Kamchatka population. Kamchatka is experiencing a demographic crisis Population of Kamchatka for a year

Kamchatka- one of the least populated Russian regions. The average population density is very low: 16 sq. Km territory per person, and if we consider that about 85% is the urban population, then the actual density is even lower.
On the peninsula you can find representatives 176 nationalities, nationalities and ethnic groups. Russians make up a large percentage of the population, followed by Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Mordovians, small peoples of the north and other nationalities. The indigenous population is represented by Koryaks, Itelmens, Evens, Aleuts and Chukchi.
The total population of Kamchatka is about 360 thousand people, most of them live in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Most populated are the valleys of the Avacha and Kamchatka rivers. The rest of the population lives mainly on the coasts, which is due not only to the favorable conditions of these regions, but also to the fish specialization of the Kamchatka economy.

The most ancient inhabitants of Kamchatka are Itelmens, the name of the people means "who live here."
The southern initial border of settlement is Cape Lopatka, the northern one is the Tigil River on the western coast and the Uka River on the eastern coast. Ancient Itelmen villages were located along the rivers Kamchatka (Uykoal), Elovka (Kooch), Bolshoi, Bystraya, Avacha, along the banks of the Avacha Bay. He headed a prison, consisting of several semi-dugouts, in which members of one family community, toyon, lived. The names of toyons still remain on the map of Kamchatka: Nachiki, Avacha, Nalychevo, Pinachevo.
When at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. Russian explorers appeared in the middle part of Kamchatka, the Itelmens were at the stage of disintegration of primitive communal relations.
The life of the Itelmens in the summertime passed earlier by the water and on the water. They moved along the rivers on dugout deck-shaped boats, bats, made of poplar. They caught fish with nets woven from nettle fibers, beat it with jails, built traps-locks on the rivers. Part of the fish was poured out in the form of yukola, part was fermented in special pits. The lack of salt made it impossible to procure large fish stocks.
Hunting for foxes, sables, bears, mountain sheep was an equal occupation for this people; on the coasts - on sea animals: sea lions, seals, sea otters. The Itelmens ate a lot of fish, preferring baked (chuprik) and fish cakes (teelno); used for food young shoots of hellebore, carrot (bush) and woolly cow parsnip - bunches (until it acquired scalding properties); used cedar cones with dried salmon caviar as an antiscorbutic agent, washed down with tea; flavored food with seal fat - a favorite seasoning of all northern peoples.
The clothes of the Itelmens were also peculiar, made of sables, foxes, gingerbreads, bighorn sheep, dog skins with an abundance of ermine tassels and fluffy edges on the collar, hood, hem and sleeves. Steller wrote: "The most elegant kukhlyankas are trimmed at the collar and sleeves, as well as on the hem, with dog hair, and hundreds of tassels of red-dyed seal hair are hung on the caftan, which dangle from side to side with every movement." Such attire of the Itelmens created the impression of fluffiness and shaggy.

Koryaks- the main population of the north of Kamchatka. They have their own autonomy - the Koryak District. The name of the people, as Krasheninnikov and Steller believed, came from the "chorus" - "deer". The Koryaks themselves do not call themselves that. The inhabitants of the coast were called nymylans- “inhabitants of settled villages”. Nomads who grazed deer in the tundra have long called themselves chavchuvenami, i.e. "Reindeer people".
For chavchuvenov reindeer husbandry was the main, if not the only, occupation. The deer gave them everything they needed for life: meat was used for food, skins were used to make clothes (kukhlyankas, malakhaevs, torbasovs), to build portable dwellings (yarangs), bones to make tools and household items, and fat to light housing. Deer were also a means of transportation for the Koryaks.
For nymylanov the main type of economy was fishing and hunting. Fish was caught mainly in rivers, with nettle nets (it took about two years to make one net, and they served only a year). Marine hunting was in second place after fishing on the economy of the sedentary Koryaks. They went into the sea on canoes covered with skins, in a seal, bearded seal and, most importantly, a whale, they threw a harpoon tied to the bow of the ship, and finished off the whales with spears with stone tips. The skins of sea animals were used to cover boats, they were used to sheathe beds with them, to sew shoes, sacks and bags from them, and to make belts.
The Koryaks have well-developed domestic crafts - wood and bone carving, weaving, metalworking (world-famous paren knives), making national clothes and carpets from reindeer skins and embroidery with beads.

Evens a number of Kamchatka aborigines stand somewhat apart. In origin and culture, they are similar to the Evenks (Tungus). The ancestors of the people, having moved to Kamchatka in the 17th century, changed their traditional occupation - hunting and took up reindeer husbandry.
The Russians, having come to Kamchatka, called the Evens who roamed along the Okhotsk coast, lamutes, i.e. "Living near the sea", and the shepherds - Orochi, i.e. "Reindeer people". In addition to reindeer herding and hunting, the coastal Evens were engaged in fishing and marine hunting. The most widespread craft among the Evens was blacksmithing. A cylindrical-conical tent, similar in structure to the Koryak yaranga, served as a dwelling for the Kamchatka Evens. In winter, to keep warmth in the dwelling, a tunnel-like entrance was attached to the plague. Unlike other peoples of Kamchatka, the Evens did not widely practice sled dog breeding.

