Children's derivational neologism is a new word created by a child. In Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky's book "From Two to Five" we find three varieties of children's word-building neologisms. Let's call them etymological, homonymous and analogous.

Etymological neologisms

Already Small child capable of derivational analysis. For example, he is well aware that a "house" is a very large house, and a "street" is a very small street. But how can he comprehend words that are not amenable to word-formation analysis? It acts in the same way as adults using the mechanism of folk etymology: Vaseline turns into " mazeline", lipstick - in " ointment", compress - in " mocress", thermometer - in " thermometer", loop - in " I cling"(from "to cling", mercury - in " vertutia"(from" spinning "), a drill - in" Bolmashina", cracker - in" kusarik", hairdresser - in " whirlwind", valerian - in " bolerian", fan - in " ventilator", web - in " spider", spring - in " mug", a policeman - in" ulicionera", excavator - in " sander", cheesecake - in tvorushku" (from "cottage cheese"). Etc.

The extraordinary word-formation activity of young children is clearly evidenced by their etymological captiousness. Many of them are not satisfied with the etymology (origin) of some words. Moreover, in their criticism of the adult language, they reach the point of wanting to replace the existing words, the derivational nature of which does not suit them, with more, from their point of view, successful ones.

Why a stream? It should be murmuring. After all, he does not rule, but murmurs.

Why do you say poplar? After all, he does not stomp.

Why do you say nails! Our nails are on our feet. And those on the hands are hands.

Why do you say the fish are biting? She has no beak.

Why pouring spoon? It would be necessary pouring.

Why a penknife? It should be otochitelny. I don't fix any feathers for them."

Homonymous neologisms

Sometimes a child creates words that coincide in their sound form with words already present in the adult language. In other words, without knowing it, he creates homonymous words. Here are some examples we find in the book of K.I. Chukovsky: Caterpillar instead of a goose mistress("Grandma! You are my best lover!"), whore("Mom, I'm such a whore! - And showed the rope that she managed to unravel"), pasta instead of Makarovna (Once upon a time there was a shepherd, his name was Makar. And he had a daughter, Makaron); stoker (wife of the stoker), pike perch (defendant); frown (eat soup), etc.

Analogous neologisms

This type children's derivational neologisms is the most numerous. Let's divide them into three groups according to parts of speech - nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Nouns: dragonfly (dragonfly's husband); cones (Will you drink a cone? - Yes. - So that cones grow?); Spoon (What a terrible Spoon you are! To get up now!); postman (postman); angry (wrinkles); laughter (I already felt sour in my mouth from pampering, from laughter); slowed down (brake); crawler (worm, by analogy with "beetle" or "spider"); shoes (shoes); spatter (We swam well. We raised such spatter!); taught (textbook); salt box (salt shaker); more (Two-year-old Sasha was asked: "Where are you going?" - "For the sand." - "But you already brought it." - "I'm going for more") (3:278). Etc.

Adjectives: nickname (I am my mother's and more nickname); smelly, stuffy (Lyalechka was sprinkled with perfume: "I'm all so smelly. I'm all so stuffy"); all-holy (I lit a fire for the children. A two-year-old neighbor girl crawled solidly from a distance: “Is this all-holy fire?”. - “All-holy, all-holy! Come, do not be afraid!” (3:271); window (What a window house!"). Etc.

Verbs: beautiful (And spinning at the mirror: "I, mommy, am beautiful!") (3:269); soak beads (similar to string on a thread); hoof (hit with a hoof); to make (about rain); unpack; sleep off (“Wait, I haven’t sleep off yet”); zahorosit ("The whole bridge zahoroshit"); stare ("What are you so staring at?"); to break (wash the floor); do not wash God (do not say "My God"); chick ("The mother hen chicked"); salt out; work out; remember; soil; clear out; drown, drown (about a doll in a bath); fight back ("I sit and fight back"), etc.

Lexical neologisms

There are two lexical ways of word formation - metaphorization and metonymization. In the first case, the word appears in the language due to its figurative use by the similarity of the designated objects, and in the second - by contiguity. Examples of metaphorization: a hat (at a nail), a fist (a wealthy peasant), a bunny (a sun glare), a syllable (style), etc. Examples of metonymization: riding breeches, ampere, volt, x-ray, etc. The first of these methods of lexical word formation - metaphorization. But they approach him with caution. At first, they offer a clear resistance to the metaphor. Here is how K.I. wrote about it. Chukovsky in the section "Against Metaphors": "Complain, for example, in front of a child - Today my head is terribly cracking! And the child will mockingly ask: - Why can't you hear the cod? And thereby emphasize his negative attitude towards the strange (for him) manner of adults expressing their thoughts as metaphors so far removed from the true realities of life."

Other examples: “They ask him about his sister: - What is it that your Irishka lies down with roosters? - She doesn’t lie down with roosters - they peck: she lies down alone in her bed.

Here in the winter snow will fall, frost will hit ... - And then I will not go out into the street. - Why? “And so that the frosts do not hit me.”

The child has particular resistance to phraseological units built on metaphor. It seems to him wild, for example, such stable phrases as "to eat a dog" or "hens do not peck money." He understands them in the literal sense: “When he heard that the old woman who came to visit “ate the dog” on some business, he hid his beloved dog from her ... About some doctor, the big ones said in Mitya’s presence that His chickens don't peck money.When Mitya was brought to this rich doctor, he, of course, immediately asked: "Where are your chickens?"

Morphological neologisms

If, when creating word-forming neologisms, we are dealing with the formation of new words, then when creating morphological neologisms, we are dealing with the creation of unusual morphological forms of a particular word. Linguists call these word forms hypercorrect (supercorrect). So, English children use regular verbs instead of irregular ones (instead of went "went" - went; instead of did "did" - doed; instead of thought "thought" - thought, etc.). In Russian, you can hear such children's hypercorrectisms as "idil" (went), "bad" (worse), "good" (better), etc.

In the analyzed book by K.I. Chukovsky, we find two striking cases of the use of morphological neologisms: the attribution of masculine gender to nouns, which in literary language they don’t have it (“A tit is an aunt, and an uncle is a tit”; “A woman is a mermaid. A man is a mermaid”) (3:302); creating a comparative degree from words that do not have it. For example:

Dad himself told me ... - Mom herself told me ... - But dad same Mom... Dad is much the same.

Another example: "Yura proudly thought that he had the fattest nanny. Suddenly, on a walk in the park, he met an even fatter one. - This aunt is behind you," he said reproachfully to his nanny "(3:270).

Now we understand why K.I. Chukovsky called "From two to five". It is during these years that the child "becomes a brilliant linguist." It was during these years that he generously endowed his loved ones with neologisms of his own composition. Chukovsky called them one-day words. He wrote: “All these are impromptu words, one-day words that did not even pretend to be introduced into the language, enter into general speech use, become universally suitable. Created for this occasion, they were most often cultivated in home conversations, in in private letters, in humorous poems, and died immediately after their birth. These words are not entirely fair. They are true for those children's neologisms that were destined for a short life. But they are unfair to those neologisms that the wise author immortalized in his excellent book "From Two to Five".

5. Dictionaries

In the Russian lexicographic tradition, neologisms are recorded in special dictionaries. The most famous of them:

New words and meanings // Ed. N.Z. Kotelova, Yu.S. Sorokin. L., 1973, 1984.

New words and meanings // Ed. E.A. Levashova. SPb., 1997.

Dictionary Russian language of the late twentieth century / Ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. SPb., 1998.

Perestroika Dictionary / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. SPb., 1992.

New in Russian vocabulary. Vocabulary materials. 1977-1996.

Pertsova N.N. Dictionary of neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov. Vein; Moscow, 1995.

