ү.
Vowel [a° ] . In the Tatar language, this sound is characterized by roundness, especially in the initial syllables, which gradually disappears towards the end of the word: ka° la° la° rga- cities.
Vowel [ә]. This is an open sound. When pronouncing this sound, the vertical position of the tongue is the lowest possible: Arem-sagebrush, ani-Mother, ati-dad, анә- out, әrekman- burdock. Front vowel, when pronouncing which the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower front teeth, the tongue is advanced forward, the front part of the back of the tongue is slightly raised upwards, towards the hard palate.
Vowels [y] - [ү]. Sound [ at] does not differ from Russian. Sound [ ү ] is a soft phoneme pair [ at]. This is a vowel - rounded, front row; when pronouncing it, the tongue is raised as much as possible. Reminds me of Russian at in the words of the jury: urman- Forest, urak- sickle, kalu- stay, bulu- share, cool- Lake.
Vowel [and]. Vowel [ and] corresponds to Russian [ and]: irkem(my gentle). At the end of a syllable and a word in the Tatar language and pronounced like short and:soyli(y)(tells) ani (y) (mother), kuzli (y)(observes).
Vowels [o] - [ө]. These are semi-narrow, short sounds pronounced with the participation of the lips. They differ only in the movement of the tongue back and forth during articulation. Letters o-o are written only in the first syllable, despite the fact that they are heard: kolyn[... olon] - foal, salts[solo] - oats, kölke[kölkö] - funny, solge [sөlgө] - towel.
Vowels [s] - [e]. Vowel [ s] differs from Russian in that Russian [ s] is pronounced with a higher rise of the back of the tongue to the palate than the Tatar [ s]: ylys- needles, kyrgych- scraper, kurkynych- dangerously, suzynki- oblong. Vowel e differs from s only nearby, reminiscent of Russian uh in a word these . Graphically depicted uh(at the beginning of a word) and e(in the middle of a word): elek(before) elgechne(hanger) kererga(log in), etc.
Sounds borrowed from Russian oh, uh, uh are pronounced the same as in Russian itself (tonus, premise, poetry).
There are 28 consonant sounds in the Tatar language. 25 of them are used in native Tatar words, Arabic-Persian borrowings. These are sounds like: [p] - [b], [m], [w], [f], [T]- [d], [n], [With]- [h], [h]-[җ ], [w]-[well], [l], [R], [X], [th] , [To]-[G], [… ]- [„ ], [ң ], [һ ], [‘] (hamza-laryngeal explosion). The consonants [v], [ts], [u] are used only in Russian borrowings. Consonants [ b]-[P], [d]- [T], [v]-[f], [well]- [w], [With]- [h], [l], [m], [n], [th], [R] do not differ from Russian sounds. Unlike the Russian language, where the softness of consonants plays a semantic role (brother - take, they say, mole, blow - hit), in the Tatar language the softness of consonants depends on adjacent vowels and does not distinguish between meanings: bar(go) - bar(hit the), bul(be) - bull(Delhi), toz(salt) - toz(slim).
The specific sounds of the Tatar language are as follows:
Consonant [w]- graphically indicated as in, u-u (vakyt- time, tau- mountain, väkil- representative, yes- adult, big). Formed by rounding lips, semivowel. letter v Russian voiced slotted sound is also transmitted: wagon, fan, stained-glass window.
Consonant [h]- fricative voiceless consonant, different from Russian h lack of initial bow T: Chilabe- Chelyabinsk, chibar-beautiful, quality- run away kechkenә- little.
Consonant [җ]- ringing couple h, resembling the last sound in the Russian word rain: җali l - Jalil, taҗ- crown, kәҗә- goat, җilәk- berry.
Consonant [k]- deaf, stop, back-lingual consonant, found in native Tatar words: keel- come, kirak- necessary, senak- pitchfork, akren - slowly. Sound To close To Russian soft To: cinema, wagon, skittles.
Consonant […]- deaf, deep-lingual, stop consonant: ... al- stay... ala...- a spoon, a…- White, su… you- hit, a...sa...- lame.
Consonant [g]- voiced consonant pair [ To]: golәp- rose hip, guzal- beautiful, ugi- an orphan, kilgan - came. Sound G close to Russian G: garage, garland, sleeve, roasting.
