Peasantry everyday life. Life of a Russian peasant woman in the 16th-17th centuries. The situation in the hut

Municipal educational institution

Secondary school №3

Customs and mores in the 17th century

"Peasantry: everyday life and customs"

Work completed:

Student 7 "B" class

MOU secondary school No. 3

Chernyavskaya Alina

Checked work:

Teacher of history

Stepanchenko I.M.

Kotelnikovo 2009

Introduction

Main part

1 Lifestyle of peasants

2 Peasant community; community and family; life in the world.

3 Peasant yard.

4 Feeding the peasants.

Appendix

Introduction

Reconstruction of the Middle Ages helped to realize that nature for the peasants was the habitat and life support, it determined the way of life, occupations, under its influence the culture and traditions of the Russian people were formed. Russian folklore, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, songs were born in the peasant environment, which reflected various aspects of peasant life: work, leisure, family, traditions.

Main part

1. Lifestyle of peasants

Work, work ethic. Collectivism and mutual assistance, mutual responsibility, leveling principle. Rhythms of peasant life. The abundance of holidays in traditional folk culture. Combination of weekdays and holidays. Life of weekdays, life of holidays. Patriarchy of peasant life. Types of creativity in peasant life, positions of self-realization and self-service. social ideal. Folk piety, axiology of the peasant world. Ranking of life according to demographic and property characteristics. With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days of the church calendar became official holidays: Christmas, Easter, the Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should be devoted to pious deeds and religious rites. Working on public holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays.

2. Peasant community; community and family; life in the world

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

They were parents and children. The oldest man was considered the head of the family.

Church orders forbade girls to marry under the age of 12, boys under 15, blood relatives.

Marriage could, was concluded no more than three times. But at the same time, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church without fail. Weddings are celebrated, as a rule, in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

A newborn child was to be baptized in the church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be the main, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. A child who died unbaptized was forbidden by the church to be buried in a cemetery. The next rite - "tons" - was held a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut off a lock of hair from the child and gave the ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later became known as the "angel's day"), and the birthday. The royal name day was considered an official state holiday.

3. Peasant yard

The peasant yard usually included: a hut covered with shingles or straw, heated “in a black way”; crate for storage of property; barn for cattle, barn. In winter, the peasants kept in their hut (pigs, calves, lambs). Poultry (chickens, geese, ducks). Because of the furnace of the hut "in black", the inner walls of the houses were heavily smoked. For lighting, a torch was used, which was inserted into the furnace crevices.

The peasant hut was rather meager, and consisted of simple tables and benches, but also for lodging, fixed along the wall (they served not only for sitting, but also for lodging). In winter, the peasants slept on the stove.

Homespun canvas, sheep skins (sheepskin) and hunted animals (usually wolves and bears) served as the material for clothing. Footwear - basically served as bast shoes. Wealthy peasants wore pistons (pistons) - shoes made from one or two pieces of leather and gathered around the ankle on a strap, and sometimes boots.

4. Feeding the peasants

Food was cooked in a Russian oven in earthenware. The basis of nutrition was cereals - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (sowing) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Kissels, beer and kvass were prepared from oats. A lot was eaten - cabbage, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, turnips. On holidays, meat dishes were prepared in small quantities. Fish has become a more frequent product on the table. Wealthy peasants had garden trees that gave them apples, plums, cherries, pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants gathered cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Also used in food and hazelnuts.

Conclusion:

Thus, despite the preservation of the main features of traditional life, customs and mores, in the 17th century significant changes took place in the life and everyday life of all classes, which were based on both eastern and western influence.

Appendix

Peasant in traditional dress

Peasant costume.

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Municipal educational institution

Secondary school №3

Customs and mores in the 17th century

"Peasantry: everyday life and customs"

Work completed:

Student 7 "B" class

MOU secondary school No. 3

Chernyavskaya Alina

Checked work:

Teacher of history

Stepanchenko I.M.

