Let's find out in this article negation in german: kein and nicht, we will find out when and what to use!

Let's start with Negationsartikel(negative article) or whatever it is called negative pronoun "kein"!

When do we use kein?

"kein" is used in declarative sentences in combination with nouns that have the indefinite article ein either with nouns without article (with zero article). Therefore, instead of ein / eine when negating, we put kein / keine before our noun.

Beispiele:
East das ein Buch? Nein, das ist kein Buch.
Willst du eine Birne? - Nein, ich will keine (Birne can be omitted).
Gloria hat keinen Fehler gemacht.
Wir haben kein Tor geschossen.
Wir haben keine Zeit.
Ich habe keine Freunde.
Lisa hat keine Angst. Sigmund hat keinen Hunger

If an adjective comes before a noun, then the diagram is as follows:
kein + adjective + noun
Of course, do not forget about the declension of kein and adjectives!

Beispiele:

Wir finden keine guten Bücher hier.
Ich habe keine gute Idee
Sie hat keine toll Figur
Meine Freundin hat keine schönen Klamotten

Need to know what kein is declined in the same way as the articles: in units including declination will be the same like with the indefinite article . A in plural including"kein" will be inclined, as a definite article.

And now let's move on to the negative particle "nicht".

Its use:
If our noun has a definite article, then we already do a negation with the particle nicht.
Beispiele:

East das dein Heft? Nein, das ist nicht mein Heft.
East sie die Lehrerin? — Nein, sie ist nicht die Lehrerin.
Sie ist nicht meine Freundin!

Also, with the help of the negative particle “nicht”, other members of the sentence in German, such as verbs, adjectives, etc., can be negated.

Where do you put "nicht" in a sentence?

The place of "nicht" in the sentence depends on whether WHAT you want to deny.
If we negate a simple predicate or the whole idea of ​​a sentence, then this particle goes to the end of the sentence:
Beispiele:

Ich singe nothing.
Leo kommt heute nothing.
Ich besuche meinen Freund nicht.
Ich helfe meiner Mutter am Wochenende nicht
Verstehst du das? Nein, ich verstehe das nicht.
Angela tanzt nothing.

If a complex predicate (consisting of two or more verbs) is denied, then “nicht” is placed before the 2nd part of the verb:
Beispiele:

Sie hat dieses Buch noch nicht gelesen.
Samantha wird diese Regeln nicht wiederholen.

If the negation refers to any other member of the German sentence, then we put the particle “nicht” immediately before the member of the sentence that we negate:

• if the adjective is denied, then we put "nicht" immediately before the adjective:

Beispiele:

Laura ist nothing alt.
Mona kocht nicht gut.
Eduard ist nicht sportlich.
Antonio ist nothing gross.
Linda ist nothing dick.
Wir laufen nicht schnell.

• if we deny the words indicating the place (where? from where and where?):

Beispiele:

Ich fahre heute mit meiner Freundin nicht nach Dortmund (, sondern nach Stuttgart).
Morgen bleiben wir nicht zu Hause.
Er kommt nicht aus der Türkei.

• if there is a preposition + pronoun

Beispiele:

Sie wartet nicht auf mich.
Wirgehen nicht auf die Straße. We won't go outside.

• nicht is placed before proper names if we want to negate them:

Beispiele:

Er ist nicht Herr Steinbeck.
Ich bin nicht Frau Ecker! Ich bin Frau Becker!

Nicht and ein can be used in the same sentence only in two cases:
- if the speaker wants to highlight a noun in a sentence and puts it at the beginning of the sentence for this. In this case, nicht will be at the very end:
Eine Kamera braucht sie nicht. She doesn't need a camera.
- if Ein means the usual number 1.
Ich habe nicht einen Euro in der Tasche. (= Ich habe keinen Euro in der Tasche.)

And in short, kein is used before nouns that do not have an article or have an article ein / eine. And nicht is used with other members of the sentence, such as adjectives, verbs .. (also with nouns that have the definite article der / die / das or if the noun is preceded by the possessive pronoun mein / dein ...).
Ich esse kein Fleisch, weil ich Fleisch nicht mag. I don't eat meat because I don't like it.

More interesting:

Negation of nein

German negation of nein corresponds to the Russian "no" with a negative answer to the question and denies all offer. It is followed by a period or a comma. The word order is not affected by nein, i.e. is not included in the proposal and does not take up space.

For instance:

Gehst du heute ins Kino? - Nein(Nein, ich besuche heute meinen Schulfreund).

Please note that in Russian the word "no" has another use ( compare: In this book No pictures = not available. I have today No time = no). In these examples, "no" does not refer to the entire sentence; v German it corresponds in the first example to the impersonal phrase es gibt + negation kein; in the second example - the verb haben + negation kein: In diesem Buch gibt es keine Bilder. Ich habe heute keine Zeit.

Negation of kein

German negation kein means "none", and in the examples above, you can mentally add this word (There are (no) pictures in this book; I don’t have (no) time today). Therefore, if you can mentally add the word "none", then you must use the negation kein before the corresponding German noun.

