Practical work.

Progress:

Practical work.

Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia

Progress:

1. Using the maps of the atlas, mark on the contour map of Russia:

The largest thermal power plants (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Permskaya, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropolskaya, Surgutskaya GRES),

Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver NPPs)

The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia (Bratsk, Volgograd, Volga, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan, Ust-Ilimsk HPPs) and sign their names;

2. Shade in blue the economic regions where hydropower plants dominate in the structure of electricity production, and in red - nuclear power plants and sign their names.

3. What are the placement factors for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants?

Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!

Practical work.

Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia

Progress:

1. Using the maps of the atlas, mark on the contour map of Russia:

The largest thermal power plants (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Permskaya, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropolskaya, Surgutskaya GRES),

Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver NPPs)

The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia (Bratsk, Volgograd, Volga, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan, Ust-Ilimsk HPPs) and sign their names;

2. Shade in blue the economic regions where hydropower plants dominate in the structure of electricity production, and in red - nuclear power plants and sign their names.

3. What are the placement factors for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants?

Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!

Practical work.

Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia

Progress:

1. Using the maps of the atlas, mark on the contour map of Russia:

The largest thermal power plants (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Permskaya, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropolskaya, Surgutskaya GRES),

Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver NPPs)

The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia (Bratsk, Volgograd, Volga, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan, Ust-Ilimsk HPPs) and sign their names;

2. Shade in blue the economic regions where hydropower plants dominate in the structure of electricity production, and in red - nuclear power plants and sign their names.

3. What are the placement factors for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants?

Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!

Symbols on thermal diagrams Thermal power plants and nuclear power plants are regulated by state and industry standards.

Appendix 1 lists the symbols of pipelines, fittings, main and auxiliary equipment of TPPs and NPPs most often found on thermal diagrams. Other designations can be found in the educational, methodological and reference literature, a list of which is located at the end of this tutorial.

ANNEX 1

Symbols on thermal diagrams

Pipelines

fittings

Main and auxiliary equipment

APPENDIX 2

List of abbreviations

AZ - emergency protection; core (nuclear reactor)

ASPT, AST - nuclear power plant for industrial heat supply, nuclear

heating station

APCS - automated control system for thermal processes

ATES - nuclear combined heat and power plant

NPP - nuclear power plant

BN - booster pump

BOU - block desalination plant

BROW, BRU - high-speed reduction-cooling,

reduction plant

BS - separator drum

Main control room - block control panel

VVER - pressurized water power reactor

ВС - upper stage (network heater)

VSP - upper network heater

HAVR - hydrazine-ammonia water regime

PSPP - pumped storage power plant

GeoTPP - geothermal thermal power plant

HPP - solar power plant (solar power plant)

GZZ - main gate valve

GOST - state standard

GOELRO - the state plan for the electrification of Russia (1920)

GP - master plan (power plants)

GRP - gas distribution point

GRES - state district power plant

GT, GTE, GTU, GTU-CHPP, GTE - gas turbine, gas turbine engine,

gas turbine plant, CHP with GTU,

gas turbine power plant

gut - gram of reference fuel

MCC - main circulation circuit

MCP - main circulation pump

Main control room - main control panel

hydroelectric power plant

D - deaerator

DV - blower fan

HP - high pressure deaerator

DI - evaporator deaerator

DN - drainage pump

DND - low pressure deaerator

DPTS - deaerator for feeding the heating network

DS - smoke exhauster

DT - chimney

ZRU - closed switchgear

ZU - ash catcher

ASW, ASW - ash and slag dump, ash and slag removal

I - evaporator

K - capacitor

KZ - short circuit

KI - evaporator condenser

KIUM - installed capacity utilization factor

KMPTS - multiple forced circulation circuit

KN - condensate pump

KNS - condensate pump for network heaters

KO - condensate treatment; steam trap; volume compensator

Efficiency - efficiency factor

KPT - condensate-feeding path

CHP - combined heat and power generation

CT - condensate path

KTC - boiler and turbine shop (power plants)

KU - boiler plant; waste heat boiler

KC - boiler shop (power plants)