Kotelnikovo 2009

Introduction

Main part

1 Lifestyle of peasants

2 Peasant community; community and family; life in the world.

3 Peasant yard.

4 Feeding the peasants.

Appendix

Introduction

Main part

1. Lifestyle of peasants

2. Peasant community; community and family; life in the world

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

They were parents and children. The oldest man was considered the head of the family.

Church orders forbade girls to marry under the age of 12, boys under 15, blood relatives.

Marriage could, was concluded no more than three times. But at the same time, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church without fail. Weddings are celebrated, as a rule, in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

3. Peasant yard

Homespun canvas, sheep skins (sheepskin) and hunted animals (usually wolves and bears) served as the material for clothing. Footwear - basically served as bast shoes. Prosperous peasants wore pistons (pistons) - shoes made from one or two pieces of leather and gathered around the ankle on a strap, and sometimes boots.

4. Feeding the peasants

Food was cooked in a Russian oven in earthenware. The basis of nutrition was cereals - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (sowing) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Kissels, beer and kvass were prepared from oats. A lot was eaten - cabbage, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, turnips. On holidays, meat dishes were prepared in small quantities. Fish has become a more frequent product on the table. Wealthy peasants had garden trees that gave them apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants gathered cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Also used in food and hazelnuts.

Conclusion:

Appendix

Peasant in traditional dress

Peasant costume.

LIFE AND MORALS

Dwellings. In the 17th century the number of stone buildings increased. Under Sophia alone, up to 3,000 stone chambers were built in Moscow. The boyars were set up with richly decorated towers, merchants - spacious chambers, wealthy craftsmen - solid houses. In wealthy houses, the inner part of the log walls was smooth thanks to thin planks.

Rural buildings have changed less. Austrian diplomat Augustin Meyerberg in his book on the Muscovite state of the 17th century. described Russian villages and estates and even sketched them. There were 15-30 households in the villages. There were villages and two or three yards. Peasant huts were covered not with straw, as at the beginning of the century, but with planks.

Meyerberg captured in the drawing the estate of the son of a petty boyar. The house usually consisted of a room, which stood on the basement - the lower, semi-basement floor. A canopy was led into the upper room. Not far from the house there were a cellar, a barn, a bathhouse, a stable. The manor in the picture is surrounded by a wooden fence. Behind him you can see the village and the bell tower. Apparently, this village belongs to the owner of the estate.

Let's take a look inside the houses.

Command chambers, halls of patriarchal and royal palaces, individual boyar towers were spacious, and living rooms, as a rule, were cramped.

In wealthy houses, the stove was the object of special pride of the owners. It was usually located in a corner and could have a different shape: from a long large Russian oven with a stove bench (by the way, bread could be baked in such an oven, this explains its elongated shape) to heating vertical, rectangular or round ovens, later called “Dutch ". But they were proud not so much of the oven as of multi-colored ceramic tiles - tiles, with which it was lined.

The windows of wealthy houses were mica plates in lead bindings. In the evening, the houses were lit with candles. Commoners, however, as before, sat by the torches.

Furniture - tables, benches, large chests, on which one could also sit, were made with greater elegance than in the 16th century. Small caskets in which various things were kept were sometimes real works of decorative art.

In the boyar and royal palaces there were many carpets brought to Russia, as a rule, from the countries of the East. The rooms were also decorated with clocks and mirrors of foreign work. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, who suffered from leg disease and therefore spent most of his time at home, loved watches so much that he cluttered up his entire bedchamber with them.

People with European taste hung mirrors and set clocks with skill. In the house of V.V. Golitsyn, which was called “one of the most beautiful houses in Europe”, mirrors were placed in the openings between the windows, which made the room seem larger and brighter. The halls were decorated with clocks, paintings, portraits of Russian and foreign monarchs, German geographical maps in gilded frames. The planetary system was painted on the ceilings. There was even a "German thermometer" artwork. Prince Vasily, not without pride, showed his guests his library, which consisted of handwritten and printed foreign and domestic books. Visitors to the Golitsyn house did not sit on benches, but in expensive armchairs.

