Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
"DON STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"
Faculty International
Department of World Languages and Cultures
Set of tasks for testing
in the discipline "Comparative-historical, typological comparative linguistics"
TEST #1
I. What is the name of the typology that deals with:
the study of general problems associated with the identification of the sum of similar and distinctive features that characterize the systems of individual languages of the world;……………………………………………………..
The study of the typological characteristics of one language or a limited group of languages;
……………………………………………………….
The study of historical changes in the typology of the states of individual languages;
………………………………………………………….
Typological research in the field of individual subsystems and individual levels of languages;
..........................................................................................
The study of general typological characteristics and patterns of languages located in a certain territory or area.
…………………………………………………………….
II. Name a linguist who:
is the founder of the typology of languages as a special section of linguistics;……………………………………………………………
Contributed to the theory of syntactic typology;
…………………………………………………………
Developed and introduced a comparative method in the study of languages, drew attention to the syllabic composition of the roots of words;
…………………………………………………………..
is the most prominent representative of the multilateral (graded) typology of languages;
………………………………………………………………..
Developed a method of typological indices;
……………………………………………………………….
III. Select the types of languages that were developed by the following linguists (some types of languages may be repeated):
; Friedrich Schlegel; August Schlegel; Wilhelm Humboldt; E. Sapir;
a) passive languages;
b) simple purely relational languages;
c) languages of the nominative system;
e) simple mixed-relational languages;
f) inflectional languages;
g) complex mixed-relational languages;
h) synthetic languages;
i) isolating languages;
j) analytical languages;
k) agglutinating tongues;
l) languages of the ergative system;
m) incorporating languages;
o) complex purely relational languages.
IV. Calculate the synthesis index for English and Russian sentences:
A big brown dog crossed the road.
………………………………………………
Big brown dog crossed the road.
……………………………………………….
V. Is the statement true:
Type of language - the structure of the language. ………………… Agreement as a type of syntactic connection is also a typologically essential feature for referring a language to a particular type. …………………………… Each language is characterized by its special stable set of leading features. …………………………. The comparative-typological method is limited in the choice of research material by spatial and temporal limits. …………………… One of the goals of the typological description of the language should be considered the identification of isomorphism various languages. ……………………VI. Write the main types of language universals opposite to those indicated:
Extralinguistic; ……………………….. synchronous; …………………………… absolute………………………………………………..
VII. Select statements specific to:
Russian language ; in English ; for two languages.a) The language has a fixed word order in a sentence.
c) Attributive phrases in the language use the agreement of the adjective with the noun in gender, number and case.
e) Adjacency is widely used in the language as the main method of syntactic connection.
f) The stress in the language has a derivational function.
g) The language is characterized by the absence of the category of possessiveness.
h) A number of nouns are distinguished in the language, in which only the seme of plurality or singularity is represented.
i) There is no division into short and full adjectives in the language.
j) There are several types of interrogative sentences in the language.
TEST #2
Answer the questions: What criteria are essential for determining the parts of speech?Does it exist in English language morphologically expressed category of the degree of quality?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What cases are distinguished in English?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
How is the seme of singularity represented in English?
…………………………………………………………………….
How is the superlative degree of adjectives formed in Russian?
……………………………………………………………………………
How does English make up for the lack of a rank? possessive adjectives in its syntactic structure?
…………………………………………………………………………
What verbs have the category of voice in Russian?
…………………………………………………………………………
What morphological ways of expressing the category of a person exist in English?
………………………………………………………………………..
What should be taken into account when using forms of pledges in Russian and English?
On the basis of what means of expression is it advisable to compare the category of modality in English and Russian?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What mood exists in Russian?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What is the main seme of the subjunctive II?
…………………………………………………………………………..
Why in English it is impossible to single out the reflexive voice as a grammatical category, represented by a combination of a verb with a reflexive pronoun?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In what way is the relation of action to object expressed in English?
…………………………………………………………………………….
I. Choose the correct answer:
What language has a difference in vowel length?
A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
Which language does not have diphthongs?
A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
How many rows are English vowels divided into?
4. In what language are there restrictions regarding the possibility of the appearance of a particular vowel in any position in a syllable?