Consonant [„]- voiced consonant pair [...]: a „a- flows, bu ai- seems, suan- onion, " ata- Gata, „ alim- scientist. Reminds me of Russian G in dialect pronunciation: god, lord.
Consonant [н]- soft-palatal, uvular, nasal sound, during the pronunciation of which the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, the tongue closes the entrance to the oral cavity, and the air stream passes through the nose, receiving a nasal shade: uh- left, tuna- freezes; anly- understands ana- him. Reminds me of consonants ng.
Consonant [x]- deaf, deep-lingual, fricative consonant, has a deeper place of formation than Russian X: halyk- people, hack- right, haha- opal, huҗa- master.
Consonant [h]- deaf fricative consonant, formed by the convergence of the walls of the pharynx. This sound is more used in words borrowed from the Persian language: һәykәl- monument, hava- air, һәр- each, shәһәr- town. Corresponds to German һ .
Consonant hamza(laryngeal explosion) - formed by the bow of the larynx and a break in the voice, found in Arabic borrowings and interjections: teesir(tә'sir) - attention, taemin(tә'min) - provision, uh’ (uh) (denoting refusal in speech) - no; maemai- doggy. In writing, it is denoted by the letter e.
§ 10. Some derivational types of the Tatar language
10.1. The agglutination of the Tatar language contributes to the fact that most affixes carry the same meaning. The same enviable constancy can be observed among the Tatar derivational affixes. Each productive affix of the Tatar language replaces several, and sometimes more than ten word-building means of the Russian language. This will save you a lot of time when learning the Tatar language, if you immediately pay due attention to these affixes.
For example, the Tatar derivational affix -chy / -che, which expresses the meaning of a person related to what is indicated by the generating basis, in Russian corresponds to more than ten word-forming affixes:
cyclist - cyclists;
glazier - piyalachi;
carpenter - Baltachy;
lozhkar - kashykchy, etc.
rabbit breeder - Kuyanchy;
linguist - telche.
As you can see, the affix -chy/-che is attached both to native Tatar words and to borrowings and new words. And at present, the process of forming new words due to this affix continues:
racketeer - rackets;
programmer - programmers.
It is necessary to pay attention to other high-performance affixes of the Tatar language that form nouns.
The affix -lyk/-lek can designate a place, material, device, device, spiritual qualities of a person or the name of an association of people, depending on what is indicated in the generating base:
mustache (aspen) - mustache (aspen);
kaen (birch) - kaenlyk (birch forest);
idan (floor) - idanlek (floor material);
kuz (eye) - kuzlek (glasses);
coat - coat lyk (material for a coat);
dus (friend) - duslyk (friendship);
kart (old man) - kartlyk (old age);
decadent - decadentlyk (decadence);
khan - khanlyk (khanate), etc.
The affix -lyk/-lek, forming nouns, is attached to adjectives and verbs. The main thing for you: try to understand the semantic relationship between the generating base and the derived word:
sukyr (blind) - sukyrlyk (blindness);
biek (high) - bieklek (height);
yuka (thin) - yukalyk (thinness);
ak (white) - aklyk (white);
kuakly (bushy) - kuaklylyk (bushiness);
berenche (first) - berenchelek (primacy);
ashau (eat) - ashamlik (product);
yagu (burn) - yagulyk (fuel), etc.
The affix -dash/-dәsh/-tash/-tәsh always indicates a person who has the quality of joint action with someone:
avyl (village) - avyldash (fellow villager);
yash (age) - yashtash (peer);
course - kurtash (classmate);
әңgәmә (conversation) - әңgәmәdәsh (interlocutor), etc.
The affix -ly/-le in the formation of nouns is also very productive:
Americans (American); maskәүle (Muscovite); Permle (Permyak); latviale (Latvian); litvaly (Lithuanian), etc. (When forming the plural of derivatives of these adjectives, the affix -ly / -le is usually omitted: amerikaly - amerikalar (Americans); mәskәүle - mәskәүlәr (Muscovites) - see lesson 8 of the Basic Course)
ike (two) - ikele (two); tugyz (nine) - tugyzly (nine), etc.
The affix -ly/-le is also active in the formation of adjectives:
yam (beauty) - yamle (beautiful); belem (knowledge) - belemle (literate); koch (strength) - kochle (strong); transistors (transistor); emulsion (emulsion), etc.