Kozyrev V.A., Chernyak V.D. The universe in alphabetical order // Essays on dictionaries of the Russian language. St. Petersburg, 2000.

Kozyrev V.A., Chernyak V.D. Dictionaries of neologisms // Essays on dictionaries of the Russian language. St. Petersburg, 2000.

Questions for self-examination

1. Prove with specific examples that a word is considered a neologism as long as speakers feel the effect of novelty and freshness in it.

2. Show the difference between lexical, semantic and lexical-derivational neologisms. Give examples.

3. Why do many researchers oppose neologisms to occasional words? What is the difference?

4. Name the types of occasionalisms and give examples from artistic speech.

5. Give examples of children's neologisms of different types.

Creation of a new nomination (actual neologisms)

In the Russian language, there is very often no one-word name for an object or phenomenon of reality: "only in some cases in an adult language are the necessary words formed with the help of other word-formation means. Often a children's word fills an absolute gap, that is, it falls into the category of innovations not because formed in some way different from that chosen by our language, but because our language did not create a word expressing this meaning. Often we are content with descriptive constructions, i.e. we use phrases ". The child, realizing the potential of the word-formation mechanism, gives this or that phenomenon a one-word nomination, which, regardless of which model was used, falls into the category of “occasional” formations.

Giving its own name to the phenomenon, the child relies on those signs that seem to him the most significant. At the same time, connections are established with the action, object, sign; accordingly, children's innovation turns out to be word-formation related to a verb, a noun, an adjective.

Race - play race

Play racing- means overtake each other, so the child creates a reciprocal reflexive verb. Mutually - reflexive verbs in the speech of children are few, since the number of situations indicated by them is also small, however, if it is necessary to indicate such a situation, the child, without hesitation, forms the postfixal verb he needs. “A five-year-old boy on the street, to the surprise of his grandmother, politely greeted an unfamiliar woman and after a while explained: “We still remember this aunt! (remember each other)" .

Slate - a piece of slate

In Russian, substantive nouns with the suffix - onok"they call a person or animal characterized by childishness, immaturity" . It should be noted that in children's speech the circle of producers can be expanded so much that inanimate objects also appear in it. In this case, the meaning of immaturity is deformed into the meaning of diminutiveness. It is possible that the circumstance that "up to a certain time, children poorly distinguish between the living and the inanimate, the animate and the inanimate" plays a role here. This is also due to psychology. given age, because "it seems to children that everyone has a mom and dad: at the leaf, at the house, at the ant" .

Thus, the child creates a completely new type of formation of nouns from the names of inanimate objects (an example of the occasionalism of such a plan "rice - rice" is given).

Corner - cut diagonally

Straighten - cut straight

In words formed within the framework of an unproductive type V Ѓ© for - + S + - and-, is assigned the meaning "to turn into what is called a motivating noun: swamp". For a child, a diagonal cut of a rectangular sheet of paper means getting two triangles.

Not knowing the exact name of geometric shapes, lines, the child imagines that he has got "corners" (recall the ruler, which is called corner).

Word straighten created by type V Ѓ© for - + A + - and - with the meaning "to endow with that sign, which is called a motivating adjective: make it difficult" . In this way, straighten - make a straight cut.

Consequently, we can recognize the first word as an occasional neoplasm, and the second as a potential one.

Namer - one who calls names

Since there is no one-word nomination in the language to designate a person who gives offensive names, i.e. call names, the child uses this verb as a motivator and attaches the suffix to it - tel - with the meaning "carrier of a procedural sign" .

Puppy - big puppy

Puppy - a very small puppy

It seems to us that for a child, in contrast to the language system, the difference in the designation of puppies is fundamentally important. different ages and (respectively) different sizes, so by the way puppy he adds the suffix - search-, expressing "magnifying value", and uses in his speech a potential formation puppy dog. It can be assumed that the appearance of the word puppy("very small puppy") is due to the fact that the child knows the meaning of the word Negritonok, in which the suffix is ek - expresses a subjective assessment. Mistaking that the word Negritonochek derived directly from the noun black person, the child creates a new nomination according to the word-formation model formulated by him ( puppy + - baby-). Thus, this neologism, formed in violation of the norms of Russian derivatology, is an occasional unit.

Snowplow - lots of snow

It can be assumed that we have a case of a discrepancy between formal and semantic motivation: since a lot of snowballs can be made from a large amount of snow, the child verbalizes this phenomenon of nature with a neologism snowplow, while the formal motivator is the word snowball, and semantic - snow.

Cracked building - a building with crumbling plaster in places

A child looking at a building with plaster that has fallen off in places has the impression that it (the building) has been "picked" (cf .: pick - "penetrate inside, breaking off pieces"). Because in the language, according to the child, there is no suitable nomination (cf. shabby - "dirty, tattered”), he creates his own - verbal adjective picky.

Cleaners - cotton buds

Since for the child the main thing in this language situation is the action performed with the help of the object, he makes the verb clean motivating word, using the suffix - OK-. In it is noted that the words formed from the verb with the help of this suffix denote "an object, a tool with which an action called a motivating word is performed," therefore, we can recognize the indicated neoplasm as potential.

Swimming pool - computer game (sea strategy)

The child gives his own name to the game, because he does not find the necessary designation in modern language. In WG-80, nouns of this type are fixed, which are called "an object that performs an action called a motivating word, or is intended to perform this action." In this regard, the basis of the name computer game supposed, although not real, but virtual action to swim.

Mouse - male mouse

The word for an animal of a given species does not specify the meaning of the genus, so the child, specifying the ancestry of the mouse, creates a new nomination using the suffix - ak-, because words formed within the framework of a derivational type S Ѓ© S + - ac-, can name animals ( trotter, horse) and male animals ( gander) .

Table of contents

Introduction 3
1. The specifics of creating neologisms in children's speech 5
1.1. The essence of the concept of "neologism" 5
1.2. Features of children's speech 10
1.3. The formation of neologisms in children's speech 19
2. Analysis of children's neologisms 27
2.1. Observation of the formation of children's neologisms 27
2.2. Examples of neologisms in children's speech 30
Conclusion 37
References 40

Introduction

The relevance of the work. In recent decades, in psychological, linguistic and psycholinguistic studies, the significant role of mastering the processes of word formation for normal development has been emphasized. oral speech children. It is proved that not only the state of the lexical system of the language depends on the full mastery of word formation, but also the development of the language competence of the child and his speech communication in general. Analyzing the speech manifestations of children with normal speech, scientists determined the patterns, sequence and stages of the formation of the word-formation system of the language in ontogenesis.
The degree of development of the topic. The problems of the functioning of language units are considered in the studies of N.S. Valgina, L.A. Vvedenskaya, M.N. Cherkasova, I.B. Golub, A.I. Gorshkov, whose work is devoted to the Russian language and culture of speech, Russian style.
In the works of L.N. Efimenkova, G.I. Zharenkova, N.S. Zhukova, A.N. Korneva, R.I. Lalaeva, R.E. Levina, E.M. Mastyukova, E.F. Sobotovich, L.F. Spirova, T.V. Tumanova, T.B. Filicheva, T.B. Cheveleva, G.V. Chirkina, A.V. Yastrebova and others devoted to the study general development speech, contains data on the specifics of the flow of word-formation operations in children. Scientists come to the conclusion that children quickly master the skills of forming verbs, which significantly enriches the ability of children to use language tools.
The purpose of the work is to study neologisms in children's speech.
Achieving the goal involves solving a number of tasks:
1) determine the essence of the concept of "neologism";
2) consider the features of children's speech;
3) to study the formation of neologisms in children's speech;
4) to monitor the formation of children's neologisms;
5) to characterize examples of neologisms in children's speech.
The object of study in the study is children's speech
The subject of study in the work is the features of the formation and use of neologisms in children's speech.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in the course of the study an attempt was made to identify the linguistic potential of neologisms in children's speech, which makes it possible to enrich the word-formation and lexical language models in the child's mind.
The main methods of our work are general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis. And also the private scientific method, such as observation.
The structure of the work is subject to the logic of scientific research and consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. The specifics of creating neologisms in children's speech