A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
5. In the subsystem of which language is there no opposition of vowels within one rise?
A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
6. How many oppositions on the basis of a series exist in the Russian subsystem of vowels?
7. Due to what consonants is there a significant excess of consonants in Russian?
A) due to the presence of soft correlates of hard phonemes;
B) due to the existence of explosive consonants;
C) due to the existence of sonorous phonemes;
9. In what language is there no palatality/non-palatality correlation?
A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
10. In what language is there a neutralization of consonants in the opposition voiced / unvoiced?
A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
II. Answer the following questions:
What can be attributed to supersegmental phonological means? What is the function of stress in words? What is the nature of stress in English and Russian? How do English and Russian languages differ in the place of stress in a word? Which words have a distinct secondary stress? What are the main indicators of intonational syntagma? What type of syntagma is not typical for the English language?
III. Distribute the following Russians and English words, containing syllables of different types in groups corresponding to the types of syllables:
A) V (open syllable);
B) CVC (closed syllable, with initial and final consonants);
C) CV (covered syllable, with initial consonant and vowel);
D) VC (closed syllable);
TEST #4.
I. Choose the correct answer:
Which language uses impersonal sentences the most?A) in English;
B) in Russian;
C) in both languages;
How is negation expressed in both languages?
A) a negative particle
B) negative words;
B) both of them;
What language is considered the language of one negation?
What about English;
B) Russian;
C) wallpaper languages;
Is it possible in English to construct a question that coincides in form with an affirmative sentence?
B) don't know
What is the function of word order in a sentence?
A) structural-grammatical and proper-sense-distinctive;
B) stylistic and expresses the actual division of the sentence;
C) all of the above functions;
II. Translate the following sentences:
A girl entered the room. And so I discovered that I did not know my own country. Summer evening. beyond the forestsThe sun has already set...
By 11 o'clock the whole family was in bed. It was very difficult for him to lift this wall of heavy stone.
III. Determine the methods of syntactic communication in English and Russian phrases:
Control; adjoining; agreement; to explain to her; spring girl; student table; write a book; to come on time; desired gift; a loud cry; a teacup of water; cat's name; Text six.
IV. Give models of phrases in Russian corresponding to similar ones in English:
A clerk in the firm (K + in + A); stories about dogs (K+about+A); the bitterness of her tone (K+of+A); to start traveling (K+Ager).
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "VORONEZH STATE UNIVERSITY" M.V. Pogorelova MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION TO STUDYING THE COURSE OF PHONETICS Teaching aid for universities Publishing and printing center of the Voronezh state university 2008 Approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Faculty of Philology on March 27, 2008, Protocol No. 5 Reviewer Dr. Philol. sciences, prof. A.M. Lomov The textbook was prepared at the Department of Humanities and Arts of the Philological Faculty of Voronezh State University. Recommended for foreign students of the 1st year of the bachelor's degree in philological faculties of universities. For direction 031000 - Philology 3 CONTENTS Introduction to the course "Modern Russian Literary Language" .............. 4 Modern Russian Literary Language as a subject of scientific study ..... ................................................. ................................................. 4 The place of the Russian language among other languages of the world.................................... 5 Norms of the modern Russian language.. ................................................. .... 7 Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics. Spelling................................................... 9 Phonetics as a branch of the science of language .............................................. ............... 9 Classification of vowels and consonants .............................. ............ 10 Functional aspect of phonetics .............................. ............................... 12 Change of phonemes in the speech flow .............................. ......................................... 14 Phonological schools. Controversial issues of phonology .......................... 17 Syllable and syllable division .................. ................................................. .............. 18 Emphasis .................................. ................................................. ................ 20 Intonation .................................. ................................................. ................ 22 Orthoepy .................................. ................................................. .................. 23 Graphics .................................. ................................................. ....................... 25 Spelling .............................. ................................................. .................................. 26 References .............................................. ................................................. ........ 28 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE "MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE" Modern Russian literary language as a subject of scientific study 1. Subject and objectives of the course "Modern Russian literature" Turkish language". 