The northern neighbors of the Koryaks were Chukchi- “deer people” (chauchu), some of them moved to Kamchatka.
The owner of less than a hundred deer was considered poor and usually could not run an independent farm.
The main hunting tool among the Chukchi was a bow and arrows, a spear and a harpoon. Arrowheads, spears and harpoons were made of bone and stone. When catching small waterfowl and game, the Chukchi used bola (devices for catching birds on the fly) and a sling, which, together with a bow and a spear, was also a military weapon.
Deer served as the main means of transportation among the Chukchi, but, like the Koryaks and Itelmens, they used dog sleds as transport.
The Chukchi are excellent sailors, skillfully handling canoes that could accommodate 20-30 people. With a favorable wind, the Chukchi, like the Koryak-nymylans, used square sails made of reindeer suede (rovduga), and for greater stability on the wave they attached to the sides inflated seal skins, removed with a "stocking". Almost every summer the Chukchi made fishing expeditions on canoes from the Gulf of the Cross to the Anadyr River for hunting. It is also known that they traded with the Eskimos, went to the American coast in whole fleets.

Aleuts- the ancient population of the Aleutian Islands, their self-name "Unangan", ie "Coastal dwellers".
Not later than 1825, the first 17 families of Aleut industrialists for permanent residence were resettled from the Aleutian Islands to the Bering Island by the Russian-American company, which was developing Russian America.
The main traditional occupation of the Aleuts was hunting sea animals (seals, sea lions, sea otters) and fishing. For the winter, the Aleuts prepared eggs from bird colonies as a food product.
On Bering Island, sleds with a dog sled became the usual way of traveling, and on Medny Island, Aleuts used short and wide skis for walking in the mountains in winter.
The dwellings of the Aleut commanders were semi-underground yurts. Household items included herbal wicker bags, baskets, mats; for storing fat, yukola, stocks of shiksha with fat, etc. used sea lions bubbles.

Compared to other Russian regions, Kamchatka is one of the least populated areas of the country - there are about 16 km 2 of territory per person. At the same time, almost 85% of the population are urban residents, so the actual density of people living on the peninsula is even lower.

Persons of 176 nationalities, ethnic groups and nationalities meet in Kamchatka. In the first place are Russians, who account for about 252 thousand people, which corresponds to 83% of the total population. In second place in terms of numbers are Ukrainians, whose percentage reaches 3.5%, and the third place went to the Koryaks - the indigenous population of the peninsula. They account for a little more than 2% of the population.

The number of other nationalities and ethnic groups, both indigenous and immigrants living in Kamchatka, is much more modest. The share of each of these nationalities does not even reach 0.75% of the total population of the peninsula. These peoples include Itelmens, Tatars, Belarusians, as well as Evens, Kamchadals, Aleuts, Koreans and Chukchi.

The number of people inhabiting Kamchatka reaches 360 thousand, most of whom live in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Basically, people are settled along the coast, which is explained by the favorable conditions and fish specialization of the peninsula. So, the Koryaks mainly inhabit the northern and central part of the region, and the Itelmens occupy the southwestern regions of the peninsula. The Evens created compact groups and settled in the Olyutorsky, Bystrinsky and Penzhinsky regions, the Aleuts live in the Aleutian region (Bering Island), and the Chukchi inhabit the north of the peninsula in the Penzhinsky and Olyutorsky regions.

The total number of people representing this nationality is close to 8,000, of which about 6.6 thousand people live in Kamchatka. Most of these people inhabit the Koryak District, Magadan Region and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The Koryaks now speak Russian, but their historical language is Koryak, which is a branch of the Chukchi-Kamchatka language family.

Representatives of this nationality are divided into two ethnic groups: tundra and coastal Koryaks.

The tundra Koryaks (their self-name sounds like the chavchuvens - that is, reindeer herders) lead a nomadic lifestyle in the tundra, simultaneously breeding reindeer. These animals provided people with everything they needed: meat for food, skins for making clothes, as well as for building yarangs (portable dwellings). The deer bones of the Chavuchens were used for tools and household items, and fat was used to illuminate the yaranga. In addition, it was with the help of deer that people moved across the tundra. Within the nationality there is a division into several sub-ethnoses: Parents, Apukinians, Kamyanets and Intans.

The coastal Koryaks (whose self-designation is lamal) are distinguished by a sedentary lifestyle and fishing. To catch fish, lambs used nets made of nettle fibers, went to the sea on canoes covered with animal skins. The native language of this nation is Alyutor. Lathers are divided into Alyutors, Palans and Karagins.

The Koryaks are known for their domestic crafts: they cut in bone, wood, processed metals, weaved, embroidered with beads, made carpets from deer skins, were engaged in sewing national clothes.

Most Koryak believers are Orthodox Christians, however, with strong remnants of shamanism. These people live in yarangas - special portable chums.