IES - condensing power plant

Power line - power line

IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency

MB - material balance

MGDU - magnetohydrodynamic installation

MIREC, MIREC - World Energy Conference, World

energy council

MPA - maximum design basis accident (at NPP)

NRES - non-traditional and renewable energy sources

NKVR - neutral oxygen water regime

NOK - return condensate pump

HC - lower stage (network heater)

NSP - lower network heater

RH - cooling water; purified water; vapor cooler (deaerator)

UWC - joint auxiliary building

OD - drain cooler

OK - reverse condensate; check valve

OP - purge cooler

ORU - open switchgear

OST - industry standard

OS - cooling unit; seal cooler

OE - the basis of the ejector

PV - feed water

HPH - high pressure heater

PVK - peak hot water boiler

HTP - steam-water path

PG - steam generator

CCGT - combined cycle plant; steam generating plant

MPC - maximum permissible concentration

PE - live steam superheater

PC - safety valve; peak boiler

PKVD, PKND - high and low pressure steam boiler

PN - feed pump

HDPE - low pressure heater

Software - desuperheater

PP - intermediate superheater

PPR - steam converter; scheduled preventive maintenance

PT - steam turbine; steam path; fuel preparation

PTS - thermal circuit diagram

PTU - steam turbine plant

PU - seal heater

PH - steam characteristic

PE - ejector heater; starting ejector

PEN - electric feed pump

R - expander; reactor (nuclear)

RW - radioactive waste

RAO "UES of Russia" - Russian Open Joint Stock Company

energy and electrification "Unified

electric power system of Russia"

RBMK - high power channel reactor (boiling water)

RBN - fast neutron reactor

RAH - regenerative air heater

ROU - reduction-cooling unit

RP - regenerative heater

RTN - thermal neutron reactor

RTS - expanded (full) thermal scheme

RU - reducing installation; reactor plant

RC - reactor shop (nuclear power plant)

C - separator

ECCS - emergency zone cooling system (nuclear reactor)

SVO, SGO - special water treatment, special gas cleaning (at nuclear power plants)

SPZ - sanitary protection zone

SC - check valve

SKD, SKP - supercritical pressure, supercritical parameters

SM - mixer

CH - network pump

SP - network heater

SPP - separator-industrial superheater

STV - technical water supply system

CPS - control and protection system (nuclear reactor)

СХТМ - chemical-technological monitoring system

SES - solar power plant

T - turbine

TB - heat balance; safety precautions

TV - technical water

HPT - high pressure turbine

FA, fuel element - fuel assembly, fuel element

TG - turbogenerator

TGVT - fuel-gas-air path

TGU - turbogenerator unit

TK is the heating bundle of the turbine condenser; technological

channel (nuclear reactor); fuel cassette (for nuclear power plants)

TN - coolant

LPT - low pressure turbine

TO - heat exchanger

TP - heat consumer; turbo drive (pump)

TPN - turbo-driven feed pump (turbo feed pump)

TTC - fuel and transport shop (power plants)

t / y - turbine plant

TU - turbine plant; specifications

TX - fuel economy; thermal characteristic

TC - turbine shop (power plants)

Fuel and energy complex - fuel and energy complex

Feasibility study - feasibility study (project)

FER - fuel and energy resources

TPP - thermal power plant

CHP - combined heat and power plant

CHPP-ZIGM is a prefabricated combined heat and power plant based on

gas oil fuel

CHPP-ZITT - factory-made combined heat and power plant on solid

FOREM - federal wholesale energy and capacity market (Russia)

HVO - chemical water treatment

HOW - chemically purified water

XX - idling (turbines)

CHC - chemical shop (power plants)

CV - circulating water

CVP, LPC, TsSD - high, low, medium pressure cylinder (turbines)

TsN - circulation pump

CTAI - shop of thermal automation and measurements (power plants)

CCR - centralized repair shop (power plants)

HP, LPC, CHSD - part of high, low, medium pressure (turbines)

EG - electric generator

EMF - electromotive force

ES - Power Plant, Energy Strategy (Russia)

EU - seal ejector

EC - energy characteristic

EC - electrical shop (power plants)

NF, NFC - nuclear fuel, nuclear fuel cycle

Russia is the fourth largest electricity producer in the world after the US, China and Japan. And in fourth place is Russia in terms of generating capacity. At the same time, Russian industry and the population of the country are experiencing a shortage of electricity. Thus, restrictions in the supply of electricity were recorded in the winter of 2006 in almost all energy systems of the country.

