Functions of the nervous tissue of animals table. What is the difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue: description and differences. Connective tissues include

Epithelium is the collection of cells that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities. Epithelial tissue plays a protective, receptor function. It provides the absorption of substances and their release, participates in gas exchange. Distinguish cubic, flat and cylindrical epithelium. Flat is located in the vessels of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, pulmonary alveoli, body cavities. The cuboidal epithelium is located in the retina, the cylindrical epithelium is located in the intestinal tract.

Connective tissue consists of fibers - well-developed intercellular structures (elastic, collagen and reticular), as well as of the main structureless substance. species connective tissue are: loose, dense (cartilaginous, bone), reticular. It performs storage, protective and feeding functions.

In cartilage tissue, chondrocytes are immersed in the ground substance. There are elastic, hyaline, fibrous cartilage. Hyaline cartilage lines the articular cavities and articular heads. Elastic cartilage is located in the auricles, fibrous - in the intervertebral discs. The functions of cartilage are mechanical and connective.

Bone tissue is formed from connective tissue or when cartilage is replaced. The composition of its main substance includes collagen fibers and protein-polysaccharide complexes. fully formed bone consists of bone plates, inside which lie osteocytes.

Reticular connective tissue is associated with large, branched, reticular cells that can transform into phagocytes or blood elements. Reticular cells and fibers form a supporting network within which there are free cells. The lymphatic organs and hematopoietic tissues have a similar structure.

Muscular and nervous tissues

Muscle tissue is divided into smooth and striated. The composition of smooth muscles includes spindle-shaped cells, it is characterized by slow contraction and slow relaxation. Smooth muscles form the muscles of internal organs: blood vessels, uterus, intestines, respiratory tract, ureters. Muscle tissue is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

The striated tissue is formed by multinucleated cells called muscle fibers. It consists of skeletal muscles that are innervated by spinal nerves. The striated muscles can contract quickly and tire quickly.

Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells. Nerve cells receive signals from environment, translate these signals into nerve impulses that are conducted to the nerve endings. Neurons exhibit secretory activity, they secrete mediators - physiologically active substances involved in the implementation of contacts between cells. Neurons can also release hormones.

Glial cells are necessary for the transfer of substances to nerve cells from the blood and vice versa. They form myelin sheaths, perform supporting and protective functions.

The bodies of multicellular animals are made up of different types of cells that perform different functions in the body. Each type of cell includes not one cell, but many similar ones. Thus, one usually speaks of tissue types (in this case animals) rather than cell types.

Tissue is made up of not only cells, but also the substance between these cells. This substance is secreted by tissue cells and is called intercellular. Tissues differ among themselves, including the amount of intercellular substance. In some tissues of animals there is a lot of it, in others - the cells are tightly adjacent to each other and there is almost no intercellular substance.

In this way, the cloth is a collection of cells that have a similar structure and functions, as well as the intercellular substance secreted by these cells.

There are four main types of animal tissues: integumentary, connective, muscle and nervous. Each fabric type has its own subtypes. Therefore, they say, for example, not about connective tissue, but about connective tissues.

Integumentary tissues

Integumentary tissues are called differently epithelial.

Integumentary tissues line not only the surface of the body, but also the cavities of internal organs. So the stomach, intestines, oral cavity, bladder and others line the integumentary tissues from the inside.

There is almost no intercellular substance in epithelial tissues. Their cells are tightly adjacent to each other and form from one to several layers.

The main functions of the epithelium are protection, secretion production, gas exchange, absorption, excretion.

It is expressed in the protection of the deeper tissues of the animal from damage, temperature changes, and the ingress of harmful microorganisms. This function is performed by the skin.

epithelium characteristic of the intestine. Here, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream with the help of intestinal villi.

integumentary tissues of the animal is observed in the stomach, where its cells secrete mucus. There are also various glands in the skin.

carries out the epithelium of the lungs, in some animals the skin also takes part in gas exchange.

performs the epithelium of the excretory organs.

Connective tissues

Unlike integumentary tissues, there is a lot of intercellular substance in the connective tissue, in which there are relatively few cells.

Connective tissues form bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood. They perform supporting, protective, binding and other functions.

Blood is referred to as connective tissue, as it connects various organs and organ systems. So the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body, and back - carbon dioxide. From the digestive system, blood delivers nutrients to the cells. Carries harmful substances into the excretory system.

Muscle tissues

The main function of muscle tissue is to ensure the movement of the animal. This happens due to the alternating contraction and relaxation of the cells that make up muscle tissue. The nervous tissue controls these processes.

Muscle cells are elongated.