For instance:

We not we want war. (= We not want no war.) Wir wollen keinen Krieg.

Negative nothing

The German negation nicht must be used in all other cases., i.e. when it is impossible to mentally add the word "none" to the negation.

For instance:

Book not interesting. Das Buch ist nothing interested.

My parents live now not in Samara. Meine Eltern leben jetzt nothing in Samara.

Like the Russian negation “not”, the negation nicht must be used immediately before the negated word (see examples above). But if the negation of nicht refers to the predicate, then nicht must be used at the very end of the sentence.

For instance:

Petrov does not attend our seminar. Petrow besucht unser Seminar nothing.

I AM I'm not going at the cinema today. Ich gehe heute ins Cinema nothing.

Cp.: I'm going today not in the cinema. Ich gehe heute nothing ins Cinema.

Exercise 1. Indicate: a) what negation would you use in German sentences if you want to say that:

1. You don't live in a hostel now. 2. Your friend's name is not Nikolai. 3. You are not studying English. 4. You don't always have free time. 5. You don't have siblings. 6. Your university does not have a faculty of mechanization.

b) in which of these sentences the negation should be at the end.

Negative pronouns

There are also negative pronouns in German: niemand"no one, no one, no one"; nothing"nothing, nothing"; nie"never" and some others. Unlike Russian, There can't be two negatives in a German sentence, i.e. if there is a negative pronoun, then neither kein nor nicht need be used.

I'm here no one I know. Ich kenne hier niemand.
There there is nothing. Dort gibt es nothing.

Answer to a negative question

If the negation in German is contained in a question, then such a question cannot be answered with "Ja". If you confirm the questioner's thought, agree with him, then you must answer "Nein". If you object to him, do not agree, then you must answer “Doch”.

Kennst du die Wörter nothing? - Nein.(= Ich kenne die Wörter nicht.)

- doch.(= Ich kenne die Wörter.)

Exercise 2. Indicate which of the following questions can be answered: a) Doch, b) Nein:

1. Fahren Sie zum Institut mit dem Autobus? 2. Kommt Ihre Mutter nothing? 3. Ist im Labor niemand da? 4. Haben Sie heute keine Zeit? 5. Beginnt die Stunde um 9 Uhr?

Varlamova Alena

This work is aimed at studying one of the phenomena of such a grammatical section as syntax, which considers the words in a sentence, the sentence itself, its structure, features and types.

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Competition of research and design works of students

"Intellectual future of Mordovia"

Research work

on the topic of:

"Negation in German"

Scientific adviser: Evgeniy Gromov

Vladimirovich, German language teacher

Big Ignatovo

2011

School name: MOU "Bolsheignatovskaya average

Comprehensive school"

Head teacher: Nazimkina Lyubov Dmitrievna

School postal address:431670, Republic of Mordovia,

Bolsheignatovsky district, the village of Bolshoe Ignatovo,

st. Sovetskaya d.24

School phone: 2 – 12 – 30

Bolsheignatovsky district, with. Big Ignatovo, st. Lesnaya, d.6, kv.1.

Work manager:Gromov Evgeny Vladimirovich

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………….4 - 5

2. Classification of negative language means………………....5 - 6

3. Choice of negative language means

in a German sentence. (Monogamy)………………………… 6 - 15

4. Features of the use of negation

(polygamy)………………………………………………………...15 - 16

5.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..17

6. References…………………………………………………………..18

1. Introduction

As you know, language is a historically established system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means that objectifies the work of thinking and is a tool for communication, exchange of thoughts and mutual understanding of people in society.

Each language, including German, is a dynamic system that has a grammatical structure characteristic of it, the components of which are two interconnected sections: morphology and syntax.

This work is aimed at studying one of the phenomena of such a grammatical section as syntax, which considers the words in a sentence, the sentence itself, its structure, features and types.

The main content of the workconsideration and study of one of the complex grammatical phenomena of the German language - negation.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that negation in the German language is a multifaceted phenomenon that requires constant reflection, changing along with the development of the language, the complexity of which for learning and understanding mainly lies in the divergence from the Russian language.

Due to the huge number of ways to negate a German sentence and its members, the following problem has arisen: In which cases will the negation means used be the most accurate and appropriate. The above problem was dealt with by the following authors Agapova S.A., Admoni, Bakh A., Moskalskaya O.I., Yakimova E.A., etc.

In this context, it would be right to identify a means of negation that could compete with the popularity of the particle nothing. The hypothesis can be formulated as follows: in German, along with the negative particle nothing there is a language means of negation that is no less popular in terms of usage.

The object of study of this work is negative sentences, which are understood as sentences in which the connection between the subject and the predicate or between the various members of the sentence is denied.

The subject of the research is the linguistic ways of expressing negation.

The purpose of this work is to study the structure of the German negative sentence and its patterns, to identify the main features and specifics.

Tasks:

1) consider ways and means of denying the proposal;

2) identify the main differences in negation in Russian and German;

3) find the most preferred means of expressing negation in modern German.

2. Classification of negative language means.

In modern German, there are a huge number of different language means for expressing negation.

