The complex of production processes, technical means and equipment, including construction, installation, auxiliary, transport work, as well as work related to the restoration, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures, their disassembly and relocation, needs ergonomic research and development. However, they have not yet received proper development. It is no coincidence that the construction industry in the overwhelming majority of countries has the most high level injuries and occupational diseases compared to all other industries.

There are still few institutes or centers in the world that specialize in ergonomic research and development in construction. The countries in which work is being carried out quite intensively in this area include Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, and the USA. Most of the research is related to the study of harmful and dangerous factors in construction, where there is still an extremely high exercise stress working in comparison with other industries. The lifting and transfer of loads is in many cases carried out manually. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of dust in the air, high noise level, vibration, poor lighting, especially in winter time years, work in unfavorable climatic conditions - the main harmful and dangerous factors in construction.

The Swedish Building Ergonomics Laboratory has completed three major projects.

The goal of the first - "Ergonomics and rationalization of work in trenches for laying a pipeline" - is to determine the necessary working space for laying pipes in open trenches, as well as to develop ergonomically perfect tools for this type of work. The project was carried out mainly in the laboratory. A life-size model of a trench with sliding walls was placed in a gravel box. The experiment involved skilled workers.

The second project - "Installation of a corrugated iron structure at roofing works". Laboratory staff suggested several simple and practical installation methods, as well as safety measures. In addition, the installation equipment was developed taking into account the requirements of ergonomics.

The third project, Concrete Pipe Transportation and Laying, was developed jointly with a construction contractor and two engineering companies. The project covered the stages from the delivery of pipes from the factory to their final installation. As a result, not only ergonomic and technical proposals for the piping system were developed, but also new types of cooperation between research and industrial organizations were introduced.

Ergonomic problems in construction are associated with the mechanization of work (Fig. 6-8). Canadian experts analyzed the convenience of drivers' access to the cabs of road construction machines and identified a number of shortcomings: lack of handrails, too high steps, narrow doorways, etc., which is the cause of industrial injuries and creates inconvenience in work. The manual "Ergonomic foundations for the design of tower crane cabins" was prepared and published, in the creation of which the employees of the Institute of Health and the Office of Occupational Safety in Construction of the Netherlands took part.

Architectural and interior design are faced with ergonomic problems when solving the following tasks: 1) determining the relationship between architectural structures and models of space organization ;?
2) dimensions, shape and others general properties space;

3) organization of travel routes that meet the requirements for the performance of activities and their efficiency, labor protection and safety;

4) compatibility of human activities and the environment;

5) the main types of furniture, accessories, equipment and their design characteristics that affect the performance of the activity, its results and the satisfaction received from it;

6) the location of furniture, fixtures and fittings;

7) groups of people and activities requiring special furniture, accessories and their placement, as well as those aspects of health and safety that, although unlikely, should be considered, are essential for the project;

8) surface finish, if it can influence the perception and activity of a person;

9) the influence of temperature, air movement, humidity, sound, noise, lighting and climatic conditions on human performance and the creation of comfortable conditions for activity;

10) the impact of new products and evolving technology but the characteristics of the traditional building type.

Rice. 6-8. Crawler excavator with a comfortable cab (Sennebogen Straubing, Germany)

A typical ergonomic program that provides for the solution of the above tasks includes 26 items. Ergonomic programs differ, although they have much in common, depending on the type of buildings and the characteristics of people's behavior and activities in them.

The ergonomic programs for designing a residential complex and an airport, a theater and a post office, an industrial building and a hospital differ significantly. Analysis and study of specific types of labor activity are decisive in the design of workshops of industrial buildings. The design of industrial interiors by methods and means of architecture, design and ergonomics is aimed at creating best conditions work and short-term rest, promoting the formation of a sense of job satisfaction and, on this basis, increasing the efficiency and quality of labor activity.

Ergonomic research in theater design is a rarity. The Swedish Theater Federation has taken an initiative to study working conditions in theaters. This research has resulted in an ergonomic research project, the main goal of which is to study theatrical production, especially the impact of the results of creative activity on the production process and the theater's technical staff, and vice versa.