1.1. The essence of the concept of "neologism"

Using the definition taken from the encyclopedia "Russian language", we can say that neologism (from the Greek neos - "new", logos - "word") is "a word or figure of speech created to denote a new subject or expression of a new concept" . In modern Russian, neologisms are divided into linguistic and author's, or individually stylistic.
Linguistic neologisms are created mainly to designate a new subject, concept. They go into passive lexicon and are noted in the dictionaries of the Russian language.
A neologism is a word as long as it feels fresh. So, at one time the word "cosmodrome" was a neologism. Now this word is included in the lexical composition of the modern Russian language. And this, in turn, suggests that if the concept is relevant and the word naming it is well connected with other words, then the word will soon cease to be a neologism.
However, if we delve into the classification of new words, then among linguistic neologisms we can distinguish lexical and semantic ones.
Lexical neologisms include those words that are newly formed according to the models available in the language or borrowed from other languages. Formed by word-building ....

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Absurd(lat. absurdus, "discordant, absurd") - in a broad sense - something illogical, absurd, meaningless.

Accreditation(lat. accredo, "trust") - the procedure for officially confirming the compliance of an object with established criteria and indicators (standard).

excise tax(fr. accise) - the type of indirect (included in the price or tariff) taxes on goods, mainly mass consumption, services of private enterprises; paid by buyers (consumers).

Alternative(French alternative, from Latin alter- one of two), the need to choose one of two or more mutually exclusive possibilities; each of the mutually exclusive possibilities.

Ambition(from lat. ambition) - the desire to achieve goals, ambition. The demand for external signs of respect, honor.

underground(English) unerground- underground) - in relation to Russian culture - this is a form of consistent aesthetic and existential protest against the state-bureaucratic style of managing art and literature.

Animator(tracing paper from English animator) - artist design; an artist who portrays any characters at various events.

Upgrade(anglicism upgrade) - modernization, updating (software, hardware).

Apocalypse(gr. apocalypse- revelation) - The Revelation of John, one of the books of the New Testament, the oldest surviving Christian literary work (ser. 68 - early 69). The Church attributes to John the authorship of the prophecy about the "end of the world", about the struggle between Christ and the Antichrist, the "Last Judgment", "the thousand-year kingdom of God."

area(from lat. area- area, space), part of the earth's surface (or water area), within which one or another species (genus, family, etc.) of animals or plants is found.

Aura(lat. aura- "breeze", "breeze") - the astral shell.

Argument(lat. argumentum - story, argument, theme) - a logical premise used alone or in combination with others in order to prove the truth of a certain statement - the thesis.

B

biker(English) biker, from bike ← motorbike ← motorbicycle) is a lover and admirer of motorcycles. A careless, dashing driver of a motorcycle (originally a bicycle), usually in a black leather uniform. Unlike ordinary motorcyclists, bikers have a motorcycle as part of their lifestyle.

Bachelor(English) bachelor's degree) - an academic degree or qualification awarded to persons who have mastered the relevant educational programs of higher education.

Balloting or ballot(from fr. ballote, ball; borrowed from Italian ballotta; also fr. balloter, to elect by points, to run) - a method of elections, closed or secret voting.

Banal oh, oh; -flax, flax, flax (fr. banal). Lost expressiveness due to frequent repetition, battered, very ordinary, vulgar. Banal phrase. Banal denouement of the play. Banal gesture.

Barter(from the French barter- to exchange) - a natural exchange of goods, in which one thing is exchanged for another without monetary payment; a trade transaction carried out according to the “goods for goods” scheme.

Business(English) business- business) - entrepreneurial, commercial or other activity aimed at making a profit.

Businessman(English) business men) - one who is engaged in business; entrepreneur, businessman.

blockbuster(English) block buster- powerful bomb, aerial bomb (bomb), from block- quarter and bust- destroy, lit. "destroyer of the quarter") is a neologism coined in 1942, meaning a bomb to destroy cities. This term, which came into theatrical slang, began to mean a particularly successful play. In the 1970s, blockbusters in the United States began to be called films that made a splash (the effect of an exploding bomb) and, as a result, collected a large box office at the box office.

Action or action movie(action movie) action movie- letters. action film) is a genre of cinema that focuses on violence: gunfights, fights, chases, etc.

Boyfriend(from English. boyfriend) is an anglicism that is well-established in a number of languages. The same as the boyfriend, lover of a woman, girl.

Bowling(from English. to bowl- roll) - a sports game of balls, which originated from the game of skittles. The goal of the game is to knock down the skittles, set in a special way at the end of the lane, with the help of as few balls thrown by hand as possible.

Beau monde(from fr. beau- "best", "good" and Monde- "light") - borrowed in the 19th century from French Beaumonde. For the first time, Russian dictionaries record the word beau monde in 1863 in the meaning of "high society" (Petersburg beau monde, district beau monde). In our time, the word "beau monde" has lost its social meaning and has begun to be used in the sense of "the best representatives of a certain circle" - from among writers, theater and film artists, artists, etc.

Bonus(lat. bonus) - additional remuneration, encouragement, allowance, bonus.

Blog(English) blog(short for web+log) - an online event log, an online diary) - a website, an analogue of a notebook or a personal diary, only on the Internet.

Browser(English) web browser) - application software for browsing web pages; content of web documents, computer files and their directories; web application management; as well as for other tasks.

Brand(English) brand, - stigma) - a sign, a rating of a product, a trademark, which in the consumer's mind has certain characteristic valuable properties and attributes. The brand has a high reputation with the consumer and symbolizes certain qualities of the product or the characteristics of the manufacturer of the product. To do this, the brand must be recognizable; as a rule, the rights to use it are protected legally.

Broker(from English. broker- broker, broker, intermediary) - a legal or natural person performing intermediary functions between the seller and the buyer. The broker receives remuneration in the form of commissions.

Briefing(English) briefing from English. brief- short, short) - a brief meeting of officials, representatives of commercial or other structures with representatives of the media, which sets out a position on a specific issue.

Boutique(from fr. boutique "small shop", "shop") - a small highly specialized store with a limited range of customers.

IN

Variety(from him. Varietat variety) variety.

Web design(from English. web design) is a branch of web development and a type of design whose task is to design web user interfaces for websites or web applications.

Vernissage(fr. vernissage, literally - “varnishing”) - the opening of an art exhibition in a solemn atmosphere, at which specially invited persons are present.

Video clip, video clip or just clip(from English. clip) is a short movie or video clip, but there are also animation clips that use animation in their production. There are staged, concert, animation clips.

Visagiste(from fr. vision- "face, appearance, image, appearance") - a specialist in the field of make-up, creating an image with the help of make-up art, a specialist in facial beauty care.

Visualization(from lat. visualis- "visual") - the general name for the methods of presenting numerical information or a physical phenomenon in a form convenient for visual observation and analysis.

Volunteer(from lat. voluntarius- voluntary) - a person who voluntarily engages at his own expense in gratuitous socially useful activities.

Vintage(fr. vintage) is an ambiguous term.