The most common means of negation is the negative particle nothing , which can refer to any member of the sentence expressed by any part of speech. Denying the predicate nothing makes the whole sentence negative by negating the other member of the sentence, nothing usually does not change the affirmative nature of the entire sentence and plays the role of a negative particle.

Negative indefinite pronoun kein also quite common in German. It negates only the noun and stands in front of all prepositive adjectives in place of the article. Pronoun kein denies not a single object, but the whole type (genus) of these objects and makes the sentence negative.

When opposed in the presence of negation kein the meaning of the sentence remains positive, as,

For example:

Z.B. Dieser Schrifsteller hat keine Novellen sondern nur Romane geschaffen.

Except negations of nicht and kein , which are not members of the sentence, there are negations that are members of the sentence. These include nouns niemand, keiner, nichts and adverbs nie, niemals, nimmer, nirgends.

In German, there is a special negative union for negating homogeneous members - weder (nicht) - noch . If there are several homogeneous members, the second part is repeated:

Z.B. Ich kann weder heute noch morgen noch uber morgen verreisen.

Negation occupies a special place among the means of expressing negation. nein. It stands outside the sentence, does not enter into grammatical relations with any other words. main function nein serve as an answer to the question:

Z.B. Willst du night Wein? Nein./Nein, ich will nicht!

Negation of nein not used in response to a question with a negative, if the answer is affirmative:

Z.B. Hast du kein Pass?

Doch, ich habe Pass. - No, I have a passport.

Nein, ich habe kein. - No, I don't have a passport. (E.-M. Remarque)

As mentioned above, in German, negation nein not included in the offer. In Russian, the negative "no", in addition to the function of the word-sentence, can be a predicate.

Z.B. Is anybody here? - Nobody here.

I don't have time, etc.

3. The choice of negative language means in the German sentence

Kein (as a negative article) is used if the indefinite article is in the affirmative sentence. To reinforce the negation ein is used nicht. Ein in this case is numeral:

Z.B. Er hat mir ein Buch gebracht. - He brought me a book.

Er hat mir kein Buch gebracht. He didn't bring me a book.

Er macht nicht eine Ausnahme. He doesn't make a single exception.

Er hat nicht ein Wort gesagt. - He didn't say a single word.

Also kein used before real nouns (denoting an indefinite amount of a substance) and nouns in-zeug, -werk:

Z.B. Er trank kein Bier. - He didn't drink beer.

Er wunscht sich zum Geburtstag kein Spielzeug/kein Schuhwerk.- He does not want to be given a toy (shoes) for his birthday.

Characterized by the presence kein and in stable combinations, if the sentence has the following constructions:

1) noun + verb = verb:

Z.B. Er Holte Atem. (= atmete) Erholte keinen Atem. - He wasn't breathing.

Sie hatte Angst (= angstigte sich) Sie hatte keine Angst. She didn't have any fear.

2) noun + verb - adjective:

Z.B. Er hatte Hunger.(= war hungrig) Er hatte keinen Hunger.- He was not hungry.

3) preposition + verb = adjective:

Z.B. Das ist ein Problem von sehr grower Bedeutung (= sehr bedeutungsvoll).

This issue is of great importance.

Das ist ein Problem von keiner sehr grön Bedeutung.

When listing is also used key:

Z.B. Mitzubringen sind: Schlafsack, Waschzeug, Besteck, aber keine Skistiefel undkein Kofferradio.

You should bring: sleeping bag, washing accessories, (cutlery) utensils, but ski boots And don't take a radio.

Kein can act as a negative subject or object:

Z.B. Keiner wollte sterben. - Nobody wanted to die.

Ich kenne keinen, der das tut. - I don't know anyone who does it.

negative particle nothing is used when the negative object is preceded by a definite article or pronoun:

Z.B. Das ist nicht der einzige Grund. - That's not the only reason.

Wir verloren die Hoffnung nicht. We didn't lose hope.

In stable combinations of a verb and a noun in the accusative, when these combinations cannot be replaced by one verb (that is, the verb and the object form one semantic whole, there is a close connection between them) is also used nothing:

Z.B. Er kann Auto fahren. Er Kapp nicht Auto fahren. - He can't drive.

If this connection is not close, then either nothing or kein.

Nicht is also used before als (as):

Z.B. Sie arbeitet als Kontrolleurin. - She works as a controller.

Sie arbeitet nicht als Kontrolleurin. She doesn't work as a controller.

Nothing or kein can be used in an affirmative sentence if the noun does not have an article, after the pronoun Solche, in a number of expressions:

Z.B. Erist Lehrer. Er ist nicht Lehrer. Er ist kein Lehrer.

Er Treibt Sport. Er treibt nicht/keinen Sport. - He doesn't play sports

Er mag keine solchen Spiele. - He doesn't like such games.

Er mag solche Spiele nicht. - He doesn't like such games

Don't forget that nothing stands before a preposition, a kein between preposition and noun:

Z.B. Ergeht nicht ins Zimmer. - He doesn't go into the room.