Itelmens

Another ethnic group of Kamchatka, considered indigenous, is the Itelmens. Their total number is about 3.2 thousand people, of which 2.4 thousand live in the Kamchatka Territory, and the rest inhabit the Magadan Region. The most densely populated Itelmens are the Tigil and Milkovsky districts of the Kamchatka Territory, as well as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The language in which the representatives of this nationality speak is Russian, however, the traditional dialect of the Itelmens is Itelmen, which is currently considered dying. It belongs to the Itelmen branch of the Chukchi-Kamchatka language family.

As for religion, the Itelmens are classified as Orthodox Christians, but, as in the case of the Koryaks, with strong remnants of ancient cultures.

In ancient times, the Itelmens settled mainly on the banks of the rivers, since the main occupation of the representatives of the nationality was fishing. Also, the Itelmens hunted a lot of foxes, bears, sables, mountain sheep. Sea animals also became their prey: sea otters, sea lions, seals. The second place in the activities of the Itelmens was the harvesting of wild herbs and roots. These people lived in winter and summer, as well as in temporary and permanent dwellings.

The Itelmens sewed their clothes from foxes, sables, euraska, dog skin, bighorn sheep. Wardrobe items were distinguished by the presence of numerous tassels made of ermine, many edges located along the hood, collar, sleeves and hem.

Kamchadals

Another sub-ethnos of Kamchatka, considered indigenous, is the Kamchadals. They are considered an offshoot of the Russian nationality, since they are the descendants of the first Russian settlers of the peninsula. Representatives of this ethnic group number about 1.9 thousand people, 1.6 thousand of whom live in Kamchatka, and about 300 people live in the Magadan region.

This group began to take shape in the middle of the 18th century and became larger and larger as the peninsula was populated by Russian settlers. The way of life and the system of the economy was adopted by the Russians from the local residents.

The language of the Kamchadals is guttural, very different from the language of the Koryaks. By the middle of the 19th century, Kamchadals spoke three dialects, one of which was common in the valley of the Kamchatka River, and the second in the valleys of two rivers (Bystraya and Bolshoi), very mixed with Russian. The third, Penzhin dialect, is considered to be the purest one. Now Kamchadals speak Russian, are baptized and live in huts similar to Russians.

The neighbors of the Koryaks on the north side were the Chukchi or "reindeer people", some of whom moved to the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Chukchi hunted waterfowl and game with a bow and arrow. Also in their arsenal were harpoons and spears. As a means of transportation, not only deer were used, but also dog sleds.

The Chukchi are distinguished by excellent seaworthy skills, using canoes for two to three dozen people to move around the water. The square sails used when the wind was blowing were made of reindeer suede, and the air-inflated seal skins gave the vessel greater stability when traveling on the waves.

In the summer months, the Chukchi went on fishing expeditions to hunt on the Anadyr River, and traded with the Eskimos.

This small nationality was called Lamuts, and the self-name of the ethnos "evyn", that is, a local resident, formed the basis of the name of the nation. The Evens inhabit the territory of the Tigil and Bystrinsky districts of the Kamchatka region, speak the Even language, and are especially close to the Evenks in culture and origin.

The Evens lived in conical-cylindrical chums, reminiscent of the Koryak yaranks. In winter, for additional heat preservation, the chums were supplemented with an entrance in the form of a tunnel - a tambour.

As for clothing, the Evens wore swinging outfits, and not deaf ones, like among the Koryaks, Itelmen and Chukchi. The Evens often used dogs not for driving, but for hunting, moreover, they "trained" each individual to a certain animal. And to move, the representatives of this nationality used deer and even bred a special breed of animal for riding - the Lamut.

The coastal Evens, in addition to hunting and reindeer herding, marine hunting and fishing, were engaged in blacksmithing.

The Aleuts are a nationality that also inhabits the territory of the Kamchatka region, in particular the Bering Island. The self-name of this ethnic group is "Unangan", which means "coastal inhabitants", and the name "Aleuts" was given to them by the Russians.

The main occupations of the Aleuts were hunting fur seals, sea otters, sea lions, as well as fishing. The Aleuts were engaged in gathering, made tools from bone, wood, and also prepared bird eggs for the winter using sea lion fat.

On Bering Island, these people traveled on sledges with harnessed dogs, and on Medny Island, wide and short skis were used for winter time. The Aleuts lived in semi-underground yurts.

Racial identity of the population of Kamchatka

Ethnologists classify the Itelmens and Koryaks as representatives of the small Arctic race, which is otherwise called the Eskimo and is considered the northern branch of the large Mongoloid race. Moreover, this subrace by its own anthropological characteristics is closer to the Pacific, and not to the continental Mongoloid.

As for the Kamchadals, they belong to a mixed race with signs of both Mongoloid and Caucasian features. The Kamchadals are the fruit of the mixing of the ancient indigenous population of Kamchatka with the Russian people, and the type of their race is often called the Ural.