2. Sections of the course. §one. The subject of the course "Modern Russian Literary Language" is highest form the existence of the Russian national language - the literary language. The chronological boundaries of the modern Russian literary language can be delineated in different ways. In a broad sense, this is the language from Pushkin to the present day. It was at the beginning of the 19th century that the main features of the grammatical structure and norms of the Russian language were formed. This does not mean that the language has not changed at all since the time of Pushkin: it has changed and is constantly changing. But these changes are happening very slowly. In the narrow sense of the word, the language in which we speak and write now should be considered modern, i.e. language of the early 21st century. This language differs both from the language of Pushkin and from the language of the beginning and middle and even the end of the 20th century. The literary language is one of the forms of existence of the national language. Other forms are territorial dialects (dialects), vernacular, professional and social jargons. Literary language is divided into two varieties - bookish and colloquial. book form literary language has the following features: 1) normalization - for the literary language, it is obligatory to observe historically established patterns and rules (grammatical, lexical, orthoepic, spelling and punctuation); 2) processing - the most expressive means of the language are selected and fixed as language norms; 3) universality - the literary language is used throughout the territory, by all segments of the population and in all areas of activity (education, science and culture, press, radio and television, production); 4) the presence of style differentiation - the literary language is divided into functional styles, in which, depending on the scope and tasks of communication, different language means are used (scientific, official business, journalistic style). 5) written fixation - unlike other forms of language, the literary language exists in two forms - written and oral. The written form is distinguished by greater strictness of compliance with the norms, more complex syntax, and the use of book scientific vocabulary. The written variety of the literary language is represented by all those works that are recorded in the press and specially processed for this purpose. These are fiction, scientific, educational, journalistic works, documents of the business, official sphere. All written texts can be pronounced, sound. But at the same time they retain the properties of the written form of speech. The colloquial variety of the literary language is used in direct and unconstrained, informal communication. This speech is unprepared, not specially processed. Compared to the book form, colloquial speech is more expressive. §2. The modern Russian literary language is a complex system, the parts of which are closely interconnected. Each level of the language system has its own structure, its division and its own laws, and is studied by an independent branch of linguistics. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language, syllables, stress and intonation. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language. Word formation is a branch of linguistics, the subject of which is the ways and means of forming new words. Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies the ways and means of constructing and changing words. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules for constructing sentences. Answer the questions: 1. What does the word "modern" mean in the title of the course "Modern Russian Literary Language"? 2. In what forms can a national language exist? 3. What are the distinguishing features of the literary language? 4. Name the sections of the course "Modern Russian literary language". The place of the Russian language among other languages of the world 1. Genealogical and typological characteristics of the Russian language. 2. Functions of the Russian language. §one. In linguistics, there are two main classifications of languages - genealogical and typological. Genealogical classification (from the Greek genealogia - “pedigree”) is the grouping of languages into groups according to the common origin. Genealogical classification is based primarily on lexical and phonetic comparisons of languages. For example, in Slavic languages the meaning of “man” is conveyed by the words man (Russian) - cholovik (Ukrainian) - chovek (Bolg.) - chlovek (Czech), and in the Romance languages - by the words homo (Lat.), homme (French), uomo ( Italian) and other similar-sounding words. This similarity indicates the origin of languages from one parent language (base language), that is, their relationship, and allows you to combine languages into groups. 6 Language groups are combined into language branches, and branches into language families. Languages belonging to the same language family retain common features with the parent language. For example, all the languages of the Indo-European family originated from the Indo-European proto-language and retain its features. Modern languages each branch of the Indo-European family descended from one of the languages into which a single proto-language was divided: the languages of the Romance group - from the Latin language, the languages of the Germanic group - from the Old Germanic language, etc. The languages of one branch are closer to each other than the languages of two branches. For example, the Russian language will be closer to the Czech language, which is part of the Slavic branch, than French and Italian, which belong to the branch of the Romance languages. The Russian language, together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, forms the East Slavic group of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family. The Slavic branch, in addition to the East Slavic languages, includes two more subgroups: South Slavic (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian languages) and West Slavic (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lusatian languages). The Slavic branch is one of the largest in the world language family - Indo-European. There are more than ten branches in this family. Among them are Germanic (English, German, Danish, Swedish, Dutch), Romance (Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian, Moldavian, Portuguese), Indian (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi), Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian). The typological classification of languages takes into account the peculiarities of the grammatical structure. The following grammatical types of languages are usually distinguished: 1. Isolating type. In languages of this type, words do not change, grammatical meaning is conveyed by word order and intonation (Chinese, Vietnamese). 