Arkady Gaidar (Golikov) is a popular children's writer, whose books have recently been read throughout the country.

Thanks to him, a new trend arose - the Timurovtsy youth organization.

However, his life was rather tragic. He went through the revolution and was a participant in the Great Patriotic War.

Childhood and school years

The future writer of children's books was born in the city of Lgov on January 22, 1904. His parents were intelligent and well-read people.

Father - Peter Golikov worked as a teacher in a rural school, and mother Natalya was a midwife.

Several years later, fearing arrest, they left the city of Lgov, moving to Arzamas. There little Arkady was assigned to the school.

The Golikov family had a large library, and from an early age the boy was surrounded by fairy tales, poems and stories that sounded in his family.

In 1912, when his father went to war, Arkady was very worried and constantly rushed to the front to fight the enemies.

In elementary school, he even tried to walk to the front, but the little fugitive was found and returned home.

Arkady Golikov grew up as a very well-read child, and at the school made a good impression on the teacher of literature, Nikolai Sokolov.

Subsequently, it is their close communication that will play a big role in Gaidar's life.

N. Sokolov and Arkady often spent their time talking about literature, writers and history. These conversations became for the future writer "a stronghold of knowledge of Russian literature."

In 1917, the teacher brought 11-year-old Arkady to the Bolshevik club. At the age of 14, he joined the party and published his first poems in the Hammer newspaper.

The Bolshevik life swallowed up the teenager. He participates in rallies, patrols the streets of Arzamas. Soon he moved to Moscow, where he entered the courses of the red commanders.

War years

In the capital, he begins to perform the duties of the battalion adjutant. In August 1919 he and some of his comrades were sent to the front in Kiev.

At that moment, Arkady felt like the happiest person, because his old dream came true - to go to the front.

In the first battles, Arkady learns that death is not a beautiful duel with the enemy, but death has a terrible face.

In December of the same year, he received a bullet wound in the leg and concussion from a shell explosion. He is sent to the hospital.

The consequences of this injury will haunt the writer throughout the rest of his life.

After the amendment, the young commander is offered to undergo training at the Vystrel Higher Shooting School.

After graduating from it, in 1920, Arkady became chief of staff in Voronezh.

A year later, he leads the regiment to combat banditry and goes to serve in Siberia.

Concussion and suffering in the war were not in vain for the young man.

At the age of 20, with a diagnosis of "exhaustion of the nervous system", he again ends up in a hospital, with a psychiatric profile.

Subsequently, he will repeatedly undergo treatment in psychiatric clinics, struggling with severe headaches, irritability and mood swings.

Then Gaidar was transferred to the reserve. Now it was worth forgetting about the career of a fighter in the red army.

The next time he comes into contact with the war in 1941, he will not be able to stand aside, and will submit a petition to the front, but he will be refused.

I had to go to war by deception. Arkady takes a mandate from the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" and travels to the mouth of the Great Patriotic War as a correspondent.

Soon he begins to participate in battles and reconnaissance operations.

Arkady Gaidar died on 10/26/1941 near the village of Lepleaevo. He commanded a partisan detachment.

Returning from a mission, they were ambushed. Arkady drew attention to himself, giving others time to leave, and thereby saved his colleagues' lives.

He himself was killed by a German bullet, which hit right in the heart. He was only 37 years old.

Personal life

The first love overtook 17-year-old Arkady during the civil war in the hospital.

Nurse Maria Plaksina worked there. Young people fall in love and get married.

Soon they have a son - Eugene. But due to constant travel and life in military units, the boy falls ill and dies. This marked the end of a happy marriage.

A few years later, the young commander marries a second time. This time, the daughter of the Bolshevik, Lia Lazarevna Solomyanskaya, becomes his chosen one. She was also engaged in journalistic activities.

This marriage gave Arkady a long-awaited child - the boy Timur. Subsequently, the writer will name the main character of his legendary novel by the name of his son.

The second marriage was also short-lived. Arkady and Leah were together for only 5 years, then she went to another man, taking Timur with her.

He is very worried about parting with his son and leaves for the city of Khabarovsk.