Theater by nature is a creative organization, but many of them today work in a highly industrialized environment.
a striped production system that includes almost all aspects of production. Theatrical production can be viewed as the interconnection of three parallel processes: creative, technical, and administrative. The specialists involved in them use different production methods, different technologies, have different level education, etc. But everyone involved in these three production processes creates one and only one joint product - a performance. On the one hand, the creative process that develops the stage interpretation of the text, on the other, the process of creating decorations, furniture, costumes, makeup, lighting, sound, etc. On the one hand, there is uncertainty, late decisions and even a certain degree of chaos, on the other, the need for order (a schedule that allows rational planning of production, and the organization of the activities of craftsmen who know their business and use their experience).

As previously happened in industry, so in theaters now there is a process of mastering new technologies. However, there is no transfer of knowledge from production. Theaters are following the same path of trial and error that industry has already followed. For example, too many functions are now transferred from man to machine. The typical result of this process is the computerized creation of sets without the knowledge of experienced stage workers, which sometimes leads to accidents, repetitive work and other negative consequences.

The fact that modern theater operates in a highly industrialized production system that includes many aspects of production has not yet been sufficiently reflected in architectural and design planning. Therefore, ergonomists, with rare exceptions, are not involved in the design of theaters. In theater buildings, beautifully equipped stages, magnificent foyers and auditoriums are created. But there is practically no room for rehearsals, workshops, storerooms and transport. It is no longer a question of creating normal conditions for effective and creative work the numerous production personnel of the theater, which negatively affects the most fragile, most ephemeral and most receptive of all the arts of the era - the theater, according to the connoisseur of this art, the Frenchman P. Pavi.

The complexity of the technical equipment of modern hospitals and the design of premises depending on their purpose - for patients, visitors, medical and service personnel - makes these objects of architectural and design design ergonomic in nature.

It is no less important that a physician, the main consumer of medical equipment, usually uses the same criteria as an ergonomist in assessing it. And finally, ergonomics is of particular importance for hospitals, since they are not only medical, but also social institutions in which conditions for a normal life must be created for a person.

The Swedish firm "Ergonomic Design" together with the Institute of Psychotechnics (Gothenburg) carried out an ergonomic analysis of the working conditions and equipment in the operating rooms of five hospitals in Stockholm. The research methodology included an analysis of the psychophysiological aspects of the activities of medical personnel (including through interviews), obtaining information about situations in which mistakes can be made, studying the influence of the organization of the workplace on the convenience of working postures during an operation, determining the route of movement of personnel during operations, the impact of improper placement of equipment in operating rooms on the work of doctors. The aim of the research was to develop ergonomic requirements for equipment and for the organization of the subject-spatial environment in operating rooms and their subsequent design.

In Germany in the 80s, designers and ergonomists of the Martin company designed a universal operating table that allows the patient to be given any desired position and to carry out operations of any specialization. The hospital bed has been the subject of ergonomic research and development for a relatively long time. The specialists of the Finnish company "Merivaaro" have created a bed for transporting patients in hospitals, which meets the requirements of ergonomics. It is easy to adapt to various patients and situations, it is convenient for medical personnel to use regulating mechanisms, it is equipped with many additional devices that facilitate the work of a doctor or nurse. The necessary amenities for the patient when moving to the bed are provided, various positions on it and return to the inpatient bed are provided, as well as during transportation around the hospital (Fig. 6-9).

Dental units "Ka Vo Systematics 1060 TK" developed in the late 80s and early 90s by German scientists and specialists ensure the comfort and safety of dentists' activities. When Ka Vo engineers, together with designers, practitioners and scientists, contemplated a new treatment facility for the 90s, everyone was thinking about the dentist and his activities: hard work, health risks, all kinds of medical procedures, every single manipulation. As a result, a comfortable, safe and beautiful dental unit "Ka Vo Systematics 1060 TK" was created, which thoroughly supports the dentist in his work: all treatment procedures are thought out in detail in accordance with ergonomic requirements; All important functions are taken over by the reliable intelligent control system of the Ka Vo. The installation is so comfortable that the patient can tolerate the treatment more easily. Thus, the created dental unit frees all participants in the treatment process from unnecessary work, unnecessary stress, unnecessary fear (Fig. 34 on the color tab).