2. Agglutinating type (from the Latin agglutinatio - "gluing"). In languages of this type, grammatical meaning is conveyed by adding a new suffix, each of which has only one meaning. For example, in the Kyrgyz language, the word form dostoruma (“to my friends”) is formed by adding three formants to the word dos (“friend”) - the plural formant -tor-, the possessive formant -um- (“my”) and the dative formant a. 3. Flective (inflectional) type (from the Latin flectivus - "flexible"). In languages of this type, grammatical meaning is conveyed by alternating at the root or by adding polysemantic inflections. For example, in Latin, the word form omnibus (“everyone”) is formed by adding to the root a multi-valued inflection -ibus, which carries both the meaning of case and number. Most often, the language contains features of different grammatical types, but features of some type prevail. 7 In the Russian language, the features of the inflectional type are most clearly traced. In it, the main way to change words is to add multi-valued inflections (with hands: inflection -ami has both instrumental and plural meanings). §2. The Russian language currently performs three functions: 1) the national Russian language; 2) one of the languages of interethnic communication of the peoples of Russia; 3) one of the world languages. The main place of distribution of the Russian language is the territory of the Russian Federation. In addition, Russian is used as a native language in the CIS and the Baltic States, in European countries, Israel and some other states. As a world language, Russian is used in various areas of international communication: it is one of the official languages of the UN and UNESCO, is used in negotiations of the CIS member states, in international aviation and space communications, and is the language of international scientific communication. Answer the questions: 1. What is a genealogical classification? 2. What family, branch, group does the Russian language belong to? What languages are the closest "relatives" of the Russian language? 3. Name the structural types of languages. 4. What type is the Russian language? 5. What functions does the Russian language perform? Norms of the modern Russian language 1. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. 2. Factors influencing the change in norms. 3. Variants of norms. §one. The language norm is how it is customary to speak and write in a given society in a given era, these are the rules for choosing and using language means. The norm determines what is right and what is wrong. Thanks to the norms, the language is understandable to everyone who uses it. Language norms are objectively formed in the process of language practice. Norms can change over time, but these changes happen very slowly, gradually. Norms are orthoepic, accent, lexical, morphological, syntactic, in writing - spelling and punctuation. Accent norms - norms for setting stress: alphabet, portfolio. In this area of the Russian language, the most problems arise and contentious issues , since the Russian stress is multi-placed and mobile, that is, any syllable in a word can be stressed, and when the word changes, the stress can move to another syllable. 8 Orthoepic norms are the rules of uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy indicates how to pronounce certain sounds (in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and individual words): project [ek], scrambled eggs [shn ']. Lexical norms are the requirements for the appropriate use of the word in the correct sense: centuries-old trees are eternal truth. Morphological norms relate to the formation and use of forms of different parts of speech: more interesting - more interesting. Syntactic norms - norms for constructing phrases and sentences: The cafe is closed; hope (for what?) for a miracle. Spelling norms are the rules for the uniform transmission of speech in writing. Punctuation rules - rules for punctuation marks. §2. Changes in norms can occur under the influence of general trends in the development of the language or factors external to the language. The most important trends in the development of language are the law of analogy and the principle of economy of speech efforts. The action of the law of analogy is manifested when linguistic phenomena acquire new forms similar to the most typical forms. For example, in verbs hiccup, rinse, splash, the forms of the 1st person singular were originally formed only with alternating consonants (ichu, rinse, splash), but by analogy with verbs like read, throw, do, the forms appeared hiccup, rinse, splash. The principle of economy is manifested in the fact that the meaning of two or three words begins to be conveyed in one word: an open letter → a postcard, a record book → a record book. External factors influencing the change in language norms are most often understood as social factors that affect the system of language norms. An example of the impact of social factors on the norms of the literary language is the widespread use of complex abbreviated words during the First World War and in the early years of the revolution: commanders - company commander, battalion commander - battalion commander, division chief - division chief, etc. Initially, such words were used as telegraph and telephone abbreviations, and then became common not only in the military, but also in civilian life - in the names of institutions, positions, objects, etc. §3. When language norms change, the new form is used for some time in parallel with the old one. The coexistence of parallel, variant, forms is a common phenomenon of a living literary language. For example, in modern Russian, the variants coexist tvorug - tvorog, solemn - solemn. Options help to get used to the new form, make the shift in the norm less noticeable and painful. 