• Vintage - exclusive varieties of wines or a vintage of a certain year and age.
• Vintage - a mixture of styles in the interior. Most often, it means that the elements of decoration (decor) are antique, or semi-antique (imitation of old technological methods and techniques) and woven into a modern interior.
• Vintage - clothes released in the 20th century and gained relevance in the context of fashion at the beginning of the 21st century (vintage clothes). In a broad sense - any household items of the past in a modern interpretation.

Vending(English) vending, from English. vend- sell, trade) - sale of goods and services using automated systems (vending machines).

G

guest worker(German gastarbeiter; Literally: guest-worker) is a term denoting a foreigner working on a temporary basis. The word was borrowed in the late 1990s from the German language and became widespread in the media in the CIS. The word "guest worker" is sometimes perceived as not being neutral, but having a negative connotation.

Tour, formerly "tour" (German. Gastrolle, from Gast- guest and Rolle- role) - performance of an artist (group) outside the place of his permanent activity - in another district, city, country.

Genocide(from Greek. γένος - genus, tribe and lat. Caedo- I kill) - actions committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, any national, ethnic, racial, religious or other historically established cultural and ethnic group as such.

Google(English) to google) - jargon, derived from the name of the Google search engine, refers to searching for information on the Internet using Google (sometimes using any search engine).

Guru(Skt. गुरू - worthy, great, important, heavy, established in the truth, unshakable, teacher, master) - in Hinduism and Buddhism - a spiritual mentor, teacher. Guru, or expert - a connoisseur, a person who is exceptionally competent in any field of knowledge. A guru, or a professional, is a master of his craft, a virtuoso.

Engraving(fr. gravure from him. graben- dig or fr. graver- cut, create a relief) - a type of graphic art (and graphic technology, printing technology), the works of which are presented in their final form by printed prints.

Engraver(fr. graveur) - an artist who creates graphic works by means of letterpress or intaglio printing. Engraver - in the narrow, professional sense - a skilled worker who performs on engraving machines and manually with the help of special engravers, cutters, needles and other tools, as well as by acid etching, a relief pattern on various materials (metal, plastic, wood, glass, etc. .). An engraver - in a broad sense - carrying out pictorial or ornamental compositions by various engraving methods; engraver, working on his own or someone else's drawing.

Grant(English) grant) - a gratuitous subsidy to enterprises, organizations and individuals in cash or in kind for scientific or other research, development work, training, treatment and other purposes, followed by a report on their use.

Groomer(from the English groom - to care for, cherish, groom) - a specialist in the care of pet hair.

D

Digest(English) digest) - 1) a magazine reprinting materials from other publications, as a rule, in an abbreviated and simplified form. 2) A brief adapted summary of any texts (popular works of fiction, etc.).

Debtor(from lat. debtor- debtor) - a debtor, a legal entity or an individual indebted to an organization, institution, enterprise (the concept of "creditor").

Devaluation(lat. de- decrease; lat. valeo- to matter, to cost) - a decrease in the gold content of the monetary unit under the gold standard. In modern conditions, the term is used for situations of official depreciation of the national currency against hard currencies in systems with a fixed exchange rate set by the monetary authorities.

Defile(French defiler) - solemnly pass, march.

Default(English) default- non-fulfillment of obligations) - non-fulfillment of a loan agreement, that is, failure to pay in a timely manner interest or principal on debt obligations or under the terms of an agreement on the issuance of a bonded loan.

Dividend(lat. dividendum- what is subject to division) - a part of the profit of a joint-stock company or other economic entity, distributed among shareholders, participants in accordance with the number and type of shares, shares in their possession.

Design(from English. design- design, draw, conceive, as well as a project, plan, drawing) - the design of things, machines, interiors, based on the principles of combining convenience, economy and beauty.

Designer(from English. design) - artist - designer, design specialist.

DJ(English) DJ by disc jokey- disc jockey) - a person who publicly reproduces musical works recorded on sound media with a change.

Dilemma(gr. δί-λημμα - double lemma) - a polemical argument with two opposite provisions that exclude each other and do not allow the possibility of a third.

Dealer(from English. dealer- trader) - a professional participant in the securities market, performing operations with securities on his own behalf and at his own expense.

Display(English) display- to show, from lat. displicare- scatter, scatter) - an electronic information output device designed for visual display of information messages by the processing system to the end user.

Dissident(lat. dissidents- "dissent") - a person who defends views that radically diverge from the generally accepted ones. Often this conflict of personal beliefs with the prevailing doctrine leads to persecution, persecution and repression by official authorities.

Distributor(English) distributor- distributor) - a company engaged in wholesale purchases, or an individual entrepreneur, carrying out small-scale or large-scale wholesale purchases of certain goods from large industrial manufacturing firms with the aim of subsequent sale of these goods to retailers or dealers in regional markets.

Deadline(from English. deadline) - the deadline (date and/or time) by which the task must be completed.

Deposit(from lat. depositum - a thing deposited) - 1. financial instruments placed for storage in credit institutions and subject to return to the person who deposited them on pre-agreed conditions.

Deportation(lat. deportation- exile, expulsion) - the forced expulsion of a person or an entire category of persons to another state or other locality, usually under escort.

Depression(from lat. depression- “suppression”) - 1) In medicine - a mental disorder. 2) In the economy - a long-term economic crisis, more serious than the recession of the economy.

Deflation(from lat. deflatio- deflating) - a general decrease in the price level; process opposite to inflation.

Dress code(English) dress code- dress code) - the form of clothing required when visiting certain events, organizations, institutions.

AND

Image(English) image, from lat. imago- image, appearance) - 1) the image of a business person, the idea of ​​him that others have, reputation; 2) the image of the company, goods, services, ensuring the position of the company in the market, the loyalty of the buyer to the brand.

Immobilizer(Immobilizer) (English immobilizer - "immobilizer") - a type of electronic anti-theft device.

Impeachment(English) impeachment- accusation, from lat. impedivi- “prevented, stopped”) - the procedure for prosecution, including criminal, of persons of municipal or state execution, officials, up to the head of state, with their subsequent removal from office.

Impresario(ital. impresario- from impredere- undertake, start) - in some countries, a private entrepreneur, organizer of entertainment enterprises or agent of an artist, acting on his behalf, concluding contracts for him, etc.

Inauguration- (from lat. inauguro- “I dedicate”) - the solemn assumption of the office of the head of state.

Investment(English) Investments) - placement of capital for the purpose of making a profit.

Investor(from English. investor- contributor) - a person or organization that invests in any business, business.

Indexing(from lat. index- list, register, index) in the economy is a means of protecting against inflation by linking the amount of the contract, loan, salary, pension, benefits, deposits, etc. to the consumer price index.

Innovation(late lat. innovation, English innovation- innovation) - the introduction of something new; new item; modernization; reform.

Insinuation(from lat. insinuatio- ingratiation, fawning) - a deliberate, deliberate, veiled communication of false reprehensible information in order to discredit someone or something.

Integration(from lat. integratio- “connection”) - 1) the process of combining parts into a whole. 2) the unification of political, economic, state and public structures within the region, country, world.

Internet(English) Internet) is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks for storing and transmitting information. Often referred to as the World Wide Web and the Global Network, and also simply the Network.

Inflation(lat. inflation- inflation) - an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services.

Incident(lat. incidentis- “happening”) - a case, a misunderstanding, an incident (usually unpleasant), a collision.

Establishment(from English. establishment- "establishment", "foundation") - those in power, the ruling circles, the political elite. The totality of people occupying key positions in the socio-political system, who are the backbone of the existing social order and form public opinion, as well as the totality of institutions through which these people maintain the existing social order.

Mortgage(gr. hypotheca- stand) - one of the forms of pledge, in which the pledged real estate remains in the possession and use of the debtor, and the creditor, in the event of the latter's failure to fulfill his obligation, acquires the right to receive satisfaction through the sale of this property.