Changes in the population of Kamchatka

The last hundreds of years have significantly influenced the decline in the number of the indigenous population. This happened for several reasons:

Epidemics that claimed the lives of huge numbers of Aboriginal people;
Extermination of local residents due to the ongoing colonial policy;
Cultural assimilation at a later time. The fact is that over time it became unfashionable to be a representative of the indigenous nationality, so the mestizos preferred to be considered Russians.

The development prospects of the indigenous peoples of Kamchatka are very uncertain. The Russian government began to encourage representatives of these ethnic groups to self-determination in order to confirm the Itelmen, Koryak and Kamchadal nationalities, stimulating people with several types of benefits. However, such events are not enough for the spread of these original cultures, since now all the signs of their extinction are evident. For example, even if the number of Itelmens in comparison with the data of 1980 increased by more than 2 times, the number of representatives of this nationality speaking the Itelmen language does not reach even a hundred people.

For the restoration and subsequent preservation of the culture of small peoples inhabiting Kamchatka, large financial investments are required, the volume of which depends on how much the population of the peninsula is ready to master them.

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Part of the country is rather heterogeneous in ethnic composition, albeit with a clear predominance of Russians. This ethnic group began to settle in this region only from the beginning of the 18th century. But the indigenous population of Kamchatka, the peoples who have lived on this peninsula since ancient times, are gradually dissolving into the general mass of the population. Let's find out more about these ethnic groups in the Kamchatka Territory.

General demographic characteristics

Before starting to study the indigenous people, you need to find out what the population of Kamchatka is today as a whole. This will allow us to understand the meaning and role of indigenous peoples in the modern life of the region.

First of all, you need to find out the total population in Kamchatka. This is one of the most important demographic indicators. The population in Kamchatka today is 316.1 thousand people. This is only the 78th indicator out of 85 regions of the Russian Federation.

But in terms of area, the Kamchatka Territory ranks tenth in the country among the subjects of the federation. It is 464.3 thousand square meters. km. Knowing the population of Kamchatka and its area, you can calculate the density. This indicator is also considered one of the most important components of demographic statistics. The population density in Kamchatka is currently only 0.68 people / sq. km. This is one of the lowest rates in Russia. According to this criterion, the Kamchatka Territory ranks 81st among 85 regions of the country.

National composition

Now we have to look at what kind of population of Kamchatka is in the ethnic context. This will help us distinguish the indigenous peoples of the region from the general population.

Ethnically, the population of Kamchatka has a nationality that numerically prevails over all others. They are Russians. Their number is 252.6 thousand people, or more than 83% of the total population of the region. But Russians are not the indigenous people of Kamchatka.

Ukrainians also play a significant role in shaping the population of Kamchatka. There are significantly fewer of them than Russians, but this people ranks second among the ethnic groups of the region, accounting for more than 3.5% of the total population of the region.

The third place belongs to the Koryaks. This people already represents the indigenous population of Kamchatka. Its share in the total population of the region is just over 2%.

The rest of the nationalities, both indigenous and non-indigenous, whose representatives live in Kamchatka, are significantly inferior in number to the three mentioned peoples. The total share of each of them does not even reach 0.75% of the total population. Among these small peoples in Kamchatka, Itelmens, Tatars, Belarusians, Evens, Kamchadals, Chukchi, Koreans should be distinguished.

Indigenous peoples

So what nationalities are indigenous to Kamchatka? In addition to the Koryaks, which we spoke about above, the Itelmens belong to the peoples who are the aborigines of this peninsula.

Kamchadals, who are a sub-ethnos of the Russian people, who have formed their national identity in Kamchatka, stand apart.

We will talk in more detail about each of these nationalities below.

Koryaks: general information

As mentioned above, the Koryaks are the third largest nationality of Kamchatka, and, thus, the first in terms of the number of representatives of the indigenous people of this northern region.

The total number of this nation is 7.9 thousand people. Of these, 6.6 thousand people live in Kamchatka, which is slightly more than 2% of the total population of the region. Mostly representatives of this nationality live in the north of the Kamchatka Territory, where the Koryak District is located. Also common in the Magadan region and in

Most of the Koryaks now speak Russian, but their historical language is Koryak. It is part of the Chukchi-Koryak branch of the Chukchi-Kamchatka language family. The most closely related languages are Chukchi and Alyutor. The latter is considered by some linguists as a subspecies of Koryak.

This people is divided into two ethnic groups: tundra and coastal Koryaks.

The tundra Koryaks have the self-name Chavchuveni, which translates as “reindeer herders,” and they lead a predominantly nomadic lifestyle in the vastness of the tundra, breeding reindeer. Their original language is Koryak in the narrow sense of this term. Chavchuvens are subdivided into the following sub-ethnoses: Parents, Kamyanets, Apukintsy, Itkans.

Coastal Koryaks have the self-name of nymylyans. They, unlike the chavchuvens, are engaged in their main occupation - fishing. The original language of this ethnos is Alyutor, which we talked about above. The main sub-ethnic groups of the Nymylans are: Alyutors, Karagins, Palants.