Electricity shortage is characterized by the following factors: a lack of generating capacity during peak loads and refusals to connect new consumers.

2. On the contour map, mark: 1) the areas of location of thermal power plants operating on coal; 2) areas of location of thermal power plants operating on gas and fuel oil; 3) areas where the largest HPPs are located; 4) NPP location areas; 5) power plants mentioned in paragraph. Make a conclusion about the placement of power plants of different types.

3. Compare thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants according to the following parameters: 1) construction cost; 2) construction time; 3) the cost of electricity produced; 4) impact on the environment.

Thermal power plants 1) relatively small 2) relatively small 3) cheap electricity (but more expensive than nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power plants due to the fuel consumed) 4) use non-renewable energy resources, produce a lot of solid and gaseous waste.

HPPs 1) high cost 2) long term (about 15-20 years) 3) the cheapest electricity (if you do not take into account expensive construction) 4) use renewable resources. Area flooding. Influence on the organic world of rivers.

Nuclear power plants 1) high cost 2) long terms 3) For most countries, including Russia, the production of electricity at nuclear power plants is not more expensive than at pulverized coal and even more so gas-oil thermal power plants. The advantage of nuclear power plants in the cost of electricity produced is especially noticeable during the so-called energy crises that began in the early 1970s. 4) unsafe, but cleaner than the first two options.

4. On the contour map, mark the power plants in Russia using traditional energy sources. Prepare a report (5-7 sentences) about one of these power plants.

Note: Kislogubskaya and Pauzhetskaya do not use traditional energy sources. You don't need to mark them on the map!

Beloyarsk NPP named after I. V. Kurchatova is the first-born of the big nuclear power industry of the USSR. Beloyarsk NPP is the only nuclear power plant in Russia with power units of various types.

The volume of electricity generated by the Beloyarsk NPP is about 10% of the total electricity volume of the Sverdlovsk energy system.

The station was built in two stages: the first stage - power units No. 1 and No. 2 with the AMB reactor, the second stage - power unit No. 3 with the BN-600 reactor. After 17 and 22 years of operation, power units No. 1 and No. 2 were shut down in 1981 and 1989, respectively, now they are in a long-term mothball mode with fuel unloaded from the reactor and, according to the terminology of international standards, correspond to the 1st stage of NPP decommissioning .

At present, Beloyarsk NPP operates two power units - BN-600 and BN-800. These are the world's largest power units with fast neutron reactors. In terms of reliability and safety, the "fast" reactor is among the best nuclear reactors in the world. The possibility of further expansion of the Beloyarsk NPP with power unit No. 5 with a fast reactor with a capacity of 1200 MW, which is the head commercial power unit for serial construction, is being considered. According to the results of the annual competition Beloyarsk NPP in 1994, 1995, 1997 and 2001. was awarded the title of "Best NPP in Russia". Distance to the satellite city (Zarechny) - 3 km; to the regional center (Yekaterinburg) - 45 km.

5. Formulate the definition of the power system. Why create power systems?

The power system is a group of power plants of different types, united by power lines and controlled from one center. The creation of energy systems increases the reliability of providing electricity to consumers and allows it to be transferred from region to region.

The branch of industry called "electric power industry" is an integral part of the broader concept of "fuel and energy complex", which, according to some scientists, can be called the "top floor" of the entire energy industry.

The role of the electric power industry is invaluable and it is one of the most important branches of Russian industry. This is due to the fact that the supply of electricity is required for the normal functioning of the entire industrial complex and all human activities. The development of the electric power industry in terms of its pace should outpace the development of other sectors of the economy in order to provide the proper amount of energy.

The division of the power plant in Russia by type

The leading role in the electric power industry of Russia is played by thermal power plants, whose share in the industry is 67%, which in numerical terms is equal to 358 power plants. At the same time, the thermal power industry is divided into stations according to the type of fuel consumed. The first place is occupied by natural gas, which accounts for 71%, followed by coal with 27.5%, in third place is liquid fuel (fuel oil) and alternative fuels, the volume of which does not exceed half a percent of the total mass.