Our task is not to acquaint you with all the derivational affixes of the Tatar language. We want you to constantly search and find derivative words and productive affixes. This is of great importance when learning any language, and especially agglutinative languages, in which affixes are conservative (i.e., do not go out of fashion, as in Russian), are few in number and carry a huge load in the formation of new words.
THE EXERCISE
Attach the appropriate affix to the word and translate:
Chy/-che: harvester; salmon (fish); bakir (copper); җinayat (crime); tap; kumer (coal); lachyn (falcon); kuyan (hare, rabbit); Museum;
Lyk/-lek: min; yuk; kata (hard); patsha (king); aksak (lame); ata (father); rector; ris (chairman); җyly (warm);
Ly/-le: Africa; Kazan; Russia; Omsk (After the base on -sk, a connecting vowel is added and: Omsk - Omskils.); Kursk; Permian; Arkhangelsk;
Ly/-le: achu (anger); kaigy (woe); җil (wind); soyak (bone); sot (milk); muscle; armor; square; sagynu (longing).
10.2. Another peculiarity of the Tatar language is the presence in it of a large number of paired words, which is not quite usual for the Russian reader. The components of paired words can stand both in synonymous and antonymous relations. The second component can also be an echo word, which currently has no semantic meaning. In these words, where you can guess the meaning of individual components, there is a logic that you should try to understand:
khatyn-kyz (khatyn - wife; kyz - girl) - a woman;
ata-ana (ata - father; ana - mother) - parents;
ashau-echu (ashau - eat; echu - drink) - food;
kөn-tөn (kөn - day; tөn - night) - always.
You have now understood the main features of the Tatar language, you just need to penetrate into its features, understand its specifics, its ways of conveying reality common to all people, universal logic.
Simple and easy about the Tatar languageThe most important thing in the Tatar language
So, what are the features of the grammar of the Tatar language? How does it differ from Russian in its rules. To do this, you can go through the enumeration of grammatical categories (we will do this later), but now we will try to understand the logic and its main “golden” rules, without which it is difficult to start studying at all.
For example, take three simple words: kitap, bara, yakhshi (book, coming, good).
To begin with, understand: the rule “one word - one translation” is from the realm of fantasy. Let's start by translating them:
Kitap - book
Bara - goes; rides; continues; passes; approves; marry; an action that flows in a certain direction, etc.
Yakhshi - good, good, good, good.
This is a small, simplified dictionary quote. We learn that nouns do not have a gender, otherwise they would be indicated in the dictionary. Verbs are "strong", which have many meanings and can be auxiliary and main. Adjectives do not change by gender (there is no gender), and easily turn into adverbs.
The word forms of these words can be seen in the table:
| kitap - book kitapnyn - books belonging to a book kitapka - to the book, to the book kitapny - a book (I see) kitaptan - from the book kitapta - in the book kitaplar - books kitaplarnyn - books kitaplarga - to books, to books kitaplarny - books (I see) kitaplardan - from books kitaplarda - in books kitabs - his book kitabym - my book kitabyn - your book whalebybyz - our book kitabygyz is your book kitaplars - their book kitaplarym - my books kitaplaryn - your books kitaplarybyz - our books kitaplargyz kitaplars kitabymnyn kitabyma kitabyn kitabynnan kitabynda kitabynnyn kitabyna kitabynan whalebynda kitabynyn whalebyna kitabyn kitabynnan kitabynda whalebylifen whalebyzga whales of life whales were issued whales kitabygyznyn kitabygyzga whalebygyzny whalebygyzdan whalebygyzda kitaplyrymnyn kitaplaryma kitaplyrymny kitaplyrymnan kitaplyrymda kitaplaryn kitaplarynnyn kitaplaryn kitaplarynny kitaplarynnan kitaplynda kitaplynyn kitaplaryn kitaplaryn whaleplarynnan kitaplarynda whaleshipsbyznyn whaleshipfishbyzga whales of life the whales were issued whaleshipsbyzda kitaplargygyznyn kitaplargyzga whaleplarygyzny whaleplarygyzdan whaleplarygyzda kitapnyky kitap tugel kitap belan kitap yanynda kitap aldynda |
bar huckster bar barmau barmask barma bar bars barasyn barabyz barasyz baralar bards bardym bardyn mess bardygyz bardylar bargan barganmyn bargansyn barganbyz bargansyz bargannlar baryr baryrmyn baryrsyn baryrbyz baryrsyz baryrlar hut barachakmyn barachaksyn barachakbyz barachaksyz barachaklar barmy barmy barmysyn barmybyz barmysyz barmyylar barmadas barmadym barmadyn barmadyk barmadygyz barmadylar barmagan barmaganmyn barmagansyn barmaganbyz barmagansyz barmagannar barmas barman barmasyn barmasbyz barmabyz barmaslar barmayachak barmayachakmyn barmayachaksyn barmayachakbyz barmayachaksyz barmayachaklar bara ala bara almy bara alam bara almyym bar alasyn bara almyisyn bar alabyz bara almybyz bar alasyz bara almysyz bara alalar bara almyylar baras kila barasym kila barasyn kila baras kilmi barasy kilmi barasyn kilmi... barmakchy bula barmakchy bulam... bara yazdy bar yazdym... bara kur bara kurma bara kuregez bara kurmagez etc. |
yakhshy yakhshyrak in yakhshi yakhshyga yakhshydan yakhshylar... |
I'm not mocking, and I'm not saying that you have to repeat all this, understand, pronounce, remember. Not at all. The most commonly used word forms of three words are simply given (by far not all!). Hence the conclusion: language is the most complex mechanism, but it has its own logic. Let's try together in general terms to understand the logic of the given word forms.