Most of the Koryak believers today are Orthodox Christians, although the remnants of shamanism that came from the traditional beliefs of this people remain quite strong.

The dwelling of the Koryaks is the yaranga, which is a special type of portable plague.

History of the Koryaks

Now let's trace the history of the Koryaks. It is believed that their ancestors inhabited the territory of Kamchatka as early as the first millennium of our era. They went down in history as representatives of the so-called Okhotsk culture.

For the first time, the name of the Koryaks began to appear on the pages of Russian documents from the 17th century. This was due to the advancement of Russia to Siberia and the Far East. The first Russian visit to this region dates back to 1651. The conquest of Kamchatka by Russia began at the end of the 17th century. It was started by Vladimir Atlasov, who, together with his detachment, captured several Koryak villages. However, the Koryaks have revolted more than once. But in the end, all the uprisings were suppressed. Thus, the population of Kamchatka, including the Koryaks, became Russian subjects.

In 1803, the Kamchatka region was founded in the Russian Empire. The Koryaks lived mainly in the Gizhiginsky and Petropavlovsky districts of this administrative unit.

After the October Revolution in 1930, the Koryaks were granted national autonomy. This is how the Koryak Autonomous Okrug was formed. In 1934, it became part of the Kamchatka region, retaining its isolation. The administrative center was the urban-type settlement Palana.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, while remaining part of the Kamchatka Region, received the rights of a subject of the federation. In 2005, a referendum was held, as a result of which in 2007 the Koryak Autonomous Okrug was completely merged with the Kamchatka Region. This is how the Kamchatka Territory was formed. The Koryak Autonomous Okrug was liquidated as a constituent entity of the federation, and in its place the Koryak District was formed - a territorial unit that is part of the Kamchatka Territory, and has a special status, but lacked its former independence. The official languages of this territorial unit are Koryak and Russian.

At the moment, Russians make up 46.2% of the population of the Koryak District, and the Koryaks make up 30.3%, which is significantly higher than in the Kamchatka Territory as a whole.

Itelmens: general characteristics

Another indigenous people of Kamchatka are the Itelmens.

Their total number is about 3.2 thousand people. Of these, 2.4 thousand live in the Kamchatka Territory, accounting for 0.74% of the total population there, thus being the fourth largest ethnic group in the region. The rest of the representatives of this nation live in the Magadan region.

The bulk of the Itelmens are concentrated in the Milkovsky and Tigilsky districts of the Kamchatka Territory, as well as in its administrative center - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Most of the Itelmens speak Russian, but their traditional dialect is Itelmen, which belongs to the Itelmen branch of the Chukchi-Kamchatka language family. Now this language is referred to as dying.

The Itelmens profess Orthodox Christianity, but, like among the Koryaks, they have rather strongly developed vestiges of ancient cults.

The main occupation of the Itelmens, who did not move to cities and live in a traditional way, is fishing.

History of the Itelmens

The Itelmens are the ancient population of Kamchatka. Most of them lived in the southern half of the peninsula, giving the north to the Koryaks. By the time the Russians arrived, their number was more than 12.5 thousand people, thus exceeding the current number by 3.5 times.

After the beginning of the conquest of Kamchatka, the number of Itelmens began to decline rapidly. The first conquest of this people was started by the same Vladimir Atlasov. He passed the peninsula from north to south. After his murder by his own associates in 1711, Danila Antsiferov continued the work of conquering the Itelmens. He defeated the Itelmens in several battles, but in 1712 he was burned by them along with his detachment.

Nevertheless, the Itelmens failed to stop the tread of the Russian Empire on Kamchatka, and it was finally conquered. In 1740, the expedition laid the foundation for the center for the spread of Russian influence on the peninsula - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Initially, the Russians called the Itelmens Kamchadals, but then this name was assigned to another ethnic group, which we will talk about below.

Who are the Kamchadals?

One of the sub-ethnic groups of Kamchatka, which is considered to be indigenous, are the Kamchadals. This ethnic unit is an offshoot of the Russian nation. Kamchadals are the descendants of the very first Russian settlers in Kamchatka, who partially assimilated the local population, mainly the Itelmens, whom the Russians themselves had previously called this ethnonym.

Currently, the total number of Kamchadals is about 1.9 thousand people. Of these, 1.6 thousand live in Kamchatka, and about 300 more - in the Magadan region.

Kamchadals speak Russian, and the basis of their culture is the culture of the titular nation of Russia. True, local peoples, mostly Itelmens, also had a certain influence on it.

Anthropological features of the indigenous population

Now let's look at what group of peoples the indigenous people of Kamchatka belong to.

The Koryaks and Itelmens can be safely attributed to the Arctic small race. In another way, it is called the Eskimo and is the northern offshoot of the large Mongoloid race. This subrace is closer in anthropological characteristics not to the continental Mongoloids, but to the Pacific ones.

The situation with the Kamchadals is much more complicated, since this nationality belongs to the Kamchadals, the signs of the Caucasian and Mongoloid types are combined, since, in fact, this ethnos is the fruit of the mixing of Russians with the ancient population of Kamchatka. This racial type is usually called the Ural.