Large thermal power plants in Russia, as a rule, are located in places where fuel is concentrated, which reduces the cost of delivery. Another feature of TPPs is their focus on the consumer while using high-calorie fuel. As an example, we can cite stations that consume fuel oil as fuel. As a rule, they are located in large oil refining centers.

Along with the usual thermal power plants in Russia, there are state district power plants, which stands for state district power station. It is noteworthy that this name has been preserved since the times of the USSR. The word "district" in the name means the station's focus on covering the energy costs of a certain territory.

The largest thermal power plants in Russia: a list

The total total capacity of energy generated by thermal power plants in Russia is more than 140 million kWh, while the map Russian power plants clearly makes it possible to trace the presence of a particular type of fuel.

The largest power plants in Russia by federal districts:

1. Central:
   • Kostroma GRES, which runs on fuel oil;
   • Ryazan station, the main fuel for which is coal;
   • Konakovskaya, which can run on gas and fuel oil;
2. Uralic:
   • Surgutskaya 1 and Surgutskaya 2. Stations that are one of the largest power plants in the Russian Federation. Both of them run on natural gas;
   • Reftinskaya, which operates on coal and is one of the the largest power plants in the Urals;
   • Troitskaya, also coal-fired;
   • Iriklinskaya, the main source of fuel for which is fuel oil;
3. Privolzhsky:
   • Zainskaya GRES, operating on fuel oil;
4. Siberian Federal District:
   • Nazarovskaya GRES, which consumes fuel oil as fuel;
5. Southern:
   • Stavropol, which can also operate on combined fuel in the form of gas and fuel oil;
6. Northwestern:
   • Kirishskaya on fuel oil.

Also among the large power plants of the Urals is Berezovskaya GRES, which uses coal as the main fuel, obtained from the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin.

hydroelectric power plants

would not be complete without mentioning hydroelectric power plants, which occupy a well-deserved second place in the power industry of the Russian Federation. The main advantage of using just such stations is their use of renewable resources as an energy source, in addition, such stations are distinguished by ease of operation. The richest district of Russia in terms of the number of hydroelectric power stations is Siberia, due to the presence of a large number of turbulent rivers. The use of water as a source for energy production allows, with a reduction in the level of investment, to obtain electricity, which is 5 times cheaper than that generated by power plants in the European territory.

Which generate energy using water are located on the territory of the Angara-Yenisei cascade:

1. Yenisei: Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk HPPs;
2. Angara: Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.

At the same time, hydroelectric power plants cannot be called completely environmentally friendly, since the blocking of rivers leads to a significant change in the terrain, which affects aquatic ecosystems.

Nuclear power plants

The third in the list of Russian power plants are nuclear power plants, which use the power of atomic energy as fuel, which is released during the corresponding reaction. Nuclear power plants have many advantages, including:

• high energy content in nuclear fuel;
• complete absence of emissions into the atmospheric air;
• oxygen is not required to generate energy.

At the same time, nuclear power plants are classified as objects of increased danger, since during the operation of this type of plant there is a possibility of a man-made disaster occurring, which can cause significant pollution of the territory. Also, the disadvantages of using nuclear power plants include problems with the disposal of waste from the functioning of the station. The largest part of NPPs in Russia is concentrated in the Central Federal District (Kursk, Smolensk, Kalinin, Novovoronezh stations). Number of nuclear power plants in the Urals limited to one Beloyarsk station. There are also several nuclear power plants in the Northwestern and Volga Federal Districts.

Summing up

Summing up, it can be noted that number of power plants in Russia is 558 operating facilities, which adequately covers the needs of industry and the population in electricity.


At the same time, hydroelectric power plants are the cheapest to operate, and nuclear power plants produce the cheapest energy, which at the same time remain the most dangerous facilities. Factors influencing the location of stations are the availability of raw materials and the needs of consumers. For instance, Ural power plants occupy a small part of the total number, since the population density in this region is much lower than in the central regions, which are considered the “richest” in terms of the number of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants and state district power plants.