Ergeht in kein Zimmer. - He doesn't go into the room.

In these cases, kein is rarely used and is always interpreted as a partial negation, while nothing, respectively, as a complete or partial denial.

Use of nicht and kein also depends on what is denied more: if the verb is used, then nothing, if the noun is key:

Z.B. Ich habe noch keinen Urlaub genommen. - I haven't taken a vacation yet.

Urlaub habe ich noch nicht genommen. - I haven't taken a vacation yet.

In stable combinations nehmen + accusative can also be used either kein or nothing:

Z.B. Er nimmt nicht darauf Rucksicht. - He doesn't consider it.

Er nimmt darauf keine Rucksicht (more often). - He doesn't consider it.

From using nicht or kein the meaning may depend when it comes to a profession, rank, function, nationality or worldview:

Z.B. Er ist nicht Lehrer (Angestellter, Professor, Moslem, Pole).- He is not a teacher (employee, professor, Muslim, Pole).

Er ist kein Lehrer (Angestellter, Professor, Moslem, Pole).- He is not a teacher (employee, professor, Muslim, Pole).

Denial with nothing his profession is unequivocally denied, etc. (perhaps he is not a teacher, but, for example, an engineer), while with kein his abilities, qualities of a teacher, etc. are denied.(What kind of teacher is he?)

Nothing used instead kein (that is, only nicht) in such proposals, in which we are talking about a proper name without an article, which is either a subject and an object, or a nominal part of a compound predicate denoting the time of the day and year:

Z.B. Sie mag Klaus (Herrn Mahl, Bonn) nicht. - She doesn't like Klaus (Mr Mehl, Bonn).

Er heit nicht Otto. - His name is not Otto.

Es wird noch lange nicht Herbst. - There will be no autumn for a long time (literally).

Only nothing is used in cases where the noun has become almost part of the verb, in expressions:

Z.B. Aïto, Boot, Bus, Karussell, Rad, Rollschue, Schritt, Seilbahn (suspended) cable car, Ski) fahren; Wort halten keep your word; Radio horen; Amok to run amok, Gefahr to risk (to get into trouble), Ski, Spieвruten to be ridiculed from all sides, Sturm laufen; Bankrott goes bankrupt, Feierabend ends the day, Schluss machen; Pfeife rauchen smoking a pipe; Bescheid sagen inform, convey; Maschine schreiben typewriter; Flote play the flute, Football usw., Karten, Klavier on the piano, Schach, Skat, Tennis spielen; Schlange stehen to stand in line.

Sie fahrt nicht Auto. - She doesn't drive.

Er steht nicht Schlange - He doesn't stand in line.

Pronouns niemand, nichts can be usedin a sentence as a subject, object, definition:

Z.B. Mir ist dort niemand bekannt.. - I don't know anyone there.

Ich kenne dort niemand. - I don't know anyone there.

Jedermanns Freund ist niemandes Freund.- Whoever is a friend to everyone is not a friend to anyone(proverb).

Adverbs nie never, nimmer no more (obsolete, Y.-German),niemals, keinesfalls, keineswegs,aufkeinen Fall, in keinem Fall, keinerlei, nicht einmal never reject the whole proposal to a greater extent than nothing:

Z.B. Das war nie und nimmer so. - This has never happened in my life.

Ich kann das nimmer aushalten. - I'll never stand it.

Wir werden das niemals vergessen. - We will never forget it.

Nirgends, nirgendwo used in a sentence as an adverb of place:

Z.B. Ich kann den Schlussel nirgends finden. - I can't find the key anywhere.

Solche Menschen wie hierfindest du nirgendwo .- You won't find people like here anywhere.

Er war nirgends so gem wie zu Hause. He has never felt better anywhere than at home.

Union weder...noch negates the whole sentence and stands before a verb or another member of the sentence:

Z.B. Weder haben wir es gewusst, noch haben wir es geahnt. We didn't know about it, we didn't know about it.

Nicht, kein, nichts, niemand can be amplified by particles bestimmt, durchaus, ganz und gar, gar, in spoken language sicherl(tich), uberhaupt, absolutweakened by a particle fast :

Z.B. Das kapp ich (ganz und) gar nicht, durchaus nicht, absolut nicht. - This I can't quite/absolutely understand/understand.

Das geht aufgar keinen Fall. - Nothing will ever come of this.

Sie ist iiberhaupt nicht eifersuchtig. She's not jealous at all.

Das ist gar niemandes Schuld. (geh. vys.) - This is absolutely no one's fault.

Combinations can also serve to enhance:

Z.B. Ich habe nicht mehr und nicht weniger (nichts mehr und nichts weniger) gesagt. - I said nothing more and nothing less (nothing more and nothing less).

Das macht mich durchaus nicht froh. - It doesn't make me happy.

Das beruhrt mich nicht im Geringsten. - It does not / does not care / does not concern me at all.

To strengthen negation in colloquial speech, a noun denoting insignificant value can be preceded by nothing or kein :

Z.B. Ah, nothing die Bohne! Keine Bohne! - Not a drop! Not at all!