Population dynamics

Over the past hundreds of years, the number of the indigenous population of Kamchatka has significantly decreased. This situation was caused by several factors at once.

During the era of the colonization of the Russian Empire of Kamchatka, epidemics, as well as the extermination of indigenous people as part of the colonization policy, played a significant role in reducing the number of the local population. At a later time, cultural assimilation took place. It was connected with the fact that it became not prestigious to be a representative of indigenous peoples. Therefore, children from mixed marriages preferred to call themselves Russians.

Perspectives

The prospects for the further development of indigenous peoples in Kamchatka are very vague. The Russian government began to stimulate self-determination of the nationality of the region's population in favor of confirming the Koryak, Kamchadal or Itelmen nationality by providing representatives of these ethnic groups with a number of benefits. But this is clearly not enough, since a person's self-identification with representatives of national minorities does not make the original culture of these peoples more widespread. For example, if the total number of Itelmens at the moment is 3.1 thousand people, which is more than twice the figure for 1980, then the number of Itelmen speakers is only 82, which confirms its extinction.

The region requires investments in the culture of small peoples to the extent that the population of Kamchatka is ready to master.

General conclusions

We studied the indigenous population of Kamchatka, the peoples inhabiting this northeastern region of our country. Of course, at the moment the development of the original culture of these ethnic groups leaves much to be desired, but state structures are trying to do everything so that these people, their languages and traditions do not completely disappear.

Let's hope that in the future the number of representatives of the indigenous peoples of Kamchatka will only increase.

1.1 Geographical location

Kamchatka Territory is part of the Far Eastern Federal District and occupies the Kamchatka Peninsula with the adjacent mainland, as well as the Commander and Karaginsky Islands.

The Kamchatka Territory borders in the northwest with the Magadan Region, in the north with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and in the south with the Sakhalin Region. From the east, Kamchatka is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, from the northeast - by the waters of the Bering Sea, from the west - by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk.

1.2. Territory

The area of the territory is 464.3 thousand square meters. km (2.7% of the area of the Russian Federation), of which 292.6 thousand sq. km is occupied by the Koryak District, and stretches from south to north for almost 1600 km. The administrative center is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

1.3. Climate

The climate is mainly moderate monsoon, in the center - moderate continental, in the north - subarctic; the average January temperature on the Kamchatka Peninsula is -15.5 ° C, on the adjacent part of the mainland -25 ° C, the average July temperature is +13.2 ° C; the amount of precipitation is up to 1000 mm per year. In the north of the region there is permafrost, over 400 glaciers.

1.4. Population

The population of the region as of January 1, 2017 amounted to 314.7 thousand people (0.2% of the population of the Russian Federation).

The population density is 0.7 people per 1 sq. km, which is 13 times lower than in Russia as a whole. The population is distributed over the territory of the region extremely unevenly - from 0.02 people per 1 sq. km in the Penzhinsky district up to 555 people per 1 sq. km in the city of Yelizovo. The majority of the population lives in the cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Elizovo, Vilyuchinsk and the valleys of the Avacha and Kamchatka rivers.

The share of the urban population is 78.0% (245.6 thousand people), the rural population is 22.0% (70.1 thousand people).

The economically active population was (according to the population survey on employment issues) 183.1 thousand people (58.2% of the total population of the region).

In 2016, the number of inhabitants of the region decreased by 1,387 people. The decline in the population is due to the migration outflow. The migration loss of the population in 2016 was 1 805 people, the natural increase was 418 people.

In 2016, 4,057 babies were born, which is 93 babies or 2.2% less than in the previous year. The total fertility rate in the whole region was 12.9% (on average in Russia - 12.9%). 3,639 people died, which is 0.03% less than in 2015. The average annual mortality rate was 11.6% (on average in Russia - 12.9%).

134 nationalities live on the territory of the region: the Russian population is the most numerous in the region (85.9%), the second place is occupied by the Ukrainians (3.9%), the third - the Koryaks (2.3%), Tatars, Belarusians, Itelmens, Chukchi, Evens, Koreans, etc.

Standards of living

In 2016, in the Kamchatka Territory, due to the lag in the growth rate of wages and average per capita income from the rate of inflationary processes, the living standards of the population were reduced.

Average per capita cash income in 2016 was 39,866.2 rubles, real cash income was 89.6%.

The average nominal accrued wages in the Kamchatka Territory in 2016 amounted to 59,922.8 rubles, real wages - 96.8%.

The share of the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level increased in 2016 to 19.5% against 19.2% in 2015.

1.5. Administrative divisions

The Kamchatka Territory includes 87 settlements, including:

· Cities of regional subordination - 3 (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vilyuchinsk, Elizovo);

· Urban-type settlements - 1 (urban-type settlement Palana);

· Workers' settlements - 1 (r.p. Vulkanny);

· Rural settlements - 82.