First, kitap is a noun. This whole series suggests that there are no prefixes in the Tatar language, no prepositions. All kitap word forms begin with a root part (morpheme). Those. The logic of the Tatar language is based on the principle: the meaning is always ahead. The nominative, semantic component is in front, and then all grammatical explanations for this word follow. Hence the complete absence of prefixes, prepositions. Instead of them - postfixes (I will call them suffixes) and postpositions.
Secondly, the root remains to it, like trailers, suffixes are added that have grammatical meaning.
So, we come to the concept of grammatical meaning. I will not give definitions, but simply explain with an example, indicating the grammatical meanings of suffixes:
Kitaplarybyzda - kitap-lar-y-byz-da
Kitap - book (lexical meaning)
lar - plural (grammatical meaning)
y-byz - belonging (grammatical meaning)
yes - local-temporal case (grammatical meaning).
In the Tatar language, most suffixes can be considered unambiguous. For example, -lar, - yes. This means that, taking any unfamiliar Tatar text, you can find them and indicate by 95% that they are talking about plural and place (or time). And certainly, those who attached these affixes are nouns (or instead of them - pronouns).
These trailer suffixes are added one after the other in a strict order (number - possessive - case). Such languages are called agglutinative (gluing).
We tried to present the most common suffixes with grammatical meanings in the appendix table. This is for many who will seriously start learning the Tatar language.
The same can be said about the verb. After carefully reading the table of word forms, you can understand a certain logic: the formation of forms of the past tense, forms of the future. Pay attention to the translation and ask: why did the Tatars need two past tenses? Answer: they have their own semantic features, which are not indicated in the table for brevity. For example, in the past tense:
Bar + dy - the past witness (definite) was walking (the speaker was a witness to the event);
Bar + gan - the past indefinite walked (the speaker did not witness this event).
Ul kinoga bardy. He went to the cinema (I know that for sure).
Ul kinoga bargan. He went to the cinema (but I didn't see it).
So, the golden rule number 1 - There are no prefixes, prepositions in the Tatar language, and suffixes are added in strict sequence to the root of the word. Suffixes, unlike Russians, as a rule, have one main meaning.
Let's solve the problem with adjectives. The fact is that adjectives in the Tatar language do not change. They only have degrees of comparison. In addition, they easily turn into adverbs when serving a verb: yakhshy keshe - good man; yakhshi ashli - works well.
In addition, it is clear that the adjective easily turns into a noun (is substantiated) and, of course, takes on all the grammatical possibilities of the Tatar noun. We did not begin to paint it in the table, so as not to scare the reader.
This point tells us that there is no category of gender in the Tatar language.
Returning to nouns: what is this category of possessiveness, which is not in the Russian language?
Let's start with the fact that in the Tatar language the meaning is always ahead. And, accordingly, there are no suggestions. But not only: the Tatar language, in principle, can do without possessive pronouns. And instead of saying: my book is minem kitabym (literally: minem kitap - but this is a stylistic mistake), you can say kitap mineke or just add -myn / m / y (i.e. min - me).
Kitab-ym is my book
Bargan-myn - I went
Barma-m - I won't go
In these examples, we see that the Tatar rule - the meaning is always ahead - already leads to the emergence of a whole category that is not in the Russian language.