TO

Casting(from English. Casting) - the choice among the applicants of the person who most closely matches the creative idea. Practiced in show business, for the selection of models or pop artists.

Catharsis(from other Greek. κάθαρσις - exaltation, cleansing, healing) - 1) emotional discharge experienced by the viewer in the process of empathy when he watches the tragedy (according to Aristotle's terminology). 2) Moral cleansing experienced by a person in the process of empathy.

Camping(from English. camping"accommodation in the camp") - an equipped summer camp for car tourists with places for setting up tents or light houses, parking lots (in a common parking lot or directly at the housing).

Kidnapping- (English) kidnapping) - kidnapping of children (sometimes - people in general).

Cleaner- (from English cleaner - cleaner, cleaning lady) - a specialist who owns modern cleaning tools (including technical ones).

Cleaning(from English. Clean- cleanliness, clean) - a specialized service for professional cleaning and maintenance of cleanliness.

Clipmaker(eng. clip - cut + maker< make - делать) -мастер по про­из­вод­ству кли­пов; кино­про­дю­сер, спе­ци­а­ли­зи­ру­ю­щий­ся на видео­кли­пах.

Collage(from fr. coller- gluing) - a technical technique in the visual arts, which consists in creating paintings or graphic works by gluing objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture onto a base.

Sociability(from late lat. communicabilis- connectable, communicating) - the ability to communicate, to establish connections, contacts, sociability; compatibility (ability to work together) of different types of information transmission systems.

Conversion(from lat. conversion- "conversion", "transformation", "change") - 1) in chemical technology, the process of processing gases in order to change the composition of the initial gas mixture; 2) in Internet marketing, this is the ratio of the number of site visitors who performed any targeted actions on it (purchase, registration, subscription, visiting a specific page of the site, clicking on an advertising link), to the total number of site visitors, expressed as a percentage; 3) in linguistics, the method of word formation, the formation of a new word by transferring the stem to another paradigm of inflection; 4) in psychology, the protective mechanism of the psyche, manifested in the tendency to experience somatic distress in response to psychological stress; 5) in microbiology, lysogenic or phage conversion - a change in the properties of a bacterial cell due to the insertion of a part of the genome of a moderate bacteriophage (prophage); 5) the transition of defense enterprises from the production of the military industry to the production of civilian.

Consensus(lat. consensus- consent, sympathy, unanimity) - general agreement (≈ unanimity) on the main issues in the absence of objections on significant issues, to which the participants of the conference, meeting, negotiations, etc. come.

Conservatism(from lat. conservo- save) - ideological adherence to traditional values ​​and orders, social or religious doctrines. The main value is the preservation of the traditions of society, its institutions and values.

The contract- (from lat. contractus, English contract) - a contract, an agreement with mutual obligations of the parties.

Contribution(lat. contribution) - general tax, public fundraising. 1) In international law (until the 18th century), sums of money, monetary or material compensation that the defeated state pays to the victorious state under the terms of a peace treaty. Modern international law does not provide. In modern international law, the following terms are used: reparation, restitution, substitution and other forms of liability of states.
2) Compulsory levies collected by enemy troops from the population of the occupied area.

conjuncture(lat. conjunctura, from lat. conjungo- I connect, I connect) - a set of conditions that affect something, the situation, the situation.

Competence(from lat. competere- correspond, fit) - a range of issues in which someone is well aware.

Creditor(from lat. creditor- believer, from lat. Credo- I believe) - the lender. A party in a credit relationship that provides funds (credit resources) on terms of repayment, urgency and payment.

Cruise- (English) cruise) - in its original meaning - a sea voyage. Nowadays, the concept has expanded, travel companies began to offer sea cruises, river cruises and train cruises.

Coupon(fr. coupon) - a cut-off coupon for securities to receive income, interest on them.

Couturier(fr. couturiere- dressmaker, from couture- sewing, stitching) - a fashion designer working in the high fashion industry in his own atelier or under contract with leading fashion salons and exclusive boutiques and creating highly artistic models of clothes, as well as accessories for them.

Copywriting(English) copywriting from copy- manuscript, text material + write- writing) - professional activity in writing advertising and presentation texts. In Runet, copywriting is understood as the creation of texts for the needs of SEO or the writing of articles of a non-advertising nature.

coaching(English) coaching) - a method of consulting and training, during which a person called a "coach" helps the student to achieve some life or professional goal.

L

Like, like, like(from English. like- like) - used on all social projects, something like evaluation like. There is also dislike, which is negative. In Russian, like or dislike.

Legitimacy(from lat. legitimus- agreeing with the laws, legal, lawful) - the consent of the people with the government, when it voluntarily recognizes its right to make binding decisions.

label(from English. label) is a label. Graphic / text sign / sticker on any product of production, indicating the trademark, name, manufacturer, production date, expiration date, etc.

Leasing(English) leasing from English. to lease- lease) - long-term rental of machinery and equipment, vehicles, industrial facilities, etc.

Lifting(English) lifting) - cosmetic procedure for skin tightening. The lifting effect can be achieved both with the help of certain cosmetic procedures and with the help of plastic surgery.

Lobbying(English) lobbyism, from English. lobby- lobby) - a type of activity that consists in the impact on the part of individuals and representatives of non-governmental organizations on government bodies or local governments in order to achieve the adoption (or non-adoption) of certain decisions by them.

Login(English) Login) - the name (identifier) ​​of the user account in the computer system, as well as the procedure for entering (identifying and then authenticating) the user into the computer system, as a rule, by specifying the account name and password.

M

Marginal, marginal person, marginal element(from lat. margo- edge) - a person who is on the border of various social groups, systems, cultures and is influenced by their conflicting norms, values, etc.

Marker(from the French marquer- mark) - 1) a writing utensil - an alcohol-based felt-tip pen that is not washed off with water. 2) a paintball weapon that shoots paintballs. 3) List marker - a typographical sign used to highlight list items.

Market(English) market market - market.

Marketing(from English. marketing- literally translated from English means "action in the market", "market activity") - a system of organizing economic activity based on the study of market demand, sales opportunities for products, sales of services.

Makeup(fr. maquillage- make-up, repainting, fake) - applying various types of decorative cosmetics to the skin of the face in order to decorate, as well as camouflage existing flaws.

Manager(from English. manage- manage, management- management, leadership; with him. manager- organizer, from French. manager- manager) - a manager or manager responsible for a certain area of ​​the enterprise's activity (HR manager, investment manager, public relations manager, financial manager, risk manager, brand manager, account manager, sales manager, etc. .), project manager (project manager, cultural manager) or the whole company (top manager).

Management(from English management - management, leadership, administration, direction, ability to dispose, own, manage) - production management. Development and creation (organization), the most efficient use (management) and control of socio-economic systems.

mentality(from lat. mens or (genus case) mentis- soul, spirit (in a narrower sense - mind) and adjective suffix ‘al’) - a set of mental, emotional, cultural characteristics, value orientations and attitudes inherent in a social or ethnic group, nation, people, nationality.

Millennium(from lat. mille - a thousand) - a millennium. A unit of time equal to 1000 years.

Modification- (late lat. modification- establishing a measure, from lat. mode- measure, type, image, transient property and lat. facio- do) - transformation, modification of something with the acquisition of new properties.

Motivation(from lat. movere) - motivation for action; psychophysiological process that controls human behavior, setting its direction, organization, activity and stability; a person's ability to actively satisfy his needs.

Make up(English) makeup) - makeup.

Merchandiser(English) merchandiser- merchant) - A person representing a trading company in retail chains (most often super- and hypermarkets). Responsible for the display of goods, installation of related necessary equipment (refrigerators, additional showcases, pallets of promotions), places POS materials. The main task is to control the availability of the entire range of the company on the shelves of the store and its location in the most favorable places for buying.