Keine Spur! - Nothing like that! / Not at all!

Das ist keinen Pfifferling wert. - It's not worth anything / not a penny.

Special Provision Rules nothing in a sentence

With partial negation of nicht stands before the negated word, but not at the end of the sentence, as this will automatically be interpreted as a complete negation (the emphasis falls on the negated word), before the word denoting the quality / property:

Z.B. Er fahrt nicht mit der Strabenbahn, sondern mit dem Bus. - He will not go by tram, but by bus.

Der Student hat nicht gut, sondern Ausgezeichnet gearbeitet. - The student worked not well, but excellently.

Nothing with partial negation, it can also stand not before the negated word, but at the end of the sentence before the second, non-conjugated (separable) part of the predicate if the negated word is at the beginning of the sentence:

Z.B. Fleifiig kann er nicht arbeiten. - He can't work diligently.

Fleivig hat dieser Student nicht gearbeitet. - Diligently this student did not work.

With complete denial of nothing stands at the end of the sentence if the object in the dative or accusative is preceded by a definite article or pronoun, and the predicate does not have a second, non-conjugated (separable) part and, accordingly, before the second, non-conjugated part of the predicate, if any:

Z.B. Er liest das Buch nothing. - He is not reading a book.

Er hat das Buch nicht gelesen.- He didn't read the book.

Mandatory before a noun in the accusative, if it forms a single whole with the verb:

Z.B. Erfahrt nicht Auto. (= mit dent Auto) - He doesn't drive.

Er spielt nicht Klavier. (= aufdem Klavier) -He doesn't play the piano.

Regarding the members of the proposal, nothing most often worth it front circumstance of place, but after circumstances of time with prepositions, causes, goals, consequences, conditions:

Z.B. Er wohnt nothing in Polen. - He doesn't live in Poland.

Ich schliefin der Nacht (die ganze Nacht, gestern) nicht. - I did not sleep at night (all night, yesterday).

Er kommt wegen seiner Krankheit nicht. - Due to illness, he will not come.

Das Spiel findet wegen des Regens nicht statt. - The game will not take place due to rain.

Always after adverbs:

Z.B. Das Spiel fand deswegen nicht statt. - That's why the game didn't take place.

Die Besichtigung des Schlosses bedurfte nicht der Zustimmung des Besitzers. - Inspection of the castle did not require the consent of the owner.

Before the nominal part of the predicate (before a noun or adjective):

Z.B. Er wird nicht Lehrer. - He won't be a teacher.

Siewird nicht krank. - She won't get sick.

Before a noun that is included in a combination with a functional verb, and it is also possible before an addition if it is widespread (for better understanding, especially in oral speech):

Z.B. Der Fremdenfu "hrer besitzt nicht die Fahigkeit anschaulich zu erzahlen. - The guide did not have the ability to visually tell.

Er untersuchte den psychischen Zustand des Kranken nicht./ Er untersuchte nicht den psychischen Zustand des Kranken. - He did not examine the mental state of the patient.

Place nothing in the subordinate clause:

Dass er nicht arbeitet.

Dass er nicht Lehrer wird.

Dass er den Freund nicht sieht.

Dass er nicht an dichdenkt.

Dass er das Buch nicht aufden Tisch

Dass er uns nicht gem besucht.

Dass er uns vermutlich nicht besucht.

Denn er macht das nothing.

It is interesting to consider the peculiarity of the translation of the construction nicht umhinkonnen zu + infinitive:

Z.B. Ich kann nicht umhin, es zu tun. - I can't help but do it.

Er hat nicht umhingekonnt, das zu horen. He couldn't help but hear it. (Only in the perfect!)

Transfer of negation with the help of derivational forms.

In some cases, there are no negative words in the German sentence, negation is conveyed using such derivational forms as prefixes nothing + adjective(when spelled together, it can be written separately)or noun, prefixes nichts- adjective or nounnegative prefix un- + adjective(however, adjectives with a single antonym cannot have this form:kurz short - lang long, dick thick - dünn thin, schlecht - gut), suffixes - los and -un, prefixes -miss + verb or noun(with -miss, in addition to negation, an erroneous action can also be shown -missdeuten (=falsch deuten) - to misinterpret/misinterpret missverstehen (=falsch verstehen) - to misunderstand/misunderstand):

Z.B. nichtamtlichlnicht amtlich; nichtberuflich der Nichtraucher; der Nichtschwimmer. - informal; non-working non-smoker; unable to swim

Z.B. nichtstuerich; Nichtswurdig der Nichtstuer; der Nichtskonner - idle; unworthy loafer; mediocrity,

Z.B. Das Buch ist uninteresting. - The book is not interesting.