More and more ergonomists are involved in the design and improvement of existing supermarkets
goods and shops. The activities and working conditions of 88 female cashiers of one of the supermarkets in France were studied. The results highlighted the factors that contribute to stress in cashiers. These include: working postures, working conditions (cold, drafts, poor lighting) and the forced speed of work. Measures were proposed to improve working conditions: better organization of shifts and rest breaks, standardization of workplaces, layouts and equipment (general recommendations, seats, footrests, cash register keyboard).

Since the second half of the 60s, many ergonomic

research on the activities and workload of cashiers and other supermarket workers is being conducted in Japan. Recommendations are being developed to improve the organization of their workplaces and working conditions.

The close relationship between architecture, design and lighting technology led to the inclusion of ergonomics in this triumvirate. A cardinal ergonomic solution for lighting shops and showcases, offices and apartments, museums and exhibition stands and other objects was proposed by the German company "ERKO". Until 1968, the main task of the company was the production of lighting fixtures. However, after self-critical analysis and careful research, the company came to the conclusion that it is not necessary to sell "beautiful" lamps that give purely random illumination, without any visible purpose, but the light of a specific quality emitted by the corresponding devices. In other words, visual comfort is more important than the sparkling effect of the luminaire. The company moved on to the production of products that can be denoted by the somewhat unusual term "light machines", that is, products designed for a specific, clearly defined purpose.

When creating modern schools, much attention is paid to the formation of the subject-spatial environment of the educational process. Today, hardly anyone doubts the close relationship between the learning process and the age-related characteristics of the behavior of children, the volumetric-planning solution of the school building, the formation of the physical environment (microclimate, lighting, color, noise, sounds, etc.) and the design of school furniture, equipment and technical funds. Workplace student (the design of the table and chair or, less often, desks, their sizes and arrangement of elements) is a traditional object of ergonomic research and development, the purpose of which is to create the best conditions for educational work sitting. This means creating the prerequisites for the correct posture of schoolchildren, less bending of the spine, preventing increased sweating of the abdominal part of the torso and pressure on the lower abdomen, better blood circulation in the lower extremities, as well as ensuring a normal distance of the eyes from the working surface of the table.

Rice. 6-9. Bed for transporting patients in hospitals. Convenient for medical personnel and patients (firm "Merivaaro", Finland)

Research on the sitting posture of schoolchildren, conducted in many countries by ergonomists, doctors and anthropologists in conjunction with teachers, makes it possible to identify and eliminate design flaws in modern school furniture. In a city in Denmark, a program of 90 short-term lessons, designed for five years, was introduced, during which students were taught how to properly sit at school desks and desks. To evaluate the results of such directed teaching of correct posture to schoolchildren, they were photographed with an automatic apparatus at intervals of 24 minutes during the four-hour exam. It turned out that, despite thoroughly working out the posture, all the students sat, bending as much as possible throughout the exam.
stood over tables, the height of which was clearly insufficient for them, especially for high school students. In the late 70s in Western Europe, it was found that over the previous 20-30 years, the average height of schoolchildren increased by 4-5 cm, but for some unknown reason, the height of school furniture even decreased over the same period.

The teacher's workplace, which in a modern school is increasingly turning into a kind of control panel for technical teaching aids, makes it possible to use ergonomic approaches in its design, similar to the development of an operator's workplace. However, traditional teacher jobs today also require serious ergonomic and design work. As a result of the unification of parts in a number of countries, tables for teachers are assembled from the same elements as for students, but with the use of additional boxes, pedestals, end panels.

The traditional principle of teaching according to the same schedule with the passage of the same material by the same type of groups of students is currently combined with other forms of education, including those with a different number of groups and a flexible schedule. The "constructor" method allows designers and ergonomists to create simple and inexpensive furniture modules, on the basis of which various options for planning and equipping classes are selected, depending on the composition of the students, the size and configuration of the premises, curriculum, etc. Schools do not receive furnishings, but containers with “ building material", From which the necessary items are assembled that meet the requirements of ergonomics and design. A new complex of psychological, pedagogical, ergonomic, hygienic and design problems arose with the computerization of higher and secondary schools, as well as preschool institutions.