There are two main types of muscle tissue: striated and smooth. The first forms the skeletal muscles of the animal. Smooth muscles are part of the internal organs. Smooth muscle cells are elongated, but shorter than those of striated muscle tissue, which has long cells with many nuclei.

nervous tissue

Nervous tissue is made up of specialized cells neurons. These cells have a body and processes, thus the cell has a stellate shape. The processes are of two types: short and long. The processes transmit stimuli from various organs of the body to the spinal cord and brain (which consist of nervous tissue). Here the information is processed, after which excitation is transmitted from the nervous tissue to the organs, which is the body's reaction to irritation.

The function of the nervous tissue is the coordination of the work of various organs of a complex organism, its control, reaction to environmental influences, etc.

The human body is a certain integral system that can regulate itself independently and periodically recover if necessary. This system, in turn, is represented by a large set of cells.

At the cellular level, very important processes are carried out in the human body, which include metabolism, reproduction, and so on. In turn, all cells of the human body and other non-cellular structures are grouped into organs, organ systems, tissues, and then into a full-fledged organism.

A tissue is a union of all cells in the human body and non-cellular substances that are similar to each other in terms of their functions, appearance, education.

Epithelial tissue, better known as epithelium, is a tissue that is the basis of the surface of the skin, serosa, cornea eyeball, digestive, urinary and respiratory systems, genital organs, it also participates in the formation of glands.

This tissue is characterized by a regenerative feature. Numerous types of epithelium differ in their appearance. The fabric can be:

Multilayer.
Provided with a stratum corneum.
Single layer, equipped with villi (renal, coelomic, intestinal epithelium).

Such a tissue is a border substance, which implies its direct participation in a number of vital processes:

Through the epithelium, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
From the renal epithelium, the process of excretion of urine occurs.
Nutrients are absorbed into the lymph and blood from the intestinal lumen.

The epithelium in the human body performs the most important function - protection, it, in turn, is aimed at protecting the underlying tissues and organs from various kinds of damage. In the human body, a huge number of glands are created from a similar basis.

Epithelial tissue is formed from:

Ectoderm (covering the cornea of the eye, oral cavity, esophagus, skin).
Endoderm (gastrointestinal tract).
Mesoderm (organs of the urogenital system, mesothelium).

The formation of epithelial tissue occurs at the initial stage of embryo formation. The epithelium, which is part of the placenta, is directly involved in the exchange of necessary substances between the fetus and the pregnant woman.

Depending on the origin, epithelial tissue is divided into:

Skin.
Intestinal.
Renal.
Ependymoglial epithelium.
coelomic epithelium.

These types of epithelial tissue are characterized by the following features:

Epithelial cells are presented in the form of a continuous layer located on the basement membrane. Through this membrane, epithelial tissue is saturated, which does not contain blood vessels in its composition.
The epithelium is known for its restorative properties, the integrity of the damaged layer after a certain time period is fully regenerated.
The cellular basis of tissue has its own polarity of structure. It is associated with the apical and basal parts of the cell body.

Within the whole layer between neighboring cells, the connection is formed quite often with the help of desmos. Desmos is a numerous structures of very small sizes, they consist of two halves, each of them in the form of a thickening is superimposed on the adjacent surface of neighboring cells.

The epithelial tissue has a coating in the form of a plasma membrane containing organelles in the cytoplasm.

Connective tissue is presented in the form of fixed cells, called:

Fibrocytes.
Fibroplasts.

Also in this type of tissue contains a large number of free cells (wandering, fat, fat, and so on). Connective tissue aims to give shape to the human body, as well as stability and strength. This type tissues also connect organs.

Connective tissue is divided into:

Embryonic- formed in the womb. Blood cells, muscle structure, and so on are formed from this tissue.
Reticular-consists of reticulocyte cells that accumulate water in the body. The tissue is involved in the formation of antibodies, this is facilitated by its content in the organs of the lymphatic system.
Interstitial- the supporting tissue of organs, it fills the gaps between the internal organs in the human body.
elastic- is located in the tendons and fascia, contains a huge amount of collagen fibers.
Adipose- is aimed at protecting the body from heat loss.

Connective tissue is present in the human body in the form of cartilage and bone tissues that make up the human body.

The difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue:

Epithelial tissue covers organs and protects them from external influences, while connective tissue connects organs, transports nutrients between them, and so on.
In the connective tissue, the intercellular substance is more pronounced.
Connective tissue is presented in 4 types: fibrous, gel-like, rigid and liquid, epithelial in the 1st layer.
Epithelial cells resemble cells in appearance; in the connective tissue they have an elongated shape.