Z.B. die Unfreudlichkeit; das Ungluck - unkindness; misfortune

erfolglos; hilflos - unsuccessful; helpless

Z.B. missfallen - not to like

missglucken, misslingen, missraten - fail

die Missgunst; der Misserfolg - disgrace; failure, failure

The German language is characterized by the presence of foreign suffixes that convey the degree of negation -de(s)-, dis-, in- (il-, im-, ir-)+ noun or adjective:

Z.B. die Dezentralisierung decentralization, das Desinteresse disinterest, die Disproportion disproportion, indiskret tactless; inkonsequent fickle illegitim illegal; die Immobilien real estate; die Irreality

Negative pass particles fast, beinahe with a verb in the conjunctiva:

Z.B. Er wäre beinahe ertrunken. - He nearly drowned.

Ich ware fast eingeschlafen. - I almost fell asleep.

Negation can also be shown using conjunctions:ohne (dass), (an)statt (dass), als dass, auver dass, ausgenommen dass, auver wenn, weder... noch:

Z.B. Er kommt, ohne dass er uns grusst/ ohne uns grussen. (= Er grusst uns nicht.) - He comes without greeting us (= He does not greet us).

Er arbeitet, anstatt dass er schlaft/ anstatt zu schlafen. (= Er schlaft nicht.) - He works instead of sleeping (- He does not sleep).

Negation can also be expressed using prepositions.aufier, anstelle, entgegen, ungeachtet despite, unbeschadet (mouth) despite/notwithstanding:

Z.B. Unbeschadet einiger Mangel ist es ein gutes Buck. Despite some shortcomings, this is a good book.

The negative word in the German sentence may be absent, but when translated into Russian, the negation is also transmitted in the concessive subordinate clause:

Z.B. Wie halt es auch war, er ging jeden Tag baden. No matter how cold it was, he went swimming every day.

However, there are cases when nicht stands as a particle in an exclamatory or interrogative sentence, but the content of the sentence is not negative:

Z.B. in an exclamatory sentence:

Was weiss er nothing alles! (= Was weiss er alles!) - What does he not know!

Was machen wir nicht alles zusammen? What we don't do together

Entschuldigung, sind Sie nicht Herr Rohr? - Excuse me, are you Mr. Roer?

Z.B. in an interrogative sentence, suggesting a positive answer:

Kannst du mir nicht helfen? (= Kannst du mir helfen?) - Can't you help me? (= Can you help me?)

Z.B. with the construction nicht nur ... sondern auch:

Er ist nicht nur ein guter Lehrer, sondern auch in ausgezeichneter Wissenschaftler. (= Er ist ein guter Lehrer und ein ausge-zeichneter Wissenschaftler.) He is not only a good teacher, but also an excellent scholar. (= He is a good teacher and an excellent scientist.)

4. Features of the use of negation

Only one negation is possible in a German sentence:

Z.B. Ich habe nie etwas davon gehort. - I've never heard anything about it.

In Old German, the double negation served to strengthen the negation. It has survived in the literature spoken language. In modern German, double negation is allowed only as a special stylistic device, more often in combination with nicht un- and nicht ohne, and means the statement:

Z.B. Das ist nicht unmoglich (= durchaus moglich). - That's quite possible.

Er liest ein nicht uninteresting Buch. He is reading an interesting book.

Er verfolgt die Rede nicht ohne Spannung. He listened to the speech not without tension.

Es gab keine Missverstandnisse zwischen... - There were no misunderstandings between...

In an additional sentence, a double negative is also considered an affirmation:

Z.B. Es gibt nichts Besonderes in dieser Gegend, was wir nicht gesehen haben. There is nothing special in this area that we have not seen.

Es gibt keinen Menschen, der das nicht erfahren hatte. - There is no such person who would not recognize this.

Cait and nicht are mutually exclusive because kite has a negative meaning: Z.B. Er wird mich kait besuchen. - He hardly visits me.

If the author uses negation noch nothing, it indicates that the event has not yet occurred, and if nicht mehr what the event happened in the past. Word sogar reinforces, a nicht einmal reduces the importance of the action:

Z.B. Er ist noch nicht in der Schule.- His not yet at school.

Er ist nicht mehr in der Schule. - His no longer at school.

A negative description gives the sentence a softening or approving character:

Z.B. Das ist wirklich keine schlechte Idee.(= Das ist eine sehr gute Idee.)

It's really a good idea. (This is a very good idea).

5. Conclusion.

After conducting this study, we can conclude that the choice of a negative language means depends on many factors:

1) General and private negation, as well as the degree of negation embedded in the sentence.

2) From the individuality and specificity of the artistic language of the author, which can violate the grammatical norms and rules of this language.

3) From the mono-negative structure of the negative sentence.

Therefore, taking into account all of the above, we will summarize that the German negative sentence is a complex multifaceted system that has its own specific features and patterns, owning a huge number of negative language means, the choice of which depends on the factors listed above.

Regarding the frequency of the use of a negative means, we can say that the most universal negation is the particle nothing, since it has no restrictions in its functioning, thereby facilitating the task of selection.

But most importantly, you should never forget that German negation, unlike Russian, is monogamous and more semantically complex, so you need to be extremely careful and careful when building a German sentence and choosing a negative means.