1. 1. Lecture 2. Ergonomics of design Ergonomics - (from the Greek ergon- work, nomos- law), a scientific discipline that comprehensively studies the functional capabilities of a person in labor processes, revealing the patterns of creating optimal conditions for highly efficient activity. The purpose of ergonomics is to improve the efficiency and quality of human activity, while maintaining human health and creating prerequisites for the development of his personality. A machine in ergonomics is any technical device designed to purposefully change matter, energy, information, etc. The task of ergonomics is to design and improve the processes of performing activities, as well as to characterize the means and conditions that directly affect the efficiency and quality of human activity and psychophysiological state. Components of ergonomics. 1. Anthropometry. Anthropometry - (from the Greek antrbpos - man and… .metry) is an integral part of anthropology (the science of the origin and evolution of man), is a system for measuring the human body and its parts, morphological and functional features of the body. Distinguish: 1. Classical anthropometric signs (used in the study of body proportions, age morphology, to compare the morphological characteristics of different population groups). 2. Ergonomic anthropometric features (used in product design and work organization).
2. 2. 1) static signs - they are determined with a constant position of a person, (they include the dimensions of individual parts of the body and overall, i.e., the largest dimensions in different positions and poses of a person). These dimensions are used when designing products, determining the minimum space required by a person (for example, hiking), etc. 2) dynamic anthropometric features are dimensions measured when the body moves in space. They are characterized by angular and linear movements (angles of rotation in the joints, the angle of rotation of the head, linear measurements of the length of the arm when it moves up, towards, etc.). These signs are used when determining the angle of rotation of handles, pedals, determining the zone of visibility, etc. Anthropometric signs are determined taking into account age, sex, ethnic, territorial factors, because significantly depend on them (for example, the anthropometric characteristics of the average European differ from the anthropometric characteristics of the average Japanese). Numerical values anthropometric data are most often presented in the form of tables in anthropometric atlases. Values ​​are shown in percentiles (5 to 95). In general, the percentiles are 100, the most short person is equal to 1 percentile, the highest to 100. In anthropometric atlases of information about the lowest and tall people not given because of their exclusivity, deviations from the norm. To determine the size of elements and products for children, anthropometric data are used, grouped by height groups. Anthropometric points
3. 3.1) apical; 2) chin; 3) upper sternal; 4) mid-thoracic; 5) shoulder; 6) umbilical; 7) pubic; 8) beam; 9) trochanteric; 10) subulate; 11) phalanx; 12) finger; 13) upper tibial internal; 14) lower tibial; 15) calcaneal; 16) final. Fig. 1. Anthropometric points. 2. Engineering psychology. Engineering psychology is a branch of labor psychology that studies the relationship between man and technology. The main task is to study the processes of receiving, processing and storing information, which are carried out in the design and management of technical devices. In addition, engineering psychology solves the following problems: - distribution of functions between man and machine; - design of information systems, channel selection; - design of controls; - design of the workplace; - ensuring the convenience of technical use of the machine; - selection of personnel and their professional training.
4. 4. 3. Psychology of perception. Psychology of perception is a science that studies the features and patterns of visual, auditory and tactile perception of the surrounding object world. Ergonomic Requirements Ergonomic requirements are requirements that are imposed on the "man - machine - environment" system in order to optimize human performance. Ergonomic requirements are the basis for shaping the structure of an object, design development of spatial-compositional solutions for the system as a whole and its individual elements. Factors Determining Ergonomic Requirements. The ergonomic approach to solving the problem of optimizing human activity is determined by a complex of factors, the main ones are due to individual characteristics person. 1) social and psychological factors. It is assumed that the structure of the object and the organization of the workplace correspond to the nature of the degree of group interaction, and also establish interpersonal relationships in joint activities, managing the object. 2) anthropometric factors. They determine the conformity of the structure, shape, size of the object, equipment to the size and shape of the human body. Correspondence of the nature of the forms of products to the anatomical plastic of the human body. 3) psychological factors. It is assumed that the object, technological processes and environment correspond to the capabilities and characteristics of human perception, memory, thinking, psychomotor skills, and the fixed and newly formed human skills.