And in 1938 he moved to the town of Klin, Moscow region, rents an apartment in the house of the Chernyshovs.

There he met his last wife, Dora Matveyevna. She had a daughter from her first marriage.

Arkady, having married her, adopted her girl as well.

Writing activity

Arkady Gaidar began to write his first book "In the days of defeats and victories" back in Siberia, where he fought with bandits.

In fact, he wrote his autobiography, but he did not want to sign it with his real name.

He took a pseudonym - Gaidar. There are many versions of what it could mean.

One by one, this is what the Turks called Arcadia when he passed by. According to another, Gaidar is a rebus in which the writer encrypted his name, surname and hometown.

After demobilization from the army, in 1924 he came to Leningrad and published a book in a local newspaper. However, it did not bring much success.

Arkady begins to work as a journalist, traveling throughout the country, along the way continuing to compose stories.

In the late 1920s and 1930s, his writing took on a childish focus.

Such stories as "School", "RVS", "On the ruins of the counts" appeared.

The latter was filmed in 1957. It is with them that the popularity of Arkady as a children's writer begins.

In 1931 Arkady Gaidar moved to Khabarovsk and got a job there in the newspaper "Tikhookeanskaya zvezda".

In 1935 the story “The Drummer's Fate” was published, a year later “The Blue Cup”.

His most important book, which became famous throughout the Soviet Union and survived the author himself - "Timur and his team", as well as the sequel "Commandant of the Snow Fortress" he wrote at the end of the 30s in the city of Klin.

Soon, this book formed the basis for the film of the same name directed by A.E. Reasonable.

This novel, which tells about the life of a brave and sympathetic pioneer, laid the foundation for the youth movement "Timurovtsy", which acquired an unprecedented scale in the post-war period.

Soviet literature

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar

Biography

Gaidar Arkady Petrovich was born on January 9, 1904 in the family of a teacher in Lgov. He spent his childhood in Arzamas. Arkady Petrovich graduated from infantry courses, and when the First World War began and his father was taken into the army, he ran away from home a month later to go to his father at the front. Ninety kilometers from Arzamas, he was detained and returned. Later, at the age of fourteen, he met with the Bolsheviks and in 1918 volunteered for the Red Army. He was a physically strong and tall guy, and after some hesitation he was accepted into the courses of the red commanders. He had to fight in Ukraine, and on the Polish front, and in the Caucasus. At fourteen and a half years old, he commanded a company of cadets on the Petliura front, and at seventeen he was the commander of a separate regiment to combat banditry. Since the time of the civil war, Arkady Petrovich was distinguished by cruelty, suffered from hard drinking, often he was tormented by nightmares. His childish psyche could not stand the brutality of the Civil War.

In December 1924 Gaidar left the army due to illness after being wounded and concussed. He started writing books. In this matter, K. Fedin, M. Slonimsky and S. Semenov became his assistants, who analyzed every line with him, criticized him and explained the basics of literary skill.

In the fall of 1932, Gaidar decided to settle in Moscow. In those days, he was still little known and not rich. But his works were already beginning to be published in Moscow and soon brought him widespread fame and glory. In the mid-30s, he married a second time, from his first marriage he already had a son Timur, he also adopted the daughter of his second wife, Zhenya. Gaidar named the main characters of the book Timur and His Team, published in 1940, by the names of his children. In the 30s, many of his most famous works were published, such as: School, Distant Countries, Military Secret, Smoke in the Forest, Blue Cup, Chuk and Gek, Fate drummer ".

During the Second World War, Gaidar went to the front as a war correspondent. He traveled a lot around the country, met many people, led a busy life. He wrote his books on the go, on trains, on the road. He memorized whole pages, and then wrote them down in notebooks.

Once his unit was surrounded, and they wanted to take the writer out by plane, but he refused to leave his comrades and remained in the partisan detachment as an ordinary machine gunner. October 26, 1941 in Ukraine, near the village of Lyaplyava, Gaidar died in a battle with the Nazis.

He considered his best compositions to be the novels "P.B.C." (1925), “Distant countries”, “The fourth dugout” and “School” (1930), “Timur and his team” (1940). Many of Gaidar's books have become an integral part of the school curriculum, they have been translated for readers of other countries, and some of them even featured films for children.