Cloth. Judging by the statements of contemporaries, the everyday clothes of peasants, townspeople, merchants were not distinguished by accuracy and beauty, but were not so uncomfortable. In winter, they didn’t freeze in it, in summer they didn’t bathe. Special changes compared to the XVI century. Did not happen. Festive clothes, even homespun ones, were decorated with embroidery. The festive clothes of the townspeople were decorated and sewn better than the peasant clothes, because they were made by professional tailors.

Boyars, nobles, nobility, members of the royal family in the 17th century. aspired to luxury. Their clothes were varied, and they were sewn from expensive fabrics. In the inventory of goods confiscated from the Shuiskys, they found a long list of clothes: sundresses, fur coats, caftans, okhabni, epanchi, letnikas, sleeveless quilted jackets, foreign dress.

Foreigners were amazed at the splendor of boyar clothes. It was decorated with ornaments of pearls and gold or silver threads, stripes of gilded plates, and precious stones. In the cut of clothes and shoes, trends of Western fashion were noticeable.

Boyar clothes. 17th century

An indispensable detail of both women's and men's costumes of the 17th century. were jewelry - rings, gold chains, earrings and pendants, etc.

A noble person and service people also wore weapons, military and ceremonial. By the way, military weapons were often not inferior to the decoration of the front.

Royal estate. Izmailovo was an old fiefdom of the Romanovs. In the 40s. 16th century it belonged to Filaret's brother, Ivan Nikitich, and after his death it passed to the royal family. In the 60s. 17th century in Izmailovo there was a palace near Moscow of the tsar, where he usually lived in the summer, but, in addition, Izmailovo was the largest fiefdom. From many palace villages, Alexei Mikhailovich brought here peasants and suffering serfs. During the harvest, hired reapers were invited to help their own - 700 people. Observation towers rose around the arable land, so that it was convenient to oversee the work of the peasants. Often the king himself was present at the field work.

The queen took part in the "watching" of the royal household. She was in charge of all women's work, linen business, controlled, on occasion, the poultry and spare yards, cellars.

In addition, cattle breeding, beekeeping, gardening, and hop growing were developed in Izmailovo. Seven mills were set up on dammed rivers and streams. To grow fish, twenty ponds were dug, and a flax and glass factory was built. There is no need to talk about barns, warehouses ("spare yards") and other outbuildings!

Aleksey Mikhailovich invited domestic and foreign craftsmen - specialists in the cultivation and processing of flax from Pskov, cattlemen from Ukraine, foreign gardeners, "green glass masters", various mechanics. The latter were ordered to come up with “how to thresh with wheels and weights without water”, “how to bring water from a pond to a vineyard”, “how to pour water out of a rig”.

Despite the use of the most advanced agricultural technologies, the Izmailovsky farm dutifully observed the old customs and consecrated cultivated lands every year. By the days of spring and rye sowing, the sovereign ordered consecrated oil and holy water from the Trinity-Sergius and Savvino-Storozhevsky monasteries to sprinkle the sown fields.

The harvest in the royal lands was excellent. Usually, about 27 thousand quarters of bread, from 500 to 800 pounds of hops, 180 pounds of honey and the same amount of wax, a lot of fruits and vegetables, medicinal herbs in the roots, which were sent to the Pharmaceutical order, were stored in the Izmailovsky granaries.

For fun, Alexei Mikhailovich kept several hundred falcons. He was a passionate hunter. They hunted with falcons, however, not in Izmailovo, but near the villages of Sokolovo, Kurkino, Yuryevo on the Skhodnya River, where a lot of space opened up for the birds from the high hills.

Questions and tasks

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The appearance of the vestibule as a protective vestibule in front of the entrance to the hut, as well as the fact that now the firebox of the hut was turned inside the hut , made it warmer The appearance of the canopy even at the end of the 16th century became typical for peasant households in far from all regions of Russia

Drawing a conclusion about the dwellings of the peasants, we can say that the 16th century is the time of the spread of buildings for livestock. They were placed separately, each under its own roof. In the northern regions, already at this time, one can notice a tendency towards two-story buildings of such buildings (shed, mshanik, and on them a hay barn, that is, a hay barn), which later led to the formation of huge two-story household yards (below - barns and pens for livestock, above - povit, a barn where hay, inventory is stored, a crate is also placed here).