5. 5. 4) psychophysiological factors. Condition the correspondence of the object to visual, auditory and other human capabilities. Conditions for visual comfort and orientation in the subject environment. 5) physiological factors. They are designed to ensure compliance of the object with the physiological characteristics of a person, its speed, biomechanical and energy capabilities. 6) hygienic factors. They predetermine the requirements for illumination, gas composition, air environment, humidity, etc. Including the composition of the material from which the object is made. Rice. 2. Areas determining hygienic factors.
6. 6. Methods of ergonomic research For the correct design of any object, an ergonomic analysis of the activity (manipulation) of this object is of particular importance. This is done basically in two ways. 1. A professiogram is drawn up containing the requirements that the activity makes to the technical means and the psychophysiological properties of a person. In ergonomics, as a result of practice, two methods of obtaining the initial information necessary for compiling a professiogram have developed: descriptive and instrumental professiography. Descriptive professiography includes: 1) analysis of technical and operational documentation; 2) ergonomic and engineering-psychological examination of the equipment; 3) observation of the course of the work process and human behavior; 4) a conversation with a person; 5) self-report of a person in the process of activity; 6) questioning and expert review; Instrumental professiography includes: 1) measurement of indicators of environmental factors; 2) registration and subsequent analysis of errors; 3) objective registration of energy costs and functional state of the body of a working person (pulse rate, pressure, respiration, etc.); 4) objective registration and measurement of hardly distinguishable (in normal conditions) components of the work process, such as the direction and switching of attention, the operation of controls, etc. (for example, with the help of video filming).
7. 7. 5) Objective registration and measurement of indicators of physiological and functional systems, providing the processes of signal detection, the selection of informative signs, as well as executive actions. The listed methods of professional research are used depending on the degree of complexity of the activity being studied and the required completeness of its description. In many cases, it is sufficient to use the method of descriptive professiography. 2. Somatographic and experimental (model) methods. These methods for solving ergonomic problems are used to select the optimal relationships between the proportions of a human figure and the shape, dimensions of a machine (object), and its elements. 1) Somatography (from the Greek somatos - body and ... graphy) - a method of schematic representation of the human body in technical or other documentation in connection with the problems of choosing the relationship between the proportions of a human figure, the shape and size of the workplace. All norms and techniques of technical drawing and descriptive geometry are used in engineering graphics. The high labor intensity makes it difficult to use classical self-photography. Less laborious and more efficient is the method of flat mannequins (model templates), bodies with articulated joints. Using a schematic image (template), you can check: 1) the ratio of the proportions of the human figure, the size and shape of the workplace; 2) the accessibility and convenience of their placement of the accommodation bodies; 3) optimal and maximum limits of the reach of the extremities;
8. 8. 4) an overview of the workplace and the conditions of visual perception, for example, tracking an object of observation (indicators), etc .; 5) the convenience of the form of the workplace, space for manipulation, sitting, console, etc .; 6) the convenience of approaching or leaving the workplace, the optimal size of approaches, communications. 2) Experimental (prototype) methods. Based on the use of prototyping of the designed equipment in various scales and with varying degrees of detail. In this case, volumetric antopomannequins are used; one of the types of such mannequins is called "multimen". Methods using dummies allow solving a number of problems: 1) to link complex structural structures of equipment with each other; 2) to achieve general and detailed proportionality of equipment to a person; 3) test the equipment that is still being designed for the convenience of work; 4) to work out the spatial parameters of the workplace and a number of other tasks related to taking into account the anthropometric characteristics of the users of the equipment being designed. In parallel with the use of dummies, a number of calculation procedures and geometric constructions are usually carried out on diagrams and drawings related to the patterns of accounting for anthropometric data. The methods described are directly intertwined with design engineering. The designer first presents the situation mentally, then more and more objectifiedly displays it in a series of graphic sketches, then in three-dimensional models, dummies and mannequins, and finally in an effective natural reproduction.