Golden rule number 2. – In the Tatar language there is no category of gender, but there is a category of possessiveness, which is a consequence of the agglutination of the language.
The grammatical center of the language is the verb. The Tatar verb has a branched structure, which is not so easy to master. Despite several past and future tenses, the Tatar language has a large number of analytical verbs (i.e. verbs formed with the help of auxiliaries).
They also exist in Russian. You can refer to them when transferring. But in Russian, verbs, becoming auxiliary, do not stray far from their meaning. Although sometimes universal human thinking brings its coincidences into linguistic logic. For instance:
Yaz! - write!
Yaza Kur! - Look, write! (categorical motivation)
The Tatar language differs from Russian precisely in that there are no aspectual forms in the verb and shades of action are conveyed by a variety of analytical verbs. The logic of most of these verbs will be considered, and you will understand that it is not so difficult anymore. Simply, in many textbooks auxiliary verbs too little attention is paid and this attention is on the last pages of books.
It is known that by the end of the book (if it is not fiction with an interesting denouement) the reader relaxes. Therefore, even here auxiliary verbs are not lucky ...
Golden rule number 3. – Tatar grammar is concentrated mainly on the verb. This is a harmonious system and, having understood and mastered this system, everything will become clear to you.
A few words about different methods of teaching a language. The fact is that we must accept those methods by which people have already achieved results. Moreover, the result is fast. One such example is “flipping through the dictionary” of an unfamiliar language (preferably bilingual). This is, in principle, the famous Frank method.
Scrolling through the dictionary, the student begins to understand the logic of the language. He understands that nouns do not have a category of gender, the infinitive of the Tatar verb ends in -rga, adjectives can often be adverbs. All this can be found in the dictionary. But it is much easier to understand the logic of the language by referring to the tables of grammatical meanings of the Tatar language. They are in this guide. Here, in a small volume, almost the entire grammar of the Tatar language is presented.
Scroll through them and a short time you will be able to understand the meanings of suffixes, and, accordingly, the very structure of the Tatar language.
The above table shows the verb bara. It has several meanings, but the main one can be considered walking, moving. All meanings of this word can be understood and mastered only in context.
Now it is important to understand that the Tatar verb has a huge number of constructions that convey grammatical categories (complex forms of the past tense), modal meanings (constructions of intention, wishes) and the nature of the action. It is rather difficult to study all (!) possible constructions. But you can master the basics in a fairly short period of time.
So: in the table we have given almost all the synthetic forms of the verb bara. In addition to synthetic forms, there are analytical ones. There are even more of them than analytical ones.
Simple and easy about the Tatar language
Sabirov R. A.
What is grammar?
Grammar is the rules. And rules are boring. This seems to be the opinion of the majority. If we consider the emotional connotation of the word "grammar", then in general it does not have the most positive meaning. “I know Russian, but my grammar is rather weak,” says the half-educated, meaning that his spelling is lame, i.e. spelling has nothing to do with grammar.
If a person is bad with grammar, then he confuses the gender of nouns, and builds words without linking them according to the laws adopted in the language: “you don’t understand mine” is a vivid example of the fact that a person does not know Russian grammar.
But the phrase “a gloomy kuzdra butted a bokra and curled up a bokra” (the famous example of L.V. Shcherba) is built on the rules of Russian grammar, and without understanding the meaning, one can guess where the adjective is, where the noun is, and where the action.
Let's say you studied English at school. So you know the word love. The Englishman knows him too. But he speaks that language, and you can't. Its main and main advantage is that it can use a large number of word forms from this word, can connect it with other words, the meanings of which you also know. In other words, he knows grammar. And in order to master English, you need to learn those laws-rules by which this word creates word forms and how it connects with other words to create sentences. This book is devoted to these laws-rules, but only for the study of the Tatar language.
Therefore, it is necessary to understand that grammar is those laws of the language that allow you to build billions of different sentences from just a thousand words. The knowledge of any language is the knowledge of billions of phrases that differ in meaning, in modality (the attitude of the speaker to reality), in intonation, etc., etc. Each word has a stylistic coloring, emotional connotation, cultural overtones. When all this adds up, an incredibly complex and colorful picture emerges. Language is the most complex mechanism invented by human thinking. And the most "primitive" natural language (although there are none, despite the fabrications of some linguists) is more complicated than any mechanism, programming language, and everything that the human brain has come up with. Since these mechanisms and programming languages are built on the basis of language-thinking.