Animal tissue is a collection of cells that are connected by an intercellular substance and are intended for a specific purpose. It is divided into many types, each of which has its own characteristics. Animal tissue under a microscope can look completely different, depending on the type and purpose. Let's take a closer look at the different types.

Tissue of the animal body: varieties and features

There are four main types: connective, epithelial, nervous and muscular. Each of them is divided into several types, depending on the location and some distinctive features.

Connective animal tissue

It is characterized by a large amount of intercellular substance - it can be both liquid and solid. The first type of this type of tissue is bone. The intercellular substance in this case is solid. It consists of minerals, mainly phosphorus and calcium salts. Also cartilaginous animal tissue belongs to the connective type. It differs in that its elastic. It, in turn, is divided into types such as hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage. The most common in the body is the first type, it is part of the trachea, bronchi, larynx, large bronchi. Elastic cartilages form the ears, medium-sized bronchi. Fibrous are included in the structure of intervertebral discs - they are located at the junction of tendons and ligaments with hyaline cartilage.

Connective refers to and in which they are stored. In addition, this includes blood and lymph. The first of these is characterized by specific cells called blood cells. They are of three types: erythrocytes, platelets and lymphocytes. The former are responsible for the transport of oxygen throughout the body, the latter for blood clotting in case of damage to the skin, and the third perform an immune function. Both of these connective tissues are special in that their intercellular substance is fluid. Lymph is involved in the metabolic process, it is responsible for returning various tissues from tissues back to the blood. chemical compounds such as all kinds of toxins, salts, some proteins. The connectives are also loose fibrous, dense fibrous, and the latter differs in that it consists of collagen fibers. It acts as a basis for such internal organs as the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, etc.

Epithelium

This type of tissue is characterized by the fact that the cells are located very tightly to each other. The epithelium mainly performs a protective function: it consists of the skin, it can line the organs both from the outside and from the inside. It is of many types: cylindrical, cubic, single-layered, multi-layered, ciliated, glandular, sensitive, flat. The first two are named so because of the shape of the cells. The ciliary has small villi; it lines the intestinal cavity. All the glands that produce enzymes, hormones, etc. consist of the following type of epithelium. The sensitive one acts as a receptor, it lines the nasal cavity. is located inside the alveoli, blood vessels. Cubic is found in organs such as the kidneys, eyes, thyroid gland.

Nervous animal tissue

It is made up of spindle-shaped cells called neurons. They have a complex structure, built from a body, an axon (a long outgrowth) and dendrites (several short ones). These tissue formations are interconnected, signals are transmitted through them, like wires. Between them there is a lot of intercellular substance that supports the neurons in the right position and nourishes them.

Muscle tissues

They are divided into three types, each of which has its own characteristics. The first of these is smooth muscle tissue. It consists of long cells - fibers. This type of muscle tissue lines such internal organs as the stomach, intestines, uterus, etc. They are able to contract, but the person (or animal) himself is unable to control and manage these muscles on his own. The next type is striated fabric. It contracts many times faster than the first one, since it contains more actin and myosin proteins, thanks to which this happens.

Striated muscle tissue makes up skeletal muscle, which the body can control at its discretion. The last type - cardiac tissue - differs in that it contracts faster than smooth tissue, has more actin and myosin, but is not subject to conscious control by a person (or animal), that is, it combines some features of the two types described above. All three are made up of long cells, also called fibers, that usually contain large numbers of mitochondria (the organelles that produce energy).

MOU "Gymnasium" p.g.t. Sabinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan

District seminar "Improving the creative initiative of students

in biology lessons through the use of information technology "

"Animal tissues: epithelial and connective"

Open lesson in biology in grade 6

according to the textbook N.I. Sonina "Living organism"

2009/2010 academic year

Target: study the structural features of animal tissues

Tasks:

Educational:

To form an idea of the structure of the tissues of the animal body: epithelial and connective;

To form the ability to prove the conformity of the structure of animal tissues with the functions performed;

Developing:

Develop the ability to compare, analyze, generalize, work with a microscope and micropreparations;

Development of self-control;

Develop a conscious attitude to the result of their educational work;

Educational:

Cultivate a sense of cooperation and mutual assistance towards each other.

Lesson type: combined, laboratory work

Teaching methods: partially exploratory, explanatory and illustrative

Equipment: textbook, microscope, microslides "Epithelial tissue", "Bone tissue", "Cartilage", "Blood", "Adipose tissue", workbook for the textbook, computer, multimedia projector, multimedia presentation "Animal tissues".

DURING THE CLASSES.

Organizing time.

Updating knowledge and skills.

In the last lesson, we examined the main types of plant tissues.

front poll.