The Kamchatka Territory includes 66 municipalities. Including 3 have the status of "City District":

· Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district;

· Vilyuchinsky urban district;

· City district "Palana settlement";

11 have the status of "Municipal District":

· Aleutian municipal district;

· Bystrinsky municipal district;

· Elizovsky municipal district;

· Milkovsky municipal district;

· Sobolevsky municipal district;

· Ust-Bolsheretskiy municipal district;

· Ust-Kamchatskiy municipal district;

· Karaginsky municipal district;

· Olyutorsky municipal district;

· Penzhinsky municipal district;

· Tigil municipal district.

One of the regions of the region - Aleutian - is located on the Commander Islands.

Karaginsky, Olyutorsky, Penzhinsky and Tigilsky municipal districts are part of the territory with a special status Koryaksky district.

The municipal districts include 5 urban settlements and 47 rural settlements.

Four European states could be located on the territory of the Kamchatka Territory: England, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg taken together.

1.6. Political parties

There are 26 regional branches of all-Russian political parties registered in the Kamchatka Territory. The most active and numerous are:

Kamchatka regional branch of the All-Russian political party "UNITED RUSSIA";

Kamchatka regional branch of the political party "Liberal Democratic Party of Russia";

Kamchatka regional branch of the political party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation";

Regional branch of the political party "A JUST RUSSIA" in the Kamchatka Territory.

Coat of arms of the Kamchatka Territory

Flag is a rectangular panel of two horizontal stripes: the top one is white, the bottom one is blue. The ratio of stripes in width is 2: 1. In the roof there is an image of the figures of the emblem of the Kamchatka Territory.

Anthem of the Kamchatka Territory

Words by B.S. Dubrovin, music by the Honored Artist of Russia E.I. Morozova. Performers - Kamchatka Choir Capella, Moscow Symphony Orchestra "Globalis" (conductor - People's Artist of Russia Pavel Ovsyannikov). Approved by the Law of the Kamchatka Territory dated 05.03.2010 No. 397 "On the Anthem of the Kamchatka Territory".

1.8. Brief historical background

For the first time, the administrative status of Kamchatka was defined as an independent Kamchatka region within the Irkutsk province by the Named Decree of August 11, 1803 "On the structure of regional government in Kamchatka." The territory included the Nizhnekamchatsk district and the Okhotsk district of the Gizhiginsky district. By the decree of April 9, 1812, "The present regional government in Kamchatka, as too extensive and complex for the region," was abolished. The head of Kamchatka was appointed from among the officers of the maritime department and the Petropavlovsk port was determined by his location.

By the highest decree of the Governing Senate, the Kamchatka region was re-established on December 2, 1849: "From the parts subordinate to the Kamchatka Primorsky administration and the Gizhiginsky district, form a special region, which will be called the Kamchatka region." The first governor of the Kamchatka region was Major General (later Rear Admiral) Vasily Stepanovich Zavoiko. The heroic defense of Petropavlovsk from the Anglo-French squadron in August 1854 is directly connected with his name.

In 1856, in connection with a change in Russian policy in the Far East, the Petropavlovsk District was formed as part of the Primorsky Region. The administrative status of an independent region was returned to Kamchatka in 1909. By this time, the region consisted of 6 counties, occupying the entire northeast, included an area of about 1360 thousand square meters. km.

On November 10, 1922, Soviet power was established in the region in the person of the Oblnarrevkom, and the territory was renamed into Kamchatka province.

Since January 1, 1926, the Kamchatka District, consisting of 8 districts (Anadyr, Karaginsky, Penzhinsky, Petropavlovsky, Tigilsky, Ust-Kamchatsky, Ust-Bolsheretsky, Chukotsky), is part of the Far Eastern Territory.

By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on November 22, 1932, the Kamchatka province (district) was reorganized into the Kamchatka region as part of the Far Eastern Territory.

In October 1938, the Kamchatka region, after another administrative-territorial division, became part of the Khabarovsk Territory with 13 districts, the Koryak and Chukotka national districts.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 23, 1956, the Kamchatka Region, together with the Koryak District, was separated from the Khabarovsk Territory as an independent administrative entity of the RSFSR.

The separation of the Kamchatka region into an independent administrative-territorial unit contributed to the acceleration of the growth of its productive forces, social and cultural development. The Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant, the Avachinsky fur farm, and two fur farms were commissioned. The All-Union sanatorium “Nachiki” was built. In 1961, the television center began operating. In 1962, the Institute of Volcanology of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized. In 1967, Tralflot, Okeanrybflot, Kamchatrybflot were organized.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 17, 1967, the Kamchatka region was awarded the Order of V.I. Lenin.

Kamchatka Territory was formed on July 1, 2007 as a result of the unification of the Kamchatka Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law of 12.07.2006 No. 2-FKZ "On the formation of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation within the Russian Federation as a result of the unification of the Kamchatka Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. ".

The administrative center of the Kamchatka Territory - the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, is an international sea and air port. Formed in 1740 (the year the port was founded). It was approved by the city in 1812 with the name Petropavlovsk port. In 1924 it was renamed the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

By the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on November 3, 2011, the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was awarded the honorary title "City of Military Glory". In 2016, a stele of the City of Military Glory was installed in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

This edition of the Passport of the Kamchatka Territory was prepared as of 01.01.2019.