Grammar is the only tool that allows you to master a language. There is simply no other way. Consciously or unconsciously, but the student of the language, using it one way or another, is forced to master grammar - the rules for the existence and functioning of the language.
For example, take the Tatar interrogative particle general question -we. A general question is one that can be answered "Yes" or "No".Ә ye", "Yuk"). And, knowing only one word “this” - “bu”, we can ask thousands of questions with Russian borrowings or even words - this will be one of the rules of the Tatar language:
Boo trams? - Is it a tram?
Boo buses? is this a bus?
Boo computers? - Is it a computer?
Boo post office? - Is this the post office?
As we see, using three words, we can even build a dialogic speech? Is it a tram? Yes. Is it a bus? No.
For a native speaker, such schemes are brought to automatism. When learning a language, it is also necessary to bring them to automatism, to the level of their use without translation.
Many people want to learn a language in order to explore. And only a few study it in order to serve the prescribed hours and have a crust on their hands, evidence of this. This book is for many. And I was always outraged by the fact that most of the tutorials, reference books do not immediately give a complete overview of the main features of the language being studied. The material, as if it were secret, is given out in portions - from simple to complex. It turns out a slow ascent through the material, where the teacher is afraid to introduce the student to the secret material, and the teacher says: we will consider this later.
In this book, we have tried to correct this situation. Despite the brevity, we have included here almost all the basic material that is simply necessary for learning the Tatar language. So:
The most important thing in the Tatar language
So, what are the features of the grammar of the Tatar language? How does it differ from Russian in its rules. To do this, you can go through the enumeration of grammatical categories (we will do this later), but now we will try to understand the logic and its main “golden” rules, without which it is difficult to start studying at all.
For example, let's take three simple words: kitap, bara, yakhshi (book, good, coming).
To begin with, understand: the rule “one word - one translation” is from the realm of fantasy. Let's start by translating them:
Kitap - book
Bara - goes; rides; continues; passes; approves; marry; action that proceeds in a certain direction etc.
Yakhshi - good, good, good, good.
This is a small, simplified dictionary quote. We learn that nouns do not have a gender, otherwise they would be indicated in the dictionary. Verbs are "strong", which have many meanings and can be auxiliary and main. Adjectives do not change by gender (there is no gender), and easily turn into adverbs.
The word forms of these words can be seen in the table:
|
kitap - book Chinese - books, belonging book Chinese - to the book, to the book kitapny - book (see) kitaptan - from books kitapta - in the book kitaplar - books Chinese - books kitaplarga - to books, to books Chinese - books (see) kitaplardan - from books kitaplard - in books kitabs - His book kitabym - my book kitabyn - your book whalebyz - our book kitabygyz - your book kitaplars - their book kitaplarim - my books kitaplaryn - your books whaleships - our books kitaplargyz kitaplars kitabymnyn kitabyma kitabynnan kitabynda kitabynnyn kitabyna kitabynan whalebynda kitabynyn whalebyna kitabynnan kitabynda whalebylifen whalebyzga whales of life whales were issued whales kitabygyznyn kitabygyzga whalebygyzny whalebygyzdan whalebygyzda kitaplyrymnyn kitaplaryma kitaplyrymny kitaplyrymnan kitaplyrymda kitaplaryn kitaplarynnyn kitaplaryn kitaplarynny kitaplarynnan kitaplynda kitaplynyn kitaplaryn kitaplaryn whaleplarynnan kitaplarynda whaleshipsbyznyn whaleshipfishbyzga whales of life the whales were issued whaleshipsbyzda kitaplargygyznyn kitaplargyzga whaleplarygyzny whaleplarygyzdan whaleplarygyzda kitapnyky kitap tugel kitap belan kitap yanynda kitap aldynda |
barmask bardygyz bardylar barganmyn bargansyn barganbyz bargansyz bargannlar baryrmyn baryrsyn baryrbyz baryrsyz baryrlar barachakmyn barachaksyn barachakbyz barachaksyz barachaklar barmysyn barmybyz barmysyz barmyylar barmadym barmadyn barmadyk barmadygyz barmadylar barmagan barmaganmyn barmagansyn barmaganbyz barmagansyz barmagannar barman barmasyn barmasbyz barmabyz barmaslar barmayachak barmayachakmyn barmayachaksyn barmayachakbyz barmayachaksyz barmayachaklar bara almy bara alam bara almyym bar alasyn bara almyisyn bar alabyz bara almybyz bar alasyz bara almysyz bara alalar bara almyylar baras kila barasym kila barasyn kila baras kilmi barasy kilmi barasyn kilmi... barmakchy bula barmakchy bulam... bara yazdy bar yazdym... bara kurma bara kuregez bara kurmagez etc. |
yakhshylar... |
I'm not mocking, and I'm not saying that you have to repeat all this, understand, pronounce, remember. Not at all. The most commonly used word forms of three words are simply given (by far not all!). Hence the conclusion: language is the most complex mechanism, but it has its own logic. Let's try together in general terms to understand the logic of the given word forms.