Gaidar Arkady Petrovich prose writer and playwright, military leader, communist.

In the family of teachers on January 9, 1904, in the city of Lgov, a boy was born - the future famous children's writer. His father is Peter Isidorovich Golikov, his mother is Natalya Arkadyevna Salkova, a distant relative of M. Yu. Lermontov.

Arkady lived with his family in Arzamas until 1918. In 1908, Golikov's father went to work in the excise department. In 1910, mother Natalya Salkova graduated from midwife courses and worked as a medical assistant for some time.

Soon after the outbreak of the First World War, his father was taken to the front. Arkady was still a young man and decided to run away from home to go to his father, but not far from Arzamas he was caught and brought back. Golikov was a participant in the Civil War. At the age of fourteen he was admitted to the Communist Party, where he had the right to choose. At the age of 14, having met with the Bolsheviks, he firmly decided to volunteer for the Red Army. He fought in Ukraine, Poland and the Caucasus. And already at the age of seventeen he became the commander of a separate regiment, which in turn fought against banditry. In his younger years, he was a responsible commander of his regiment, and in 1922 he arrested F.P. Ulchigachev and I.V. Itemenev, who soon became his scouts.

Golikov showed an unhealthy interest in alcohol, was very cruel and because of this he had problems with his subordinates. In December 1924, Gaidar left the army for health reasons after a concussion and numerous injuries. And after that, I started writing books. He moved to Perm, where he began to actively publish in the newspaper "Zvezda". The first try of the pen of Arkady - a story about the civil war "The Corner House", signed by the pseudonym Gaidar - 1925.

All of Gaidar's creations are instructive and profound. The famous prose of Arkady "Chuk and Gek", "Timur and his team". Also very exciting "Malchish-Kibalchish" or "Blue Cup".

In 1932 he began working for the Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda newspaper as a traveling correspondent. Arkady had two children, a son Timur from his first marriage and a daughter Zhenya, whom he adopted from his second wife in the mid-30s.

During the Second World War, he was a war correspondent, led a busy life. I wrote books at this time. I memorized everything by heart, and then documented everything in a notebook. He became a machine gunner in a partisan detachment in September 1941. And on October 26, 1941, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar died in a battle with the Nazis. For his 37 years he lived a difficult and eventful life. The remains of Gaidar were reburied in Kanev in 1947.

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar(January 22 (9), 1904 - October 26, 1941; real name Arkady Petrovich Golikov) - Soviet children's writer.

early years

Born in the city of Lgov, Kursk province, in the family of a teacher. He spent his childhood in Arzamas.

In the First World War, my father was taken to the front. Arkady, then still a boy, tried to get to the war. The attempt failed, he was detained and returned home.

Civil War

An active participant in the Civil War.

At the age of 14 he joined the ranks of the Red Army. He graduated from the Kiev infantry courses. He fought on the Petliura, Polish and Crimean fronts. He was a platoon commander (at the age of 15), a company (at the age of 16). In February 1921, Arkady graduated from the Shot High Shooting School. After graduation, at first he commanded the 23rd reserve regiment, and from June 1921 - the 58th separate regiment to combat banditry (Arkady was 17 years old at that time). The "Antonovites" themselves, with whom Golikov fought, noted his high moral qualities. After the liquidation of the "Antonovshchina" Golikov served in Bashkiria, and then in Khakassia, where he was looking for Solovyov's gang. He was in the ranks of the ChON (Special Purpose Unit) of Siberia. There are rumors about the inhuman cruelty of Golikov, that he allegedly personally shot the population of entire villages (women and children) on suspicion of Solovyov's shelter, and in winter, saving ammunition, he drowned suspects in collusion with Solovyov's gang in Lakes Bolshoye and Chernoe (Republic of Khakassia ) by dozens of people. There is no documentary evidence of these atrocities. In 1924 he retired from the army due to concussions received on the fronts of the Civil War.

Literary activity

The author's mentors in the literary field were M. Slonimsky, K. Fedin, S. Semenov. Gaidar began publishing in 1925. The work "R.V.S." turned out to be significant. The writer became a true classic of children's literature, famous for his works about military comradeship, sincere friendship.