Multimedia(English) multimedia) - content, or content in which information is simultaneously presented in various forms - sound, animated computer graphics, video.

Multiplex(from English. multiplex) - 1) a set of television and radio broadcasting channels transmitted over one digital channel. 2) United stream, consisting of streams of the same level. 3) A variety of multiplex cinemas. 4) Architectural ensemble. 5) A building consisting of apartments on two or more levels (floors).

Message(from English. message- message, report) - message, message.

H

newsmaker- a person whose activities involve publicity and arouse sustained interest in the media

Denomination- indicated value.

A laptop- wireless compact personal computer.

know-how is the latest invention.

ABOUT

Overtime- extra time when playing football or hockey.

Online– Internet connection status in real time.

Offline- disconnected from the computer network.

P

Paparazzi- An annoying journalist - a photographer who seeks to penetrate the private lives of celebrities in order to take sensational pictures.

PR- public relations.

Peeling- facial skin cleansing.

playoffs- replay after a draw.

Positive- positive.

controversy- dispute.

Policy- an insurance document.

potpourri- a piece of music composed of fragments of popular motifs.

Portfolio dossier, collection of achievements.

Poster- a small poster.

prime time- the best time.

Privatization– transfer of state or municipal property into the ownership of individuals or collectives.

a printer is a device for printing digital information onto a hard carrier, usually paper.

roll over- extend the duration of something.

Promoter- A person who promotes something.

Profiteroles- small culinary products of French cuisine from choux pastry with various fillings.

pattern- model, role model, pattern, style, pattern, pattern) in the modern methodology of socio-humanitarian knowledge, a term close to the concept of "concept".

R

Registry- inventory, written list.

recruiting(from English. recruiting- hiring, selection of personnel) is a business process that is one of the main responsibilities of HR managers or recruiters. The Russian version can be considered the selection of personnel.

remake- alteration.

cost-effective(from him. rentabel- profitable) - justifying the costs, making a profit, i.e. profitable.

Referee– in some sports: the same as the referee.

Reflection- thinking about your inner state, introspection.

Realtor- Real estate agent.

Roaming– communication service with near and far abroad.

Receptionist- a word with the main meaning "reception", "reception".

FROM

Website- a system of electronic documents of a private person or organization in a computer network under a common address.

Sale(from English. sale- sale) - sale.

Certificate- a document certifying the rights to something (a document certifying the quality of the goods).

cinquain- "meaning pyramid".

Scrub- cream for exfoliating, cleansing the skin of the face, body.

Screenshot- a screenshot of a computer or mobile device.

Smile- a graphic image of a smiling human face.

smiley- cm. smiley.

Spam- distribution of commercial and other advertisements or other types of messages on the Internet to persons who did not express a desire to receive them.

Startup company is a newly created company that builds its business on innovation, has not entered the market or has just begun to enter it and has a limited set of resources.

Supervisor- 1) observer, inspector; 2) manager, leader.

T

Terminal(English) terminal- “final”) - the final part of a certain system, which ensures the connection of the system with the external environment. In transport networks, a terminal is a point for boarding / disembarking passengers, loading / unloading cargo, as well as their buffer accumulation.

Tender(from English. tender- proposal) - a competitive form of selection of proposals for the provision of services or the performance of work on pre-announced conditions within a specified time frame on the principles of competitiveness and efficiency.

Teenager- a teenager, a young man or a girl from 13 to 18 years old.

Tolerant- showing tolerance towards others, conflict-free.

Toaster- an electric appliance for making toast (toasted or toasted slices of bread).

Total- universal.

training– system, mode of training.

trend It is a direction, a trend, a trend.

At

Weekend- Rest time from Saturday to Monday.

F

Fast food- fast food.

Forward- in football, hockey and some other team games: attacking player.

fake- counterfeit, counterfeit.

freak is a club dancer working in bright and large costumes. In modern society, this term is used to refer to people who dress in costumes that are completely different and incomprehensible to traditional society. The behavior of freaks does not correspond to social norms.

Franchisee- a company that buys the right to conduct business (franchise) under the name or trademark, the opportunity for training and assistance in creating a business from the franchisor and pays a service fee (royalty) for the use of the trademark, know-how and system of doing business of the franchisor.

X

Hacker(English) hacker, from to hack- chop, shred) - "computer cracker", a programmer who deliberately bypasses computer security systems.

holding- one of the types of business structures.

H

Chat(m.r.) - a conversation in direct mode via the Internet.

W

Hit- fashionable, popular song, melody (usually pop).

Shop- shop.

shopping- shopping (weekends)

Show- bright pop performance, entertainment program.

Show Business- a business related to the organization of variety performances, concerts, entertainment programs.

Showman- an artist leading a variety show; generally the one who hosts the entertainment program.

E

Exclusive- exceptional.

YU

User- A user of a computer system.

I

Yasha, Yasha– Yandex is a search computer system.

Neologisms of the 21st century

annotation

The dictionary contains neologisms that have recently emerged in the Russian language as a result of word-formation derivation, borrowing from other languages, contamination of two words or phrases, as well as mixing of Cyrillic and Latin graphic designations.

The meaning of the most actively used in order to motivate the reasons for their implementation is explained.

Also in the dictionary, neologisms are classified according to areas of use and sources of borrowing.

Neologisms in the sphere of economy, trade and production

Off(f)shore(from English. offshore- located far from the coast, outside the country) - a financial center that attracts foreign capital by providing special tax and other benefits to foreign companies registered in the country where the center is located, off (f) shore funds.

Dumping(from English. dumping- reset) - the sale of goods in foreign markets at lower prices than in the domestic or world market in order to oust competitors.

Development firm(from English. development- development, construction, development) - an organization whose activities are related to the construction of real estate or its acquisition (purchase) with subsequent modernization, reconstruction in order to receive income from its operation or sale. Currently, two variants of the term are used: real estate development by analogy with the English language and a short version of development, which has the same meaning.

Futures(from English. futures- goods purchased for future use) a type of transaction on the stock or commodity exchange, carried out on goods that have not yet been manufactured.

Leasing(from English. leasing (to lease- lease)) - a type of long-term lease or lending of machinery, equipment, goods.

Freight(from him. freight- transportation) - the carriage charge for the carriage of goods.

Hinterland(from him. hinterland- inland region of the country) - an area adjacent to an industrial, commercial center or port.

Auction(from him. auction) - public sale.

wagon(from him. fuhre- a long cart for heavy luggage) - a heavy vehicle or trailer for long-distance and international transportation.

Devaluation(from him. devaluation- depreciation, revaluation in the direction of decreasing the significance of something) - a method of stabilizing the currency after monetary inflation.

Option(from English and German. option, from lat. optio- choice, desire, discretion) or an option contract is an agreement, an exchange privilege to receive goods within a specified period.

Fake(from him. fake- fake) - a fake product.

Carte blanche(from fr. carteblanche letters. white / blank card, blank form) - unlimited powers granted by the principal to the trustee in carrying out a business transaction on behalf of the principal.

Neologisms in the field of politics and government

Anschluss(from him. anschluss- accession) - the policy of forced annexation (for example, Austria by Germany).

fireman(from him. brander) - a kamikaze ship stuffed with explosives and combustible substances.

Municipality(from him. municipality- municipalities) - a body of local self-government.

Nouveau riche(from fr. nouveau riche- new rich man) - a person from a low class who quickly became rich during a period of social change at the expense of the ruin of others.