Firstly, kitap - noun. This entire series suggests that there are no prefixes in the Tatar language, no prepositions. All word forms kitap start with the root part (morpheme). Those. The logic of the Tatar language consists in principle: meaning always ahead. The nominative, semantic component is in front, and then all grammatical explanations for this word follow. Hence the complete absence of prefixes, prepositions. Instead of them - postfixes (I will call them suffixes) and postpositions.
Secondly, the root remains to it, like trailers, suffixes are added that have grammatical meaning.
So, we come to the concept of grammatical meaning. I will not give definitions, but simply explain with an example, indicating the grammatical meanings of suffixes:
Kitaplarybyzda - kitap-lar-y-byz-da
Kitap - book (lexical meaning)
lar - plural (grammatical meaning)
s-byz - belonging (grammatical meaning)
Yes - local-temporal case (grammatical meaning).
In the Tatar language, most suffixes can be considered unambiguous. For instance, - lar, yes. This means that, taking any unfamiliar Tatar text, you can find them and indicate by 95% that we are talking about the plural and the place (or time). And certainly, those who attached these affixes are nouns (or instead of them - pronouns).
These trailer suffixes are added one after the other in a strict order (number - possessive - case). Such languages are called agglutinative (gluing).
We tried to present the most common suffixes with grammatical meanings in the appendix table. This is for many who will seriously start learning the Tatar language.
The same can be said about the verb. After carefully reading the table of word forms, you can understand a certain logic: the formation of forms of the past tense, forms of the future. Pay attention to the translation and ask: why did the Tatars need two past tenses? Answer: they have their own semantic features, which are not indicated in the table for brevity. For example, in the past tense:
Bar+dy– past certification (definite) walked (the speaker witnessed the event);
bar+gun – past indefinite walked (the speaker was not a witness to this event).
Ul kinoga bardy. He went to the cinema (I know that for sure).
Ul kinoga bargan. -He went to the cinema (but I didn't see it).
So, the golden rule number 1 - There are no prefixes, prepositions in the Tatar language, and suffixes are added in strict sequence to the root of the word. Suffixes, unlike Russians, as a rule, have one main meaning.
Let's solve the problem with adjectives. The fact is that adjectives in the Tatar language do not change. They only have degrees of comparison. In addition, they easily turn into adverbs when serving a verb: yakhshy cache- good man;yakhshy Ashley- works well.
In addition, it is clear that the adjective easily turns into a noun (is substantiated) and, of course, takes on all the grammatical possibilities of the Tatar noun. We did not begin to paint it in the table, so as not to scare the reader.
This point tells us that there is no category of gender in the Tatar language.
Returning to nouns: what is this category of possessiveness, which is not in the Russian language?
Let's start with the fact that in the Tatar language the meaning is always ahead. And, accordingly, there are no suggestions. But not only: the Tatar language, in principle, can do without even possessive pronouns. And instead of saying: my book -blowjob kitabym ( if verbatim : minem kitap - but this is a stylistic mistake), you can say kitap mineke or just add - myn/m/y(i.e. min - i).
Kitab-ym – my book
Bargan-myn – I went
Barma-m– I will not go
In these examples, we see that the Tatar rule - meaning is always ahead already leads to the emergence of a whole category, which is not in the Russian language.
Golden rule number 2. – In the Tatar language there is no category of gender, but there is a category of possessiveness, which is a consequence of the agglutination of the language.
The grammatical center of the language is the verb. The Tatar verb has a branched structure, which is not so easy to master. Despite several past and future tenses, the Tatar language has a large number of analytical verbs (i.e. verbs formed with the help of auxiliaries).