9 The variation of the form continues for a more or less long period, then two development paths are possible: 1. One variant is preserved, the second completely disappears from the language. For example, with late XIX v. until the beginning of the 20th century. there were variants of tukar and tokbr. At present, only the accent tukar is considered the norm. 2. Variants acquire semantic or stylistic differences. For example, the use of personal forms of the verb move depends on the meaning in which it is used: “to move, move” (He moves the closet) or “induce, develop, be the cause” (He is driven by pride). Answer the questions: 1. What is the norm? Why are language rules needed? 2. Can the norms of the literary language change? 3. Name the types of norms and describe them. 4. What factors influence the change in norms? 5. Why do variants of the norm arise? What are the options for changing options? PHONETICS. ORTHOEPY. GRAPHICS. SPELLING Phonetics as a branch of the science of language 1. Phonetics as a branch of the science of language. units of phonetics. 2. Aspects of studying the sound side of the language. §one. Phonetics (from the Greek phoneticos - "sound") is a branch of linguistics, the subject of which is the sound structure of the language. The sound structure of the language is primarily made up of sounds, as well as syllables, stress and intonation. Units of phonetics are divided into segmental and supersegmental. Segmental units are a sound, a syllable, a phonetic word, a phonetic beat, a phrase. Supersegmental units are stress and intonation. §2. The sound side of the language has different properties - physical, biological and social, so it can be studied from different points of view. There are three aspects in the study of sound units: 1) acoustic; 2) articulatory; 3) functional-linguistic. With an acoustic characteristic, the physical properties of sound units are noted, such as pitch, intensity (strength), duration. The articulatory aspect (from the Latin articulo - “I dismember, I speak articulately”) is the study of sound units in terms of how they are formed, which pronunciation organs are involved in the formation of sound. The speech apparatus of a person is made up of the organs of speech: lips, teeth, tongue, palate, vocal cords, lungs. In all people, the pronunciation organs 10 are arranged in the same way, but in different languages they are involved in the formation of sounds in different ways. The articulation base of any language has national specifics. The Russian articulation base is distinguished by the average tension of the speech apparatus, advancement forward (there are no guttural sounds in the Russian language). With the articulatory characteristics of sounds, such signs are noted as: a) the presence or absence of an obstacle in the path of the air stream; b) the nature of the obstacle in the path of the air jet; c) tension or relaxation of the vocal cords; d) the position of the tongue and lips. The functional-linguistic approach to phonetic phenomena takes into account the ability of sound units to distinguish the meaning of words. The semantic role of sounds, the relationship between sound and meaning is studied by a special section of phonetics called phonology. When studying the sounds of a language as a social phenomenon, data from acoustics and physiology are used. Answer the questions: 1. What does phonetics study? 2. Name the units of phonetics. 3. In what aspects can the sound structure of a language be studied? Classification of vowels and consonants 1. Vowels and consonants. 2. Classification of vowel sounds. 3. Classification of consonant sounds. §one. The smallest phonetic unit of any language is sound. The sounds of any language are divided into vowels and consonants. The classes of vowels and consonants differ in articulation and acoustic properties, as well as in their role in the formation of syllables. In terms of articulation, when pronouncing vowel sounds, there is a uniform tension of the entire speech apparatus, and the air stream passes freely, does not encounter obstacles. When pronouncing consonant sounds, an obstacle arises in the path of the air stream in the place where the tension of the speech organs occurs. In acoustic terms, all vowel sounds are musical tones that are created due to periodic vibrations of a jet of air, consonants are noises that are created by irregular vibrations of air, or a combination of tone and noise. In the formation of syllables, vowels participate actively, consonants passively. Vowels differ from consonants in having a voice, musical tone, and the absence of noise. There are six vowels in Russian: a, o, u, s, i, e. All other sounds are consonants.
Report Typological classification of languages. Characteristics of the Russian language from the point of view of the typological classification of languages REPORT
TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE FROM THE POINT
VIEWS OF TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
LANGUAGES
PREPARED BY STUDENT GR. UB 15-14
YURCHENKO NIKITA
Typological classification of languages
TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGESTYPOLOGICAL (OR MORPHOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
ESTABLISHES THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF LANGUAGES IN THEIR MOST IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES OF THE GRAMMATIC STRUCTURE.
IN THE TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION, LANGUAGES ARE UNITED ON THE BASIS
GENERAL FEATURES REFLECTING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
LANGUAGE SYSTEM.