The literary pseudonym "Gaidar" stands for "Golikov Arkady D" ARzamas "(after imitating the name D" Artanyan from "The Three Musketeers" by Dumas).

The most famous works of Arkady Gaidar: "P.B.C." (1925), "Distant Countries", "The Fourth Dugout", "School" (1930), "Timur and His Team" (1940), "Chuk and Gek", "The Drummer's Fate", stories "Hot Stone", "Blue cup "... The writer's works were included in the school curriculum, were actively filmed, translated into many languages of the world. The work "Timur and his team" actually laid the foundation for the unique Timur movement, which set as its goal the volunteer assistance of veterans and the elderly from the pioneers.

The Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, Gaidar was in the army, as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda. He was a witness and participant in the Kiev defensive operation of the Southwestern Front. He wrote military essays "At the crossing", "The bridge", "At the front edge", "Rockets and grenades." After the encirclement of the Southwestern Front near Kiev, in September 1941, Arkady Petrovich got into the partisan detachment of Gorelov. In the detachment he was a machine gunner. On October 26, 1941, near the village of Lyaplyava in Ukraine, Arkady Gaidar died in a battle with the Germans, warning the members of his detachment about the danger. Buried in the city of Kanev

Personal life

In the mid-1920s, Arkady married a 17-year-old Komsomol member from Penza Ruvelia Lazarevna Solomyanskaya. In 1926, in Arkhangelsk, their son Timur was born. After 5 years, his wife and son left him for another man.

Gaidar's second marriage took place in the mid-1930s. He adopted Zhenya, the daughter of his second wife, Dora Mikhailovna.

Meaning

In Soviet times, Gaidar's books were one of the main means of educating the younger generation. The educational authorities of the USSR set the heroes of his stories and stories as an example for Soviet children. The detachments of children organized by Soviet schools to help the elderly were called "Timur's", and their members were called "Timurovtsy", in honor of the protagonist of Gaidar's story "Timur and his team."

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Timurov's teams and detachments operated in schools, orphanages, at palaces and homes of pioneers and other out-of-school institutions, at the place of residence; in the RSFSR alone there were over 2 million Timurovites. They sponsored hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and kindergartens, helped to harvest crops, worked for the defense fund; in the post-war period, they provided assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly; looked after the graves of the fallen warriors.

In the 60s. the search work of the Timurovites to study the life of Gaidar largely contributed to the opening of the writer's memorial museums in Arzamas and Lgov. With funds raised by Timurovites, a library-museum named after V.I. Gaidar. At the beginning of the 70s. the All-Union headquarters of Timur was created at the editorial office of the Pioneer magazine.

The traditions of the Timurov movement found their expression and development in the voluntary participation of children and adolescents in the improvement of cities and villages, environmental protection, assistance to labor collectives of adults, etc.

Timurov's teams and detachments were created in the pioneer organizations of the GDR, NRB, Poland, SRV, Czechoslovakia.

The name Gaidar was given to many schools, streets of cities and villages of the USSR. The monument to the hero of Gaidar's story, Malchish-Kibalchish, is the first monument to a literary character in the capital (sculptor V.K.Frolov, architect V.S. and schoolchildren on the Lenin Hills).

After the collapse of the communist regime in the USSR, they tried to overestimate the author's life many times, but his works are still loved by many boys and girls.

Arkady Gaidar was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, posthumously.

Bibliography

"RVS", 1926

"School", 1930

"Distant countries", 1932

"Military Secret", 1935

"Blue Cup", 1936

"The Drummer's Fate", 1939

"Timur and his team", 1940

"Chuk and Gek"

"Life in Nothing (Lbovshchina)" (story)

"Forest brothers (Davydovshchina)"

"Riders of the impregnable mountains"

"Let it Shine" (story)

"The fourth dugout" (story)

"A tale about a military secret, Malchish-Kibalchish and his firm word"

Several films have been filmed based on Gaidar's works:

"Bumbarash".