6. List of references.

1. Agapova S.A. Negative pronouns and adverbs. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004;

2. Vasilyeva M.M. Grammar of the German language. - Moscow, GARDARIKI, 1999;

3. Questions of the modern German language. - M.: "Union", 1986;

4. Gulyga E.V. Grammar of the German language. - M.: Manager, 2004;

5. Zavyalova V.M., Izvolskaya I.V. Grammar of the German language. - M.: CheRo, 1997;

6. Moskalskaya O.I. Deutsche Sprachgeschichte. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003;

7. Moskalskaya O.I. Deutsche theoretical grammar. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004;

8. Narustrang E.V. Practical grammar of the German language. - St. Petersburg: "Soyuz", 2001;

10. Sinev R.G. German grammar scientific speech. - M.: Gothic, 2001;

11. Tagil I.P. Deutsche Grammatik. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003;

12. Filicheva I.I. History of the German language. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003.

13. Shishkova L.V. Syntax of modern German. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003;

Negation in the German language has one feature that makes it fundamentally different from the Russian language. Despite the fact that any member of the German sentence and almost any part of speech can be negated, there can be only one negation, double negation is not allowed in this language. For instance:

Meine Grossmutter ist nie im Ausland gewesen. – My grandmother has never been abroad (one negative in German, two in Russian).

Gestern hast du keine Zeitungen gelesen. – You didn’t read any newspapers yesterday (one negative in German, two in Russian).

Gestern hast du dein Abendbrot nicht gegessen. You didn't eat your dinner yesterday.

Negation in German can be expressed using various words and constructions with a negative meaning: nein, nicht, kein, niemals, nie, niemand, nichts, weder ... noch, etc.

German negation with the particle NICHT

With the particle nicht, verbs can be negated; nouns with a definite article, possessive and demonstrative pronouns; adjectives, participles, pronouns, etc. The particle nicht can never take the first place in a sentence and comes before the word that it negates. The only exception is verbs.

If a simple verbal predicate without separable prefixes is denied in a sentence, then the particle nicht takes the very last place in the sentence, for example:

Wassermelonen esse ich nothing. - I don't eat watermelon. (Here we deny a simple predicate).

If a predicate with a separable prefix is ​​used in the sentence, then the negation of nicht takes the penultimate place in the sentence before this prefix, for example:

Am bevorstehenden Wettkampf nimmt er nicht teil. He will not take part in the upcoming competitions.

If the sentence uses a compound verbal predicate, constructions with modal verbs, complex tense forms, then the particle nicht again takes the penultimate place before the semantic verb in the invariable form (Infinitiv, Partizip II, etc.), for example:

Ich will dieses furchtbare Kleid nicht anziehen. I don't want to wear this awful dress.

Meine Schwester hat diese Nachricht noch nicht gehört. My sister hasn't heard the news yet.

When negating a noun with the preposition particle nothing takes the position immediately before the preposition, for example:

Er ist nicht nach Tokio abgeflogen. Er ist nach Hongkong geflogen. He didn't fly to Tokyo. He flew to Hong Kong.

When denying the circumstances expressed by adverbs, the particle nothing takes the position immediately before them, for example:

Willst du ihn unbedingt heute besuchen? – Nein, ich will ihn nicht unbedingt heute besuchen. (Nein, nicht unbedingt heute). “Do you want to visit him today?” No, I don't want to visit him today. (No, not exactly today).

If there is a need to negate any word in a sentence or part of a sentence, then the particle nothing is placed immediately before the word or part that is being denied. Often, with such a negation, it is necessary to indicate an existing alternative to the negated word. To indicate an alternative option, either an explanation is given in the following sentence, or the construction is used"nicht ..., sondern" ("not ..., but"), for example:

Dein Pulli liegt nicht auf dem Stuhl. Er liegt unter deinem Bett. Your pullover is not on the chair. It lies under your bed.

Dein Pulli liegt nicht im Schrank, sondern unter dem Sofa. - Your pullover is not in the closet, but under the sofa.

If adjectives or participles are denied, then the particle nothing stands in front of them, for example:

Unser nicht sehr höflicher Begleiter ist plötzlich verschwunden. - Our not very polite escort suddenly disappeared.

Das Klima in eurer Gegend ist nicht schön. The climate in your area is not good.

Warum ziehst du immer die nicht gebügelten Kleider an? Why do you always wear unironed dresses?

Negation in German with KEIN

The negation of kein replaces the indefinite or zero article before the noun and is declined in exactly the same way as the indefinite article. Consider the declension kein using the example of the nouns "lie - die Lüge", "motto - das Motto", "thief - der Dieb", "hedgehogs - die Igel":

Kasus	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Femininum	keine Luge	keiner Luge	keiner Luge	keine Luge
Neutrum	kein motto	keines mottos	Keinem Motto	kein motto
maskulinum	Kein Dieb	Keines Diebes	Keinem Dieb	Keinen Dieb
Plural	Keine Igel	Keiner Igel	keinen Igeln	Keine Igel

For instance:

Zuerst habe ich gedacht, dass es eine Blume war. Das war aber keine Blume. At first I thought it was a flower. But it was not a flower.

Wir haben keine Sauna auf der Datscha. - We do not have a sauna in the country.