The basis of nutrition was cereals - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (daily) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Kissels were prepared from oats. Many vegetables were eaten - cabbage, carrots, beets, radishes, cucumbers, turnips

Meat dishes were cooked in small quantities on holidays. A more frequent product on the table was fish; wealthy peasants had garden trees that gave them apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants gathered cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Mushrooms and hazelnuts were also used as food.

The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. (The fourth marriage was strictly forbidden) The solemn wedding ceremony was performed, usually, only at the first marriage. Weddings were usually celebrated in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work. Dissolution of a marriage was very difficult. A husband could divorce his wife in case of her infidelity, and communication with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse was equated to treason

The working day in the family began early. Ordinary people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. At noon, production activity was interrupted. After dinner, according to the old Russian habit, there followed a long rest, sleep (which was very striking for foreigners). then work began again until supper. With the end of daylight, everyone went to bed.

After the Christmas holiday, an amazing time begins - Christmas time, the girls were going to tell fortunes. And on the street there was a cheerful mess - the children went caroling. Christmas time After baptism, the fun subsided, but not for long. Before the Great Lent - a great holiday: Wide Maslenitsa! Seeing off winter has been celebrated since pagan times. In Elikim Shirokaya The main dish on the table is golden pancakes: a symbol of the sun. Maslenitsa

It is characterized by an increase in the literacy of the population of 15% of the peasants; Primers, alphabets, grammars and other educational literature were printed. Handwritten traditions have also been preserved. “White stoves” appear instead of “smoky ones” (peasants still have “smoky stoves” until the 19th century) In the 17th century, Western European experience was assimilated From the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church without fail. The appearance of metal utensils (samovar) Literature of the 17th century is largely freed from religious content. There are no longer various kinds of "walking" to holy places, holy teachings, even compositions like "Domostroya

In the difficult conditions of the Middle Ages, the culture of the XVI-XVII centuries. achieved great success in various fields. There has been an increase in literacy among various segments of the population. Primers, alphabets, grammars and other educational literature were printed. Books containing various scientific and practical information began to be published. There was an accumulation of natural science knowledge, manuals on mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, medicine, and agriculture were issued. Increased interest in history. New genres appear in Russian literature: satirical tales, biographies, poems, foreign literature is translated. In architecture, there is a departure from strict church rules, the traditions of ancient Russian architecture are being revived: zakomary, arcade belt, stone carving. The main type of painting continued to be icon painting. For the first time in Russian painting, the portrait genre appears.

Municipal educational institution

Secondary school №3

Customs and mores in the 17th century

"Peasantry: everyday life and customs"

Work completed:

Student 7 "B" class

MOU secondary school No. 3

Chernyavskaya Alina

Checked work:

Teacher of history

Stepanchenko I.M.

Kotelnikovo 2009

Introduction

Main part

1 Lifestyle of peasants

2 Peasant community; community and family; life in the world.

3 Peasant yard.

4 Feeding the peasants.

Appendix

Introduction

Main part

1. Lifestyle of peasants

2. Peasant community; community and family; life in the world

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

They were parents and children. The oldest man was considered the head of the family.

Church orders forbade girls to marry under the age of 12, boys under 15, blood relatives.

Marriage could, was concluded no more than three times. But at the same time, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church without fail. Weddings are celebrated, as a rule, in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

3. Peasant yard

4. Feeding the peasants

Food was cooked in a Russian oven in earthenware. The basis of nutrition was cereals - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (sowing) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Kissels, beer and kvass were prepared from oats. A lot was eaten - cabbage, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, turnips. On holidays, meat dishes were prepared in small quantities. Fish has become a more frequent product on the table. Wealthy peasants had garden trees that gave them apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants gathered cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Also used in food and hazelnuts.

Conclusion:

Appendix

Peasant in traditional dress

Peasant costume.

Municipal educational institution Secondary school No. 3 Abstract Customs and mores in the 17th century "Peasantry: everyday life and customs" The work was completed by: Student 7 "B"