OBJECTIVE: TO GROUP LANGUAGES INTO LARGE CLASSES BASED ON THEIR SIMILARITY
GRAMMATIC STRUCTURE, DETERMINE THE PLACE OF THIS LANGUAGE
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FORMAL ORGANIZATION OF ITS LANGUAGE ORDER.
The founders of the typological classification are the brothers August-Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel (18-19th century).
THE FOUNDERS OF TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONTHE BROTHERS AUGUST-WILHELM AND FRIEDRICH SCHLEGEL (18-19 C.) ARE CONSIDERED
FRIEDRICH SCHLEGEL:
ALL LANGUAGES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
TWO TYPES: FLECTIVE AND
AFFIXING
ANY LANGUAGE IS BORN AND
REMAINS ALWAYS IN THE ONE AND VOLUME
SAME TYPE
INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGES
TYPICALLY "WEALTH,
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY", A
AFFIXING - “POVERTY,
POVERTY AND ARTIFICIALITY"
AUGUST-WILHELM SCHLEGEL IDENTIFIED
THE FOLLOWING THREE TYPES OF LANGUAGES:
FLEXIVE (SYNTHETIC AND
ANALYTICAL)
AFFIXING
AMORPHOUS
Wilhelm von Humboldt
WILHELM VON HUMBOLDTLANGUAGES ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR TYPES:
FLEXIVE
AGGLUTINATIVE
INSULATING (AMORPHOUS)
INCORPORATE (POLYSYNTHETIC)
classification
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEMCLASSIFICATIONS
TYPE - FLEXIVE. SIGNS OF THE FLECTIVE TYPE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE:
SOLID WORD ORDER IN A SENTENCE:
S (subject) + P (predicate) + O (COMPLETE). FOR EXAMPLE, I READ
BOOK;
CLEAR OPPOSITION OF PARTS OF SPEECH, AS EACH PART OF SPEECH
HAS HER OWN MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS: A SINGER,
SINGING-NOUNS, SINGING, SINGING-ADJECTIVES, SINGING,
SING, SING, SING, SANG-VERBS.
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATIONS
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS A SYNTHETIC LANGUAGE.
SYNTHETIC CONSTRUCTION: USE OF FUNCTIONAL WORDS, ORDER
WORDS AND INTONATIONS. THE USE OF WORD FORMS PRODUCED WHEN
HELP OF AFFIXES - FLEXIONS AND SHAPING SUFFIXES,
PREFIXES.
EXAMPLE OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD OF EXPRESSING GRAMMATICAL
VALUES. VALUES OF PLACE AND OBJECT OF THOUGHT EXPRESSED PROPOSITIONALLY
- CASE CONSTRUCTIONS, THAT IS TWO WORDS: IN THE CITY, ABOUT
CITY.
Russian language in the system of typological classification
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEMCLASSIFICATIONS
AGGLUTINATION IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE MANIFESTS IN:
IN THE PAST TENSE FORMS OF VERBS, IN THE FORMS
IMPERATIVE VERBS IN PLURAL,
IN THE FORMATION OF PASSIVE VERBS WITH THE HELP
POSTFIX -СЯ(-СЪ).
AS A CONCLUSION, THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE NOTED: ATTRIBUTING THIS OR
ANOTHER LANGUAGE TO A SPECIFIC TYPE IS BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC,
DOMINANT SIGNS. MANY LANGUAGES CAN BE RELATED TO
INTERMEDIATE TYPES, THIS APPLIES TO THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS WELL.
Report Typological classification of languages. Characteristics of the Russian language from the point of view of the typological classification of languages REPORT
TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE FROM THE POINT
VIEWS OF TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
LANGUAGES
PREPARED BY STUDENT GR. UB 15-14
YURCHENKO NIKITA
Typological classification of languages
TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGESTYPOLOGICAL (OR MORPHOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
ESTABLISHES THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF LANGUAGES IN THEIR MOST IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES OF THE GRAMMATIC STRUCTURE.
IN THE TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION, LANGUAGES ARE UNITED ON THE BASIS
GENERAL FEATURES REFLECTING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
LANGUAGE SYSTEM.
OBJECTIVE: TO GROUP LANGUAGES INTO LARGE CLASSES BASED ON THEIR SIMILARITY
GRAMMATIC STRUCTURE, DETERMINE THE PLACE OF THIS LANGUAGE
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FORMAL ORGANIZATION OF ITS LANGUAGE ORDER.