1.1 Geographical location

Kamchatka Territory is part of the Far Eastern Federal District and occupies the Kamchatka Peninsula with the adjacent mainland, as well as the Commander and Karaginsky Islands. The Kamchatka Territory borders in the northwest with the Magadan Region, in the north with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and in the south with the Sakhalin Region.

From the east, Kamchatka is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, from the northeast - by the waters of the Bering Sea, from the west - by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk.

1.2. Territory

The administrative center is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

1.3. Climate

1.4. Population

The population of the region as of January 1, 2019 amounted to 314.7 thousand people (0.2% of the population of the Russian Federation), having decreased by 832 people in 2018. The decrease in the population of the region is due to 84.1% of the migration outflow and 15.9% - to natural decline.

In 2018, 3,417 children were born, which is 8.9% less than in the previous year. The total fertility rate in the whole region was 11.0% (on average in Russia - 10.9%). 3,549 people died, which is 2.3% more than in 2017. The average annual mortality rate was 11.2% (on average in Russia - 12.4%).

The population density is 0.7 people per 1 sq. km, which is 13 times lower than in Russia as a whole. The population is distributed over the territory of the region extremely unevenly - from 0.02 people per 1 sq. km in Penzhinsky district up to 586 people per 1 sq. km in the city of Yelizovo. The majority of the population lives in the cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Elizovo, Vilyuchinsk and the valleys of the Avacha and Kamchatka rivers.

The share of the urban population is 78.4% (246.8 thousand people), the rural population is 21.6% (68.0 thousand people).

The labor force was 179.4 thousand people (57.0% of the total population of the region).

Standards of living

2018 in the Kamchatka Territory was characterized by a decline in living standards, despite an increase in wages. The main reason is the lag in the growth rates of the average per capita money income of the population and pensions from the rates of inflationary processes.

Average per capita cash income in 2018 was 42,021.7 rubles, real cash income was 99.4%.

The average nominal accrued wages in the Kamchatka Territory in 2018 amounted to 72,692.6 rubles (an increase to the level of 2017 was 10.5%), real wages - 107.9%.

The number of officially registered unemployed at the end of December 2018 amounted to 2.6 thousand people (1.4% of the labor force).

The cost of living in the Kamchatka Territory in 2018 per capita was 19,481 rubles (for the working-age population - 20,494 rubles, for pensioners - 15,478 rubles, for children - 20,934 rubles).

According to preliminary data, the share of the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level in 2018 decreased by 1% compared to 2017 and amounted to 16.5%.

1.5. Administrative divisions

The Kamchatka Territory includes 87 settlements, including:

cities of regional subordination - 3 (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vilyuchinsk, Elizovo);
urban-type settlements - 1 (urban-type settlement Palana);
workers' settlements - 1 (r.p. Vulkanny);
rural settlements - 82.

Kamchatka Krai includes 66 municipalities, including 3 have the status of "City District":

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district;
Vilyuchinsky urban district;
City district "Palana village";

11 have the status of "Municipal District":

Aleutian municipal district;

Bystrinsky municipal district;
Elizovsky municipal district;
Milkovsky municipal district;
Sobolevsky municipal district;
Ust-Bolsheretskiy municipal district;
Ust-Kamchatskiy municipal district;
Karaginsky municipal district;
Olyutorsky municipal district;
Penzhinsky municipal district;
Tigil municipal district.

One of the regions of the region - Aleutian - is located on the Commander Islands.

Karaginsky, Olyutorsky, Penzhinsky and Tigilsky municipal districts are part of the territory with a special status Koryaksky district.

The municipal districts include 5 urban settlements and 46 rural settlements.

Four European states could be located on the territory of the Kamchatka Territory: England, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg taken together.

1.6. Political parties

There are 17 regional branches of all-Russian political parties registered in the Kamchatka Territory. The most active and numerous are:

Kamchatka regional branch of the All-Russian political party "UNITED RUSSIA";

Kamchatka regional branch of the political party "Liberal Democratic Party of Russia";

Kamchatka regional branch of the political party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation";

Regional branch of the political party "A JUST RUSSIA" in the Kamchatka Territory.

Coat of arms of the Kamchatka Territory

Anthem of the Kamchatka Territory

1.8. Brief historical background

On November 10, 1922, Soviet power was established in the region in the person of the Oblnarrevkom, and the territory was renamed into Kamchatka province.

In October 1938, the Kamchatka region, after another administrative-territorial division, became part of the Khabarovsk Territory with 13 districts, the Koryak and Chukotka national districts.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 17, 1967, the Kamchatka region was awarded the Order of V.I. Lenin.

The administrative center of the Kamchatka Territory - the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, is an international sea and air port. Formed in 1740 (the year the port was founded). Approved by the city in 1812 with the name Petropavlovsk port. In 1924 it was renamed the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.