Neologisms in the field of computer technology

gadget(from English. gadget- fixture, device) - 1) non-independent attached technical device (for example, bluetooth adapter, USB modem, headphones with FM radio). 2) a technical device, most often a novelty from the field of digital technology, with increased functionality, but limited capabilities.

Website(from English. website: web- web, network and site- place, segment, part in a network) - a set of electronic documents (files) of an individual or organization in a computer network, united under one address (domain name or IP address).

File(from English. file) - named area on the storage medium.

Soft(from English. soft- soft, gentle, smooth, software- software) - a set of software.

fake(from English. fake- fake) - the second or more account of one person registered on the resource.

flash drive(from English. flash- quickly flash; overshadow, come to mind) - a type of external storage medium for a computer.

Redirect(from English. redirect- redirection, redirection, redirection) - this is when a user, having driven in a link from one site, is automatically redirected to another resource.

Scanner(from English. scanner) - a device that converts images into digital format - a digital copy of an image of an object. The process of obtaining a copy is called scanning.

a printer(from English. printer- printer) - a device for printing digital information on a hard carrier, usually on paper.

Mail, email(from English. mail- mail, postal correspondence) - mail, e-mail.

Repost(from English. re- again, again; post- inform, announce something) - re-publication of a message within the same resource. There is also a doublet repost.

IP address(IP address, short for English. Internet Protocol Address) is a unique network address of a node in a computer network built using the IP protocol.

Neologisms in the field of communications

Roaming(from English. roaming- distribution, the possibility of wide use) - communication service with near and far abroad.

Ringtone(from English. ringtone, ring- call, sound, tone- musical accent) - a melody played on a cell phone to alert you to an incoming call.

Primetime(from English. prime time- the most convenient, best time) - 1) the most active time of TV viewing / radio listening during the day. Usually advertising at this time is much more expensive than at other times. 2) A mobile communication service related to the provision of services at a favorable price depending on time.

Neologisms in the field of gastronomy and everyday life

Roster(from English. roast- fry) - a brazier, a compact electric oven for cooking fish, meat or vegetables, as well as hot sandwiches or toast, baking pies.

Toast(from English. toast) - a toasted or dried thin slice of bread. From here toaster(from English. toaster) - a device powered by the mains, designed to quickly toast flat pieces of bread.

Shaker(from English. shake- shake, shake) - a vessel for making cocktails, in which all the components of the cocktail are well shaken and mixed.

Nofrost(from English. nofrost- without freezing) - a type of refrigeration equipment that does not require mechanical defrosting.

Grill(from the French griller- fry) - a device for frying or baking with heating.

buffet(from the French fourche- fork) - a joint meal, when the invitees eat standing up, freely choosing dishes and drinks.

Travel bag(from the French necessaire, lit. necessary) - a set of toilet items. Box, casket, case with small accessories for toilet, sewing, etc.

Case(from fr. coffre- chest, box; lat. cophinus- basket, travel bag; Greek κόφινος - basket) - chest, suitcase or travel bag with several compartments.

Neologisms in the beauty industry, cosmetology

Lifting(from English. lifting- lifting, tightening) - a cosmetic procedure associated with skin tightening.

Peeling(from English. peeling- exfoliation, peeling, cleansing, cleansing) - skin cleansing.

Scrub(from English. scrub- rub, scrape, clean, scratch) - cream for exfoliating, cleansing the skin of the face, body.

Scraper(from him. schaber- scraper) - a manual cutting tool for manicure with a rounded blade.

Neologisms in the field of culture, art, theater, cinema, entertainment industry

Full house(from him. anschlag- public announcement) - an announcement at the box office of a theater, circus, cinema, etc. that all tickets have been sold; a large headline in a newspaper, a hat.

Web writer(from English. web- cobweb, writer- writer, author) - a writer who creates his works in the worldwide computer network.

Grant(from the French grandprix- encouragement) - the main prize at the largest international competitions in the field of science, culture and sports;

Grant(from the English grant - gift, donation) - 1) targeted funds in cash or material form, issued on a competitive basis for scientific research; 2) a scholarship paid to students and graduate students from the state or local budget.

Digest(from English. digest- summary, summary) - 1) publication containing a brief adapted summary of a work of art; 2) the type of journal that reprints materials from other publications in an abbreviated form.

Karaoke(from Japanese karaoke- an empty barrel) - an electronic musical entertainment device with a running line that allows each of those present to sing into a microphone to music.

casting(from English. casting) - 1) competitive viewing, selection of actors; 2) public viewing of girls (mainly during beauty contests), models, fashion models for the subsequent demonstration of fashionable clothes.

Clip(from English. clip- newspaper clipping, film fragment; to clip- cut off, cut off) - a short artistically composed sequence of frames.

Couturier(from fr. couturier- tailor) - fashion designer, high-class cutter, creator of fashion in clothes.

Presentation(English) presentation from lat. praesentatio- presentation) - a grand public opening, presentation of a new film, book, company, car brand, etc.

Producer(from English-Amer. producer) - a financial manager who exercises organizational and ideological and artistic control over the creation of a video clip, staging a film or performance.

Promoter(from English. promoter) - the organizer of any events (sports competitions, shows, filming) by attracting investors, sponsors; founder, founder.

Pro(from him. Profi- professional athlete) - an experienced specialist, a professional in the field of music, sports, etc.

rave(from English. rave- nonsense) - modern dance music in the style "techno" with lighting effects.

remake(from English. remake- remake) - a new version of an old musical recording; a new version of an old production of an old film.

Remix(from English. re- again, again mix- mix) - a new performance or processing (with additions and changes in the melody and text) of a well-known song.

Reality show(from English. reality show, from reality reality, reality and show- show) - a genre of a TV show in which they show the real life of a team of participants who are in the frame of a video camera around the clock.

Rap(from the English rap - light knock, blow) - a style of pop and dance music popular with some young people, accompanied by recitation or chanting of rhythmic verses in combination with a drummer or synthesizer.

session And session(from English. session) - an unofficial concert, a musical party for a narrow circle of people; party.

Single(from English. single- single) - a gramophone record or a cassette with a recording of songs by one author or performer; song recorded separately.

Showroom(from English. showroom- showroom) - a showroom where samples from the collection of one or more brands are presented.

Hit(from him. Schlager- hit; hit) is a very popular work.

Neologisms in the sports field

Bowling(from English. bowling< to bowl - play balls) - a sports type of skittles.

Diving(from English. diving< dive - dive) - scuba diving.

Ketch(from English. catch) - professional wrestling, allowing forbidden tricks.

Skateboard(from English. skate- skating, sliding and board- board) - skating on a board with rollers.

Snowboard(from English. snow- snow and board- board) - riding on a board in the snow.

snowblade(from English. snow blade- stunt skis) - snow skiing on small stunt skis.

Shaping(from English. shaping- shaping) - a type of gymnastics, a special set of exercises, a sports and health system, the purpose of which is to increase the tone, correct the figure and improve the functional state of the woman's body.

Shorttrack(shorttracker, shorttracker, shorttracker) (from English. short track- short track) - speed skating on a short track.

halfpipe(halfpipe) (from English. alfpipe- half pipe) - a special concave structure in which competitions are held in a number of sports, with two oncoming slopes and a space between them, allowing athletes to move from one wall to another, making jumps and performing tricks with each movement. Halfpipe is also called the discipline itself in these sports.

mountainboarding(from English. mountain- mountain, board board) is a type of skateboarding. The board has enlarged wheels, it is possible to ride on the natural landscape.

Slopestyle(from English. slopestyle, slope- slope (mountain for skiing), style- style) - a type of competition in such winter sports as freestyle, snowboarding, mountainboarding, consisting of a series of acrobatic jumps on springboards, pyramids, counterslopes, drops, railings, etc., located sequentially throughout the route.