Trinkst du Rosewein? — Nein, ich trinke keinen Rosewein. Do you drink rose wine? No, I don't drink rose wine.

Negation in German using various negative words

negative word NEIN = no serves to negate the entire sentence as a whole. A single word NEIN can serve as an independent sentence, which is a short negative answer to some question. For instance:

Bist du ein Dolmetscher? — Nein. (Ich bin kein Dolmetscher). - You are a translator? - Not. (I am not a translator).

Ist er mit einem Schnellzug angekommen? – Nein. (Er ist nicht mit einem Schnellzug angekommen). Did he arrive by express train? - Not. (He didn't arrive on the express train).

negative word NIEMAND = nobody serves to negate the face and is the antonym for jemand (someone), for example:

Hat jemand meinen neuen Kugelschreiber gesehen? – Nein, niemand hat deinen neuen Kugelschreiber gesehen. Has anyone seen my new ballpoint pen? No, no one has seen your new ballpoint pen.

negative word NICHTS = nothing used to negate any object, quantity. For instance:

Habt ihr wenigstens etwas behalten? – Nein, wir haben nichts behalten. – Do you remember anything? No, we don't remember anything.

The negative word NIRGENDS = NIRGENDWO = nowhere is used to negate location (circumstances of place). For instance:

Wo sind sie am letzten Wochenende gewesen? – Sie sind nirgends gewesen. Where were they last weekend? “They were nowhere.

negative word NIE = NIEMALS = never used to negate time. For instance:

Wir sind noch nie in Australien gewesen. We have never been to Australia before.

Allied constructions with the meaning of negation in German

"weder ... noch" - "neither ... nor":

Heute habe ich weder Fenster im Kinderzimmer noch die in unserem Schlafzimmer gewaschen. Today I didn’t wash the windows in the children’s room, nor the windows in the bedroom.

"ohne ... zu" - "without doing, without doing something":

Heute habe ich Fleisch überbacken, ohne es eingespickt zu haben. Today I baked meat without stuffing it.

The means intended in German for negating something are not limited to negative words only. There are also all sorts of linguistic possibilities for expressing negation: suffixes and prefixes with the meaning of negation, the use of words in the lexical meaning of which negation was originally laid down, the use of the subjunctive mood with an unreal meaning that denies the possibility of any action. For instance:

Suffixes with a negative meaning:

Frei: "impeccable, impeccable - einwandfrei"

Los: "unintentional, unintentional - absichtslos" / "intentional, premeditated - absichtlich"

Prefixes with a negative value:

un-: "irregular - unregelmässig" / "regular - regelmässig"

de-: "assembly, installation - die Montage" / "dismantling, dismantling - die Demontage"

miss-: "to suspect, to distrust - misstrauen" / "to trust, to believe - trauen"

Words with negation inherent in semantics:

"to hate - hassen"

“to listen, not to hear - überhören”, etc.

Subjunctive mood with inherent unreality of action, denying the possibility of what is happening:

Wenn ich du wäre, könnte das nicht passieren. If I were in your place, this would not have happened.

In negative sentences in German, the negation nein, the negative particle nicht, the negative pronoun kein are most often used.

The pronouns niemand, keiner, nichts, adverbs nirgends, niemals, nie, conjunction weder ... noch are also used to express negation.

The use of the negation nicht in German and its place in a sentence

The negation of nicht in German can refer to any member of the sentence. The place of negation depends on which part of the sentence it refers to. Most often, the negation of nicht comes before the negated word.

When negating the predicate (when, as a rule, the content of the entire sentence is denied), nicht in German stands:

• in last place if the predicate is expressed by the verb in a simple tense form (Präsens or Präteritum);

• if there is a noun with a preposition in the sentence, the negation of nicht, referring to the predicate, usually stands before this prepositional group;

If the negation of nicht in German refers to a compound predicate expressed modal verb and the infinitive of another verb, then it can also be placed after the modal verb.

Compare:

Kein replaces the article and agrees with the noun in gender, number, and case.

The negative pronoun kein has the meaning "none", "none" and is translated into Russian by the negation of "not" with the predicate:

Only one negation can be used in a German sentence.

Compare:

The use of negative pronouns and adverbs
in German

To express negation, in addition to nicht and kein, negative pronouns can be used in German
• keiner (none, none)
• niemand (no one)
• nichts (nothing, nothing)

and negative adverbs
• niemals, nie (never)
• nirgends (nowhere).

These parts of speech, acting in the sentence as various members of the sentence (subject, object, circumstance), also serve as negations. If there are negative pronouns and adverbs in the sentence, other negations are not used.

Pronouns and adverbs are also used to express negation in German:
• keinmal (never, never)
• keinesfalls (by no means, by no means),
• keinerlei (none)
• nimmer (never)

The negative conjunction weder ... noch (neither ... nor) is also used as a negation. When using this union in a German sentence, the presence of any other negation is also excluded.

Negation of nein in German

The negation of nein in German does not apply to any of the members of the sentence, it is of a general nature. It is an introductory word and is separated by a comma.