"Timur and his team", 1940

"Timur and his team", 1976

"Oath of Timur"

"The Tale of the Boy-Kibalchish"

The Drummer's Fate, 1955

The Drummer's Fate, 1976

"School"

"Chuk and Gek"

Dear Wendy 2004

A well-known Soviet children's writer, a participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars.

Born on January 22, 1904 in Lgov, Kursk province, Russian Empire.
The son of a peasant teacher and a noble mother who took part in the revolutionary events of 1905. Fearing arrest, in 1909 the Golikovs left Lgov, and from 1912 they lived in Arzamas. He worked in the local newspaper "Molot", where he first published his poems, joined the RCP (b).
Since 1918 - in the Red Army (as a volunteer, hiding his age), in 1919 he studied at the command courses in Moscow and Kiev, then at the Moscow Higher Rifle School. In 1921 he was a squad commander of the Nizhny Novgorod regiment. He fought on the Caucasian front, on the Don, near Sochi, participated in the suppression of the Antonov rebellion, in Khakassia - against the "emperor of the taiga" I.N. Solovyov, where, accused of an arbitrary execution, he was expelled from the party for six months and sent on a long leave for a nervous illness that did not leave him later throughout his life. A naive-romantic, reckless-joyful perception of the revolution in anticipation of the coming "bright kingdom of socialism", reflected in many of Gaidar's autobiographical works, addressed mainly to youth (stories "RVS", 1925, "Seryozha Chubatov", "Lyovka Demchenko", "The End Lyovki Demchenko "," Gangster's Nest ", all 1926-1927, Smoke in the Forest, 1935; story" School ", original title" Ordinary Biography ", 1930," Distant Countries ", 1932, Military Secret, 1935, including a textbook in Soviet times, "The Tale of the Military Secret", "The Tale of the Boy-Kibalchish and His Firm Word", 1935, "Bumbarash", unfinished., 1937), in adulthood is replaced by grave doubts in the diary entries (" childhood ").

With a pseudonym (the Turkic word - "rider galloping in front") he first signed the novel "The Corner House", created in 1925 in Perm, where he settled in the same year and where, according to archival materials, he began work on a story about the struggle of local workers with autocracy - "Life in Nothing" (another name. Lbovshchina, 1926). In the Perm newspaper "Zvezda" and other publications he publishes feuilletons, poems, notes about a trip to Central Asia, a fantastic story The Secret of the Mountain, an excerpt from the story Knights of the Inaccessible Mountains (also called the Horsemen of the Inaccessible Mountains, 1927), the poem Machine-gun blizzard.
From 1927 he lived in Sverdlovsk, where he published the story "Forest Brothers" in the newspaper "Uralsky Rabochy" (another name. Davydovshchina is a continuation of the story "Life in Nothing").

In the summer of 1927, already a fairly well-known writer, he moved to Moscow, where, among many publicistic works and poems, he released the detective-adventure story "On the Count's Ruins" (1928, filmed in 1958, directed by V.N.Skuybin) and a number of other works that nominated Gaidar, along with L. Kassil, R. Fraerman, among the most widely read creators of Russian children's prose of the 20th century (including the stories "The Blue Cup", 1936, "Chuk and Gek", the story "The Fate of a Drummer ", both 1938, story for the radio" The fourth dugout "; the second, unfinished part of the story" School ", both 1930).

The fascination of the plot, the swift ease of the narration, the transparent clarity of the language while fearlessly introducing significant and sometimes tragic events into the “child's” life (The Fate of the Drummer, which tells about spy mania and repressions of the 1930s, etc.), poetic “aura”, trust and seriousness of tone, indisputability of the code of "knightly" honor of partnership and mutual assistance - all this ensured the sincere and long-term love of young readers for Gaidar - the official classic of children's literature. The peak of the writer's lifetime popularity came in 1940 - the time of the creation of the novel and the film script of the same name (film directed by A.E. the secret care of a family of front-line soldiers. The noble initiative of the hero Gaidar served as an incentive for the creation of a broad "Timurov" movement throughout the country, which was especially relevant in the 1940s – 1950s.
In 1940, Gaidar wrote the continuation of Timur - "Commandant of the Snow Fortress", at the beginning of 1941 - the script for the continuation and the script for the film "Timur's Oath" (staged in 1942, directed by L.V. Kuleshov).