Mogul(according to one version, comes from the word mugl- in the Viennese dialect of German, meaning a small hill) - a type of freestyle skiing, consisting of skiing on a hilly slope (along the hillocks, or moguls) and jumping on ski jumps.

Skiathlon(from English. skiathlon(cross-country skiing) > slip along- race) - a technically complex ski discipline. The first segment of the path the athletes run in the classical way, and on the second they switch to free style.

Time trouble(from him. zeit(zeit) - time and not(notes) - need) - lack of time to think about moves in a chess or checkers game. A word that has become more common in neutral speech in the sense of "a very strongly felt lack of time."

Neologisms in the field of advertising, journalism, fashion

PR(from English abbr. PR (public relation)- public relations) - the practice of creating and introducing into the minds of people an attractive image of someone or something. Also PR ... the first part of complex words (cf .: PR action, PR technology, etc.).

Media(from lat. medium- intermediate, intermediate, intermediary) - means of communication between different groups, individuals and (or) delivery of any meaningful products to the audience. Hence the neologisms media planning(from English. media planning) - the strategic process of developing the advertising activity of a brand, product or service; media strategy and etc.

trend(from English. trend- trend, bias) - the prevailing trend, the general direction of development of something (public opinion, fashion, etc.).

Mayakovsky's neologisms are a very striking phenomenon in Russian literature of the 20th century. Vladimir Vladimirovich's poems have always been innovative and original. For example, the poet very often violated poetic meters, focusing on rhyme. However, it was neologisms that always gave the highest expressiveness to Mayakovsky's lines. We will talk about them in this article.

What is neologism?

Before starting to analyze Mayakovsky's neologisms, let's define the term "neologism". So, this word has ancient Greek roots and consists of two roots: “neos” (translated as “new”) and “logos”, which means “word”. That is, neologisms are called new, only created words or combinations of words. In speech, they immediately become noticeable due to their freshness and novelty.

Speaking of author's neologisms, they mean those words that were invented by the writer and used by him in his works. These neologisms, unlike those used in everyday speech, exist mainly only on the pages of literary works.

Why are there so many neologisms in Mayakovsky's texts?

Neologisms in Mayakovsky's poem are not just an attempt by the author to decorate his text, it is, no matter how strange it may sound, a social phenomenon. Scientists have long proven that the active formation of neologisms begins to occur at a time when instability sets in in the country or technical progress begins to actively develop. Based on this, it is not surprising that a huge number of neologisms appeared precisely at the beginning of the 20th century. This time is characterized by both a change of power in the country and active urbanization.

By the way, the futurists themselves, to whom Mayakovsky belonged, proclaimed the beginning of the technical revolution and predicted a great future for technology.

However, in addition to these purely external facts, one should not forget about the talent of the poet himself. Mayakovsky invented new words in order to more vividly and figuratively convey his feelings and sensations. For example, “fired” sand (from the poem “Lilichka”) - this neologism has a lot more emotions than the words “hot” or “hot”, it is a neologism from the word “fire”, which brings additional values: blaze, burn, burn, burn, lose (since something is usually destroyed in a fire), etc.

A little about Mayakovsky's language

Mayakovsky's neologisms are an integral part of the original language of his poetry. But why did this technique become one of the main ones for him?

As noted above, Mayakovsky belonged to the futurists, or rather, to his direction, which was called cubo-futurism. Cubofuturists believed that new forms were needed for the new time, so they actively supplemented and updated the language of their poetry. Their goal was to create an unconventional, original and fresh word. Mayakovsky, as one of the Cubo-Futurists, pushed the word-formation framework mother tongue, which allowed him to create original and vivid images.

For example, let's take a line from the poem “Lilichka” we have already mentioned: “... I will go crazy, I will be excised with despair.” These two neologisms (I'll go crazy and cut myself off) help the writer convey the state of the lyrical hero very capaciously.

Now we list the most famous and unusual neologisms of Mayakovsky. Examples:

• “Heart-men” - this is the name Mayakovsky gives to people who could live on Mars (the poem “About This”).
• “Goloshtanny” - the poet gives this characteristic to the people, who had to choose the power of the bourgeoisie or the Soviets, in his work “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin”.
• "Drygonozhestvo" - this epithet goes to the ballerina Kshesinskaya, who was the favorite of Nicholas II.
• The "sickle" and "hammered" passport becomes the poet's pride.
• “To be spooked” - such a characteristic is given by Mayakovsky to the house, from each window of which flowers should have been visible.
• The “bull-faced” and “meat-meaty” crowd appears before the reader in the early works of the poet.
• The "camel-ship-dragon" squadron is described in the poem "The Fifth International".
• "Zadolitsa" Mayakovsky calls the police in the same poem dedicated to Lenin.

Mayakovsky's neologisms: "An extraordinary adventure ..." (poem)

The work was written in 1920, and the author himself became its main character. The main theme is a difficult but noble poetic work. The poem is built on dialogues and is characterized by a pronounced journalistic beginning. Comparison became the main artistic device - Mayakovsky compares creative way poet with the life of the sun.

Now let's talk in more detail about what neologisms are used in Mayakovsky's poem "An Extraordinary Adventure". To be more precise, we list them and describe their function:

• "Hunchback" hillock - comparison of a hillock with a hump.
• "Village" - the word village is used in the masculine gender.
• “Golden forehead” - about the sun, that is, “golden forehead” - a neologism is used for a more beautiful and capacious expression of meaning.
• "Beam-steps" - the rays of the Sun are compared with steps that indicate the approach of the Sun to the Poet.
• “Let's look” - that is, we will ascend - this is how the Sun calls the Poet with him.
• "Drowsy" - opposition to the word "insomnia", that is, drowsiness, the desire to fall asleep.

We have listed all the neologisms in Mayakovsky's poem "An Extraordinary Adventure". From the examples given, it can be seen that the poet uses new words to give more vivid imagery to his poem, as well as wanting to make his expressions more accurate and accurate.

Features at Mayakovsky

Studying the poet's work, philologists realized that there are so many words created by the writer that it is possible to create a whole dictionary of Mayakovsky's neologisms. In addition, they brought out certain patterns in the word formation of the poet. We list some of them:

• The writer often uses the prefixes "races" and "times". For example, “let’s celebrate”, “spread out”, “spread out”, “loosen gas”, “I’ll prove it”, etc.
• Mayakovsky likes to attach “you” and “in” to verbs, which endows words with such meanings as complete completion, completeness and exhaustion: “drill”, “piling up”, “praise”, “turn blue”.
• Using the verbs “for”, the poet gives them the meaning of the beginning of the action: “whistling”, “screw up”, “troubled”.
• The addition of the prefixes “to” and “pro” means bringing the matter to the end: “we jump”, “kissed”.
• Mayakovsky forms part of the verbs from nouns, using the above prefixes: “beared”, “metalized”.

A few more examples of word formation

Mayakovsky's neologisms are quite multifaceted. For word formation, the poet uses not only prefixes, but also suffixes:

• For example, the outdated suffix “e”, which has not been used in Russian for a long time: “uncle”, “damier”, “guest”, “junk” (this word, so widely used today, was first coined by Mayakovsky).
• Very often the poet uses diminutive suffixes: “radiant”, “tongue”, “article”, “life”.

Output

Thus, we can conclude that the poet's neologisms are not just a stylistic phenomenon, but a kind of original system that works according to its own laws. It is in this system that the beauty of Mayakovsky's poems lies, which to this day captivate readers with their figurativeness and accuracy of expressions. Therefore, it is not surprising that of all the Russian Cubo-Futurists, Vladimir Mayakovsky became the most famous.