They also exist in Russian. You can refer to them when transferring. But in Russian, verbs, becoming auxiliary, do not stray far from their meaning. Although, sometimes universal human thinking brings its coincidences to linguistic logic. For instance:
Yaz!- write!
Yaza kur! – Look, write! (categorical motivation)
The Tatar language differs from Russian precisely in that there are no aspectual forms in the verb and shades of action are conveyed by a variety of analytical verbs. The logic of most of these verbs will be considered, and you will understand that it is not so difficult anymore. Simply, in many textbooks too little attention is paid to auxiliary verbs and this attention is on the last pages of books.
It is known that by the end of the book (if it is not fiction with an interesting denouement) the reader relaxes. Therefore, even here auxiliary verbs are not lucky ...
Golden rule number 3. – Tatar grammar is concentrated mainly on the verb. This is a harmonious system and, having understood and mastered this system, everything will become clear to you.
A few words about different teaching methodshyku. The fact is that we must accept those methods by which people have already achieved results. hairstylem, fast results. One of these examplesRov is “flipping through the dictionary” of an unfamiliar language (better - bilingual). This is, in principle, the famous Frank method.
Scrolling through the dictionary, the student begins to understand the logic of the language. He understands that nouns do not have a category of gender, the infinitive of the Tatar verb ends in -rga, adjectives can often be adverbs. All this can be found in the dictionary. But it is much easier to understand the logic of the language by referring to the tables of grammatical meanings of the Tatar language. They are in this guide. Here, in a small volume, almost the entire grammar of the Tatar language is presented.
Scroll through them and in a short time you will seeyou want to understand the meanings of suffixes, and, accordingly, the very structure of the Tatar language.
The table above shows the verb bar. It has several meanings, but the main one can be considered goes, moves. All meanings of this word can be understood and mastered only in context.
Now it is important to understand that the Tatar verb has a huge number of constructions that convey grammatical categories (complex forms of the past tense), modal meanings (constructions of intention, wishes) and the nature of the action. It is rather difficult to study all (!) possible constructions. But you can master the basics in a fairly short period of time.
So: in the table we have given almost all the synthetic forms of the verb bar. In addition to synthetic forms, there are analytical ones. There are even more of them than analytical ones.
AND NOW WE START OWN THE GRAMMAR
We divided all words in the Tatar language into six groups: 1) words-names; 2) words replacing them; 3) words-actions, words-processes; 4) words-numbers; 5) words-signs; 6) official words.
Names are nouns. Those. then a huge number of words that denote objects, phenomena, abstract and concrete concepts of reality. But we only use them so that they don’t reproach me for twisting traditional academic grammar, and leaving one of the parts of speech at the same time.
But there is one important detail here. The fact is that a whole class of verbs (word-processes) are translated into Russian by nouns. These are the so-called action names. In the Tatar language, they are the initial form of the verb, from which it is easy to isolate the basis, which is so necessary when learning the language. Consider examples and their translation:
Baru – walking; the foundation bar
Uilau - reflection; uil base
Chygu - exit, exit process; base chyk(g)
In order to master the target language, knowledge of words alone is, of course, not enough. It is necessary to master the rules of combining words, forming word forms, or, in other words, the grammar of a new language. The introductory course of this tutorial pursues precisely this goal: to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the basic rules of Tatar grammar in the simplest and most understandable way. I constantly relied on the reader's knowledge of Russian grammar and paid more attention to the contrasting elements of the Tatar and Russian languages.
§one. PHONETICS
1.1. The graphics of the Tatar language are based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This gives some advantage to the Russian reader, but on the other hand, it contributes to the appearance of errors due to the inconsistency of some letters.
The graphics of the Tatar language for 1000 years were based on Arabic writing, until 1927. From 1927 to 1939, the Latin alphabet was used, on the basis of which spelling rules were carefully developed. The basic principles of spelling were also used in the transition to Russian graphics. In modern Tatar writing, all letters of the Russian alphabet are used with the addition of special characters for specific Tatar phonemes: ә, ө, ү, җ, ң, һ.
The change of two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. The phonetic system of the Tatar language was replenished with Russian phonemes, -,. And in the spelling of the Tatar language, the principle of graphic design of Russians and borrowings that came through the Russian language, i.e. new Russian and European words in the Tatar language are written similarly to their Russian version.
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