In July 1941, the writer went to the front as a correspondent for the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda", where he published essays Most, At the Ferry, etc. and mistakes on the way to comprehending the truth.

The spectrum of Gaidar's “children's” heroes, various in age, character and type (among which there are many “negative” persons: Malchish-Plohish, Mishka Kvakin from Timur, etc.), is complemented by characters from miniature stories for preschoolers (Vasily Kryukov, Campaign , "Marusya", "Conscience", 1939-1940).
Author of the screenplay "Passer-by" (1939), dedicated to the Civil War.

Arkady Gaidar died in a battle near the village of Leplyava, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region on October 26, 1941.

Many of Gaidar's works were staged and filmed (films "Chuk and Gek", 1953, directed by I. Lukinsky; "School of Courage", 1954, directed by V.P. Basov and M.V. Korchagin; "The Drummer's Fate", 1956, directed by V.V. Eisymont, and others).

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar (real name - Golikov) is a famous Soviet children's writer, a participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. The biography of Arkady Gaidar (however, then still Golikov) begins on January 9 (according to the old style - 22) January 1904, when he was born in the village of a sugar factory near Lgovoe, now the Kursk region, in a family of teachers. In 1912, Gaidar's parents moved to the city of Arzamas.

The biography of Arkady Gaidar, in addition to his famous works, is usually associated with a statement that has already passed into the rank of a proverb: "And Gaidar in general commanded a regiment at the age of 16!" Indeed, at the age of 14, Arkady Gaidar joined the ranks of the Red Army. After graduating from the Kiev infantry courses, the young man fought on the Petliura, Polish, Crimean fronts. The regiment, of course, did not appear immediately. At the age of 15, Gaidar was a platoon commander, and at the age of 16 he became a company commander. In February 1921, when Arkady graduated from the Vystrel Higher Rifle School, he received command of the 23rd reserve regiment, and from June 1921 - the 58th separate regiment to combat banditry. Thus, the saying exaggerates only a little: not at 16, but at 17, but Gaidar really commanded a regiment at his “teenage” age! The bandits themselves - "Antonovtsy", with whom the young Gaidar-Golikov fought, noted his high moral qualities.

After the elimination of "Antonovshchina" Arkady served in Bashkiria, then in Khakassia, where he was looking for Solovyov's gang. He was in the ranks of the ChON (Special Purpose Unit) of Siberia. In 1924 he retired from the army due to concussions received on the fronts of the Civil War.

The biography of Arkady Gaidar - the writer begins in 1925, it was then that his first publications, signed by "Arkady Gaidar", were published. The literary pseudonym "Gaidar", which later became the author's surname, which he passed on to his descendants, stands for " G olikov BUT rkadi Th Gift zamas "(in imitation of the name of D'Artanyan). The work "R.V.S." turned out to be significant. The writer became a true classic of children's literature, famous for stories and stories about military comradeship, sincere friendship.

The most famous works of Arkady Gaidar - "P.B.C." (1925), School (1930), Distant Countries (1932), The Fourth Dugout, Military Secret (1935), Timur and His Team (1940), Chuk and Gek (1939) , "The Fate of a Drummer" (1938), short stories "Hot Stone" (1941), "Blue Cup" (1936). These stories and stories were included in the school curriculum, were actively filmed, translated into many languages of the world.

The work "Timur and his team" marked the beginning of the unique Timur movement, which set as its goal the volunteer assistance of veterans and the elderly from the pioneers.

The biography of Arkady Gaidar during the Great Patriotic War is the biography of the Komsomolskaya Pravda correspondent in the army. After the encirclement of units of the Southwestern Front in the Uman-Kiev region in September 1941, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar ended up in Gorelov's partisan detachment. In the detachment he was a machine gunner. On October 26, 1941, Arkady Gaidar died near the village of Leplyava, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region. This is how the biography of Arkady Gaidar, a writer and military man, ends.

In 1947, Gaidar's remains were reburied in the city of Kanev.

In 1939, Gaidar was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, in 1963 - the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree (posthumously)