What is the definition of "fabric"?

What tissues are classified as plant tissues?

What functions do they perform in the body?

Test work on the topic "Plant tissues".

1 option.

1. Educational fabric provides:

A) the shape of the plant

B) plant growth

B) the movement of substances

D) gives strength and elasticity

2. The pulp of the leaf is formed:

A) covering tissue

B) mechanical tissue

B) main fabric

D) conductive tissue

3. The function of the integumentary tissue:

B) gives support to plants

4. Conductive tissues are in

A) only in leaves

B) in the embryo of the plant, the tip of the root

B) in leaves, stem and root

D) walnut shell

5. Mechanical fabric consists of:

A) live cells

B) thickened and lignified cells

B) dead cells

D) living and dead cells

Option 2.

1. Educational fabric consists of:

A) dead cells

B) small, constantly dividing cells

C) living and dead cells

D) thickened and lignified cells

2. Strength and elasticity gives:

A) covering tissue

B) mechanical tissue

B) educational tissue

D) conductive tissue

3. Conductive tissue function

A) protection

B) supply of nutrients

C) the movement of water, mineral and organic substances.

D) plant growth

4. Location of the underlying tissue

A) the tip of the root, the embryo of the plant

B) the pulp of the leaf and fruit, the soft parts of the flower

C) leaf skin, cork layers of tree trunks

D) root, stem and leaf

5. What is the function of the skin of the leaf

A) protect the plant from damage and adverse effects

B) gives support to plants

B) stores nutrients

D) gives strength and elasticity

Learning new material.

We continue to study the topic "Fabrics". Consider the main tissues of the animal body. Lesson topic: "Animal tissues: epithelial and connective"

Teacher's story.

Textile - systems of cells similar in origin, structure and functions. Part fabrics also includes intercellular substances and structures - products of cellular life. There are 4 types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

Epithelial tissue (epithelium) covers the surface of the body, lines the walls of hollow internal organs, forming a mucous membrane, glandular (working) tissue of the glands of external and internal secretion. The epithelium separates the body from the external environment, performs integumentary, protective and excretory functions. The epithelium is a layer of cells lying on the basement membrane, the intercellular substance is almost absent. (slide 2)

Connective tissue consists of the main substance - cells and intercellular substance - collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. There are actually connective tissue (loose and dense fibrous) and its derivatives (cartilage, bone, fat, blood and lymph). Connective tissue and its derivatives develop from the mesenchyme. It performs supporting, protective and nutritional (trophic) functions. Having a regenerative (restorative) ability, the connective tissue takes Active participation in wound healing, forming a connective tissue scar.

Bonethe cloth- a type of connective tissue from which bones are built - the organs that make up the bone skeleton. Bone tissue consists of interacting structures: bone cells, intercellular organic bone matrix (organic bone skeleton) and the main mineralized intercellular substance. (slide 3)

Cartilage- one of the types of connective tissue, it is distinguished by a dense elastic intercellular substance that forms special shells, capsules around chondrocyte cells and groups of them. (slide 4)

Blood- connective tissue that fills the cardiovascular system of vertebrates, including humans, some invertebrates. It consists of plasma (interstitial fluid), cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. (slide 5)

Adipose tissue- a type of connective tissue of animal organisms, formed from the mesenchyme and consisting of fat cells - adipocytes. Almost the entire fat cell, whose specific function is the accumulation and metabolism of fat, is filled with a fat drop surrounded by a rim of cytoplasm with a cell nucleus pushed to the periphery. In vertebrates, adipose tissue is located mainly under the skin (subcutaneous tissue) and in the omentum, between organs, forming soft elastic pads. (slide 6)

Laboratory work "Study of the microscopic structure of tissues"

Review of finished micropreparations. Features of each type of fabric. Comparison of the image under a microscope with figures 7-10 of the textbook, the table "Animal tissues", illustrations in the multimedia presentation.

Modeviewing.

Bring the microscope into working condition: illuminate the object, adjust the sharpness. The most convenient viewing mode: eyepiece 15, objective 8.

As we view, formulating conclusions, we fill out the table. (slide 8)

Fabric name	Location	Structural features	Functions performed
epithelial	the outer surface of the body of animals; cavities of internal organs; glands	The cells are very close to each other. The intercellular substance is almost absent.	1. Protection against: drying out microbes, mechanical damage. 2. Formation of glands
Connective A) bone B) cartilaginous		dense intercellular substance loose intercellular substance	1. Support 2. Support and protection
B) fat	Fat layers		3. Protective
	Blood vessels	liquid intercellular substance. General: Cells are distant from each other; a lot of intercellular substance.	4. Transport