Cosmetology, design and stylistics

Symbols and signs: the semantic meaning of the sign readability the ratio of the area of ​​the auxiliary symbol to the area of ​​the background within 1: 1 or 1: 3. scale strictly established position of the sign Text documentation: the optimal ratio of direct and inverse contrast between text and background.

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Ergonomics is a field of knowledge that comprehensively studies the work activity of a person in the system "person - technology - environment" in order to ensure efficiency, safety and comfort of work. Ergonomics is the science of systems. It includes concepts such as anthropometry, biomechanics, occupational health, occupational physiology, technical aesthetics, occupational psychology, and engineering psychology. This is a branch of science that studies the movements of the human body during work, energy costs and the productivity of specific human labor. Application area

ergonomics is quite broad: it covers the organization of workplaces, both industrial and household, as well as industrial design. Ergonomics is a scientific and applied discipline dealing with the study and creation of effective human-controlled systems. Ergonomics studies the movement of a person in the process of production activities, the cost of his energy, productivity and intensity for specific types of work. Ergonomics is subdivided into minergonomics, midiergonomics, and macroergonomics. Ergonomics is based on many disciplines from anatomy to psychology, and its main task is to create

such working conditions for a person that would contribute to maintaining health, increasing labor efficiency, reducing fatigue, and simply maintaining a good mood throughout the working day. The emergence of ergonomics was facilitated by the problems associated with the introduction and operation of new equipment and technologies in the twentieth century, namely the growth of industrial injuries, staff turnover, etc., since scientific and technological progress began to gain momentum, and this required a new combination of sciences with the active involvement of psychology, hygiene and much more.

The purposeergonomics is the study of the laws of labor processes, the role of human factors in labor activities and increasing the efficiency of production while observing the conditions of labor safety. E. includes the study of conflict situations, stress in the workplace, fatigue and stress, taking into account the individual characteristics of the employee. Pays attention to the process of selection, training and retraining of specialists. The creation of an information base, communications, workplace design directly affects the production process and relationships. The development of uniform standards and criteria for labor activity for each profession in such conditions is important for safety, minimization emergency situations and optimization of working conditions.

Topic 37. Anthropometric requirements in ergonomics

Anthropometry- a branch of science dealing with measurements of the human body and its parts. The form and functional dimensions of the entire object environment, its volumetric-spatial structures are inextricably linked with the dimensions and proportions of the human body throughout the history of civilization. The ancient peoples and peoples of all of Europe up to the 19th century used systems of measures based on the parameters of the human body (elbow, foot, foot, etc.). Builders, architects erected buildings in which not only the ratios of the parts were in tune with the proportions of a person, but the absolute dimensions of the buildings themselves were commensurate with people. Artists and sculptors, in order to obtain simple means for reproducing a figure without referring to nature, as well as striving to create a harmonious image of a person, proposed and used systems of proportions - canons.

In the canon of Polycletus, the sculptor of Ancient Greece, the width of the palm was taken as a unit and the head was 1/8 of the body length, and the face was 1/10, etc. Canon Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - a figure with raised and spread arms and legs apart fits into a circle, the center of which is the navel. The architect Corbusier (1887-1965) patented a proportioning system called Modulor. It is a scale of linear dimensions that meet three requirements: they are in certain proportional relationships with each other, allowing the structure and its details to be harmonized; directly correlate with the dimensions of the human body, thereby ensuring the human scale of architecture; expressed in the metric system of measures and therefore meet the tasks of unification of building products. In modern practice, they prefer to use anthropometric characteristics person. Distinguish classic and anthropometric ergonomic features. The former are used in the study of body proportions, age morphology, to compare the morphological characteristics of different groups of the population, and the latter are used in the design of products and the organization of labor. Ergonomic anthropometric features are divided into static and dynamic. Static signs are determined with the person's position unchanged. They include the dimensions of individual parts of the body and overall (largest) dimensions in different positions and postures of a person. These dimensions are used in product design, minimum passages, and more. Dynamic anthropometric features are the dimensions measured when the body moves in space. They are characterized by angular and linear movements (angles of rotation in the joints, the angle of rotation of the head, linear measurements of the length of the arm when it moves up, to the side, etc.). These signs are used when determining the angle of rotation of handles, pedals, determining the zone of visibility, etc. The numerical values ​​of anthropometric data are most often presented in the form of tables. The basis of the general rules for the use of anthropometric data when calculating the parameters of workplaces and production equipment is the percentile method. Percentile- one hundredth of the measured population of people, which corresponds to a certain value of the anthropometric characteristic.

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