The founders of the typological classification are the brothers August-Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel (18-19th century).
THE FOUNDERS OF TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONTHE BROTHERS AUGUST-WILHELM AND FRIEDRICH SCHLEGEL (18-19 C.) ARE CONSIDERED
FRIEDRICH SCHLEGEL:
ALL LANGUAGES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
TWO TYPES: FLECTIVE AND
AFFIXING
ANY LANGUAGE IS BORN AND
REMAINS ALWAYS IN THE ONE AND VOLUME
SAME TYPE
INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGES
TYPICALLY "WEALTH,
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY", A
AFFIXING - “POVERTY,
POVERTY AND ARTIFICIALITY"
AUGUST-WILHELM SCHLEGEL IDENTIFIED
THE FOLLOWING THREE TYPES OF LANGUAGES:
FLEXIVE (SYNTHETIC AND
ANALYTICAL)
AFFIXING
AMORPHOUS
Wilhelm von Humboldt
WILHELM VON HUMBOLDTLANGUAGES ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR TYPES:
FLEXIVE
AGGLUTINATIVE
INSULATING (AMORPHOUS)
INCORPORATE (POLYSYNTHETIC)
classification
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEMCLASSIFICATIONS
TYPE - FLEXIVE. SIGNS OF THE FLECTIVE TYPE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE:
SOLID WORD ORDER IN A SENTENCE:
S (subject) + P (predicate) + O (COMPLETE). FOR EXAMPLE, I READ
BOOK;
CLEAR OPPOSITION OF PARTS OF SPEECH, AS EACH PART OF SPEECH
HAS HER OWN MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS: A SINGER,
SINGING-NOUNS, SINGING, SINGING-ADJECTIVES, SINGING,
SING, SING, SING, SANG-VERBS.
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATIONS
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS A SYNTHETIC LANGUAGE.
SYNTHETIC CONSTRUCTION: USE OF FUNCTIONAL WORDS, ORDER
WORDS AND INTONATIONS. THE USE OF WORD FORMS PRODUCED WHEN
HELP OF AFFIXES - FLEXIONS AND SHAPING SUFFIXES,
PREFIXES.
EXAMPLE OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD OF EXPRESSING GRAMMATICAL
VALUES. VALUES OF PLACE AND OBJECT OF THOUGHT EXPRESSED PROPOSITIONALLY
- CASE CONSTRUCTIONS, THAT IS TWO WORDS: IN THE CITY, ABOUT
CITY.
Russian language in the system of typological classification
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEMCLASSIFICATIONS
AGGLUTINATION IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE MANIFESTS IN:
IN THE PAST TENSE FORMS OF VERBS, IN THE FORMS
IMPERATIVE PLURAL VERBS,
IN THE FORMATION OF PASSIVE VERBS WITH THE HELP
POSTFIX -СЯ(-СЪ).
AS A CONCLUSION, THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE NOTED: ATTRIBUTING THIS OR
ANOTHER LANGUAGE TO A SPECIFIC TYPE IS BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC,
DOMINANT SIGNS. MANY LANGUAGES CAN BE RELATED TO
INTERMEDIATE TYPES, THIS APPLIES TO THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS WELL.
Genealogical classification , based on the genetic principle, i.e., grouping languages related by origin into language families. G. k. i. became possible only after the emergence of the concept of linguistic kinship and the establishment of the principle of historicism in linguistic studies (19th century). It develops as a result of studying languages with the help of a comparative-historical method. Being linguistic, it does not coincide with anthropological and, in particular, does not imply that peoples speaking related languages belong to a single race.
Language families usually break down into smaller groups that combine languages that are genetically more closely related to each other; many of them are of very late date. Among the most famous language families of Eurasia and Oceania: Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu, Chukchi-Kamchatka, Tibeto-Chinese, Mon-Khmer, Malayo-Polynesian, Dravidian, Munda. In Africa, only four large families of languages are seen: Semitic-Hamitic, or Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Kongo-Kordofanian, Khoisan. Indo-European languages fall into 12 subgroups . Some of which consist of separate languages (Greek, Armenian, Albanian), and the other part - of relatively large, directly related linguistic associations (families). These are: the Slavic family of languages, Indian, Romance, Germanic, Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, etc. Within the Slavic family of languages, subgroups are distinguished: East Slavic: (Russian - (the number of speakers is about 100 million), Ukrainian (40 million), Belarusian (about 9 million); West Slavic subgroup: Polish (27), Czech and Slovak (12); South Slavic subgroup: Bulgarian (7), Serbo-Croatian (about 10 million in Serbia and Croatia), Slovenian (about 1.5 million people in Slovenia). In total, over 210 million people speak Slavic languages. At the same time, separate languages are also known that do not reveal genetic ties with others, which can be considered as the only representatives of special families: for example, Basque - in Europe, Ket, Burusha, Nivkh, Ainu - in Asia, Kutenai, Zuni, Keres - in America.
Typological classification of languages. Morphological classification: inflectional, agglutinating, root, incorporating languages. Most of all in linguistics the morphological classification of languages is used. This is explained by the fact that the morphological system is the most stable tier of the language, and also by the fact that the number of morphological types of languages is limited and they have a stable set of features that can be systematically and classified. Morphological classification is based on the opposition of roots and affixes in the structure of the word. There are three morphological types - isolating (root), agglutinating (agglutinative) and inflectional (inflectional). The structure of the language is synthetic and analytical. The morphological classification of Schleicher remains basically to this day, although clarifications have been and are being made to it. The most significant clarifications were made by Sapir. inflectionallanguages one of the basic concepts of linguistic typologies, morphological classification languages, uniting languages in which inflectional and derivational meaning is expressed mainly flexion. Flexion (from lat. bending), an indicator of a complex of grammatical categories expressed in inflection; the system of inflection itself; same as ending. Distinguish internal and external. F. Internal F. is such a way of inflection in which word forms are formed by changing sounds inside basics. External F. - inflection using synthetic affixes (for example, Russian “half-e”, “half-I”, “half-she”). In addition to the fact that the Russian language is inflectional and synthetic, it also has fusion. Fusion is when changes, alternations occur at the junction of morphemes, this also includes the polysemy of morphemes. In terms of syntax Russian language is the language of the nominative system, i.e. It has a well-developed subject-object relationship. From the point of view of phonetics, the Russian language is a language of a consonantal type. The whole history of the development of the Russian language led to the formation of a language of a consonant type (from the initial vocal).
Sociolinguistics (social linguistics ) (Yakubinsky, Vinogradov, Polivanov, Meie) is a scientific discipline that develops at the intersection of linguistics, sociology, social psychology and ethnography and studies a wide range of problems related to the social nature of the language, its social functions, the mechanism of the impact of social factors on the language and the role which language plays in the life of society. Some of these problems (for example, "language and society") are also considered within the framework of general linguistics. The interdisciplinary status of sociolinguistics finds expression in the conceptual apparatus it uses. Thus, the language community, considered as the initial concept of sociolinguistic analysis, is determined on the basis of both social and linguistic features (the presence of social interaction and the unity of linguistic features). The main operational units of sociolinguistic research - sociolinguistic variables - are characterized by correlation, on the one hand, with a certain level of linguistic structure (phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexico-semantic), on the other hand, with variation in social structure or social situations. One of the main problems studied by sociolinguistics is problem of social differentiation language at all levels of its structure, and in particular the nature of the relationship between linguistic and social structures, which are multidimensional and indirect. Closely related to this problem the problem of language and nation ", studying which sociolinguistics operates with the category of the national language, interpreted in Soviet linguistics as a socio-historical category that arises in conditions of economic and political concentration that characterizes the formation of nations. One of the key concepts of sociolinguistics is concept of language situation , defined as a set of forms of existence of a language (languages, regional Koine, territorial and social dialects) serving the continuum of communication in a particular ethnic community or administrative-territorial association. Special place is given in modern sociolinguistics to the issue about the connection and interaction of language and culture. The links between language and other components of culture are two-way. The processes of contact between different cultures are reflected in lexical borrowings. One of the important sociolinguistic problems is the problem of social aspects bilingualism (bilingual) and diglossia (interactions of various socially opposed subsystems of one language). A special place among the problems of sociolinguistics is occupied by problem of language policy - a set of measures taken by the state, party, class, social grouping to change or preserve the existing functional distribution of languages or language subsystems, to introduce new or preserve old language norms. Methods sociolinguistics are a synthesis of linguistic and sociological procedures. They are subdivided into field research methods and methods of sociolinguistic analysis language material. Field research methods include questionnaires